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Agulto VC, Ling Z, Zhao Z, Feng S, Kato K, Haga M, Mag-Usara VK, Yoshimura M, Nakajima M. Design and fabrication of a microcoil metamaterial absorber for the sub-terahertz region. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:6324-6327. [PMID: 38039258 DOI: 10.1364/ol.502614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of electromagnetic wave absorbers operating in the sub-terahertz (sub-THz) region is necessary in 6G communications. We designed and fabricated a sub-THz metamaterial absorber based on metal microcoils embedded and periodically arranged in a dielectric substrate. The microcoil parameters were optimized by calculating the electromagnetic response of the metamaterial using finite element analysis. An actual metamaterial was then fabricated based on the optimized parameters and characterized using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Our microcoil absorber exhibits an absorptance of >80% and a high shielding performance at about 250 GHz. The resonance frequency can be precisely adjusted by modifying the microcoil array dimensions.
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Li T, Dresselhaus JL, Ivanov N, Prasciolu M, Fleckenstein H, Yefanov O, Zhang W, Pennicard D, Dippel AC, Gutowski O, Villanueva-Perez P, Chapman HN, Bajt S. Dose-efficient scanning Compton X-ray microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:130. [PMID: 37248250 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The highest resolution of images of soft matter and biological materials is ultimately limited by modification of the structure, induced by the necessarily high energy of short-wavelength radiation. Imaging the inelastically scattered X-rays at a photon energy of 60 keV (0.02 nm wavelength) offers greater signal per energy transferred to the sample than coherent-scattering techniques such as phase-contrast microscopy and projection holography. We present images of dried, unstained, and unfixed biological objects obtained by scanning Compton X-ray microscopy, at a resolution of about 70 nm. This microscope was realised using novel wedged multilayer Laue lenses that were fabricated to sub-ångström precision, a new wavefront measurement scheme for hard X rays, and efficient pixel-array detectors. The doses required to form these images were as little as 0.02% of the tolerable dose and 0.05% of that needed for phase-contrast imaging at similar resolution using 17 keV photon energy. The images obtained provide a quantitative map of the projected mass density in the sample, as confirmed by imaging a silicon wedge. Based on these results, we find that it should be possible to obtain radiation damage-free images of biological samples at a resolution below 10 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Li
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nikolay Ivanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mauro Prasciolu
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Pennicard
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Olof Gutowski
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Henry N Chapman
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Saša Bajt
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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Sibiya T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon A. The Potential of Spirulina platensis to Ameliorate the Adverse Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153076. [PMID: 35893930 PMCID: PMC9332774 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most prevalent diseases globally. It is estimated that 37.7 million people are infected with HIV globally, and 8.2 million persons are infected with the virus in South Africa. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) involves combining various types of antiretroviral drugs that are dependent on the infected person’s viral load. HAART helps regulate the viral load and prevents its associated symptoms from progressing into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite its success in prolonging HIV-infected patients’ lifespans, the use of HAART promotes metabolic syndrome (MetS) through an inflammatory pathway, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green microalgae commonly used as a traditional food by Mexican and African people, has been demonstrated to mitigate MetS by regulating oxidative and inflammatory pathways. SP is also a potent antioxidant that has been shown to exhibit immunological, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. This review is aimed at highlighting the biochemical mechanism of SP with a focus on studies linking SP to the inhibition of HIV, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Further, we propose SP as a potential supplement for HIV-infected persons on lifelong HAART.
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Watanabe M, Tokutake T, Harada A, Kaminaga M. Coil Formation of a Silicone String Using UV-Ozone Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11363-11370. [PMID: 35415360 PMCID: PMC8992247 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcoils are used in various mechanical devices. However, existing methods for producing microcoils from polymers often require expensive equipment. In this study, microcoils were prepared using a cost-effective and simple method. The material used was silicone, which is a biocompatible polymeric material. Silicone was solidified inside glass capillaries to form thin, straight strings with a diameter of 140 μm. The string was then transformed to a coil shape by oxidation using UV-ozone treatment while it was prestretched and pretwisted. The resilience force from the prestretching and pretwisting forces caused the string to bend and twist, respectively. As a result of the combination of these deformation modes, a coil was formed. As an application of the coils, an actuator was prepared, which repeatedly transforms between straight and coiled shapes. The actuation was caused by the swelling/deswelling of silicone with hexane. A large strain of 54% was obtained.
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Liang S, Sun J, Zhang C, Zhu Z, Dai Y, Gan C, Cai J, Chen H, Feng L. Parallel Manipulation and Flexible Assembly of Micro-Spiral via Optoelectronic Tweezers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:868821. [PMID: 35387303 PMCID: PMC8977588 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.868821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-spiral has a wide range of applications in smart materials, such as drug delivery, deformable materials, and micro-scale electronic devices by utilizing the manipulation of electric fields, magnetic fields, and flow fields. However, it is incredibly challenging to achieve a massively parallel manipulation of the micro-spiral to form a particular microstructure in these conventional methods. Here, a simple method is reported for assembling micro-spirals into various microstructures via optoelectronic tweezers (OETs), which can accurately manipulate the micro-/bio-particles by projecting light patterns. The manipulation force of micro-spiral is analyzed and simulated first by the finite element simulation. When the micro-spiral lies at the bottom of the microfluidic chip, it can be translated or rotated toward the target position by applying control forces simultaneously at multiple locations on the long axis of the micro-spiral. Through the OET manipulation, the length of the micro-spiral chain can reach 806.45 μm. Moreover, the different parallel manipulation modes are achieved by utilizing multiple light spots. The results show that the micro-spirulina can be manipulated by a real-time local light pattern and be flexibly assembled into design microstructures by OETs, such as a T-shape circuit, link lever, and micro-coil pairs of devices. This assembly method using OETs has promising potential in fabricating innovative materials and microdevices for practical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhang Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixi Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguo Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyuan Gan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
In the last few years, researchers have focused their attention on the synthesis of new catalyst structures based on or inspired by nature. Biotemplating involves the transfer of biological structures to inorganic materials through artificial mineralization processes. This approach offers the main advantage of allowing morphological control of the product, as a template with the desired morphology can be pre-determined, as long as it is found in nature. This way, natural evolution through millions of years can provide us with new synthetic pathways to develop some novel functional materials with advantageous properties, such as sophistication, miniaturization, hybridization, hierarchical organization, resistance, and adaptability to the required need. The field of application of these materials is very wide, covering nanomedicine, energy capture and storage, sensors, biocompatible materials, adsorbents, and catalysis. In the latter case, bio-inspired materials can be applied as catalysts requiring different types of active sites (i.e., redox, acidic, basic sites, or a combination of them) to a wide range of processes, including conventional thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, or electrocatalysis, among others. This review aims to cover current experimental studies in the field of biotemplating materials synthesis and their characterization, focusing on their application in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Notake T, Iyoda T, Arikawa T, Tanaka K, Otani C, Minamide H. Dynamical visualization of anisotropic electromagnetic re-emissions from a single metal micro-helix at THz frequencies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3310. [PMID: 33558576 PMCID: PMC7870654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability for actual measurements—not just simulations—of the dynamical behavior of THz electromagnetic waves, including interactions with prevalent 3D objects, has become increasingly important not only for developments of various THz devices, but also for reliable evaluation of electromagnetic compatibility. We have obtained real-time visualizations of the spatial evolution of THz electromagnetic waves interacting with a single metal micro-helix. After the micro-helix is stimulated by a broadband pico-second pulse of THz electromagnetic waves, two types of anisotropic re-emissions can occur following overall inductive current oscillations in the micro-helix. They propagate in orthogonally crossed directions with different THz frequency spectra. This unique radiative feature can be very useful for the development of a smart antenna with broadband multiplexing/demultiplexing ability and directional adaptivity. In this way, we have demonstrated that our advanced measurement techniques can lead to the development of novel functional THz devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Notake
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 519-1399, Aramaki-aza Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.
| | - T Iyoda
- Harris Science Research Institute, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - T Arikawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - C Otani
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 519-1399, Aramaki-aza Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - H Minamide
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 519-1399, Aramaki-aza Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
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Magdanz V, Khalil ISM, Simmchen J, Furtado GP, Mohanty S, Gebauer J, Xu H, Klingner A, Aziz A, Medina-Sánchez M, Schmidt OG, Misra S. IRONSperm: Sperm-templated soft magnetic microrobots. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba5855. [PMID: 32923590 PMCID: PMC7450605 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We develop biohybrid magnetic microrobots by electrostatic self-assembly of nonmotile sperm cells and magnetic nanoparticles. Incorporating a biological entity into microrobots entails many functional advantages beyond shape templating, such as the facile uptake of chemotherapeutic agents to achieve targeted drug delivery. We present a single-step electrostatic self-assembly technique to fabricate IRONSperms, soft magnetic microswimmers that emulate the motion of motile sperm cells. Our experiments and theoretical predictions show that the swimming speed of IRONSperms exceeds 0.2 body length/s (6.8 ± 4.1 µm/s) at an actuation frequency of 8 Hz and precision angle of 45°. We demonstrate that the nanoparticle coating increases the acoustic impedance of the sperm cells and enables localization of clusters of IRONSperm using ultrasound feedback. We also confirm the biocompatibility and drug loading ability of these microrobots, and their promise as biocompatible, controllable, and detectable biohybrid tools for in vivo targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Magdanz
- Applied Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Islam S. M. Khalil
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Juliane Simmchen
- Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guilherme P. Furtado
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Sumit Mohanty
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Gebauer
- Applied Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anke Klingner
- Department of Physics, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
| | - Azaam Aziz
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- School of Science, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarthak Misra
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Rogowski LW, Oxner M, Tang J, Kim MJ. Heterogeneously flagellated microswimmer behavior in viscous fluids. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:024112. [PMID: 32341723 PMCID: PMC7173976 DOI: 10.1063/1.5137743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of heterogeneously flagellated microswimmers inside viscous fluids is presented. Flagella harvested from Salmonella typhimurium were isolated, repolymerized, and functionalized to have biotin at their ends, allowing for chemical attachment along the surfaces of avidin-coated microparticles. Assembled microswimmers were rotated under incremental magnetic field frequencies, in saline and methylcellulose solutions, to baseline their velocity responses. A mean square displacement analysis revealed that rotating microswimmers exhibited anomalous diffusive behavior at small time scales in each fluid and had increased diffusivity compared with the non-rotating cases. Flagellated microswimmers had decreased diffusivity when compared with non-flagellated microparticles in Brownian conditions. Microswimmers were demonstrated to perform selected trajectories under proportional feedback control with reasonable accuracy. Finally, microswimmer propulsion was shown to be heavily influenced by the handedness of the rotating magnetic fields, with frequency induced reversals of swimming direction observed under clockwise rotation; this effect was determined to be the result of flagellar bundling and unbundling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis William Rogowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, 3101 Dyer Street, Suite 200, Dallas, Texas 75206, USA
| | - Micah Oxner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, 3101 Dyer Street, Suite 200, Dallas, Texas 75206, USA
| | - Jiannan Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, 3101 Dyer Street, Suite 200, Dallas, Texas 75206, USA
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, 3101 Dyer Street, Suite 200, Dallas, Texas 75206, USA
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Serrà A, Artal R, García‐Amorós J, Sepúlveda B, Gómez E, Nogués J, Philippe L. Hybrid Ni@ZnO@ZnS-Microalgae for Circular Economy: A Smart Route to the Efficient Integration of Solar Photocatalytic Water Decontamination and Bioethanol Production. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902447. [PMID: 32042564 PMCID: PMC7001628 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Water remediation and development of carbon-neutral fuels are a priority for the evermore industrialized society. The answer to these challenges should be simple, sustainable, and inexpensive. Thus, biomimetic-inspired circular and holistic processes combing water remediation and biofuel production can be an appealing concept to deal with these global issues. A simple circular approach using helical Spirulina platensis microalgae as biotemplates to synthesize Ni@ZnO@ZnS photocatalysts for efficient solar water decontamination and bioethanol production during the recycling process is presented. Under solar irradiation, the Ni@ZnO@ZnS-Spirulina photocatalyst exhibits enhanced activity (mineralization efficiency >99%) with minimal photocorrosion and excellent reusability. At the end of its effective lifetime for water remediation, the microalgae skeleton (mainly glycogen and glucose) of the photocatalyst is recycled to directly produce bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. An outstanding ethanol yield of 0.4 L kg-1, which is similar to the highest yield obtained from oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms, is obtained. Thus, the entire process allows effective solar photocatalytic water remediation and bioethanol production at room temperature using simple and easily scalable procedures that simultaneously fixes carbon dioxide, thereby constituting a zero-carbon-emission circular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serrà
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyLaboratory for Mechanics of Materials and NanostructuresFeuerwerkerstrasse 39CH‐3602ThunSwitzerland
| | - Raül Artal
- Grup d'Electrodeposició de Capes Primes i Nanoestructures (GE‐CPN)Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química FísicaUniversitat de BarcelonaMartí i Franquès, 1E‐08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Jaume García‐Amorós
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB)Universitat de BarcelonaE‐08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Grup de Materials OrgànicsDepartament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaUniversitat de BarcelonaMartí i Franquès, 1E‐08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Borja Sepúlveda
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and BISTCampus UABBellaterraE‐08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Elvira Gómez
- Grup d'Electrodeposició de Capes Primes i Nanoestructures (GE‐CPN)Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química FísicaUniversitat de BarcelonaMartí i Franquès, 1E‐08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB)Universitat de BarcelonaE‐08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Josep Nogués
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and BISTCampus UABBellaterraE‐08193BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 23E‐08010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyLaboratory for Mechanics of Materials and NanostructuresFeuerwerkerstrasse 39CH‐3602ThunSwitzerland
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Han Y, Wang Y, Jiang C, Lin H, Luo C, Qi R, Huang R, Peng H. Controllable preparation of helically structured polymer nanobelts by simple writing. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Okamoto T, Kawashima H, Osada H, Toda E, Homma K, Nagai N, Imai Y, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y. Dietary Spirulina Supplementation Protects Visual Function From Photostress by Suppressing Retinal Neurodegeneration in Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:20. [PMID: 31788349 PMCID: PMC6871545 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether daily consumption of Spirulina, an antioxidant generating cyanobacterial nutritional supplement, would suppress photostress-induced retinal damage and prevent vision loss in mice. METHODS Six-week-old male BALB/cAJcl mice were allowed constant access to either a standard or Spirulina-supplemented diet (20% Spirulina) that included the antioxidants, β-carotene and zeaxanthin, and proteins for 4 weeks. Following dark adaptation, mice were exposed to 3000-lux white light for 1 hour and returned to their cages. Visual function was analyzed by electroretinogram, and retinal histology by hematoxylin and eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated, deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemistry. Retinal expression of proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mRNAs were measured using immunoblot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate, or ROS Brite 700 Dyes, and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Light-induced visual function impairment was suppressed by constant Spirulina intake. Thinning of the photoreceptor layer and outer segments, photoreceptor cell death, decreased rhodopsin protein, and induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein were ameliorated in the Spirulina-intake group. Increased retinal ROS levels after light exposure were reduced by Spirulina supplementation. Light-induced superoxide dismutase 2 and heme oxygenase-1 mRNAs in the retina, and Nrf2 activation in the photoreceptor cells, were preserved with Spirulina supplementation, despite reduced ROS levels, suggesting two pathways for suppressing ROS, scavenging and induction of endogenous antioxidative enzymes. Light-induced MCP-1 retinal mRNA and proteins were also suppressed by Spirulina. CONCLUSIONS Spirulina ingestion protected retinal photoreceptors from photostress in the retina. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Spirulina has potential as a nutrient supplement to prevent vision loss related to oxidative damage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okamoto
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kawashima
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Osada
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Toda
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Homma
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nagai
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Jia L, Han F, Yang H, Turnbull G, Wang J, Clarke J, Shu W, Guo M, Li B. Microfluidic Fabrication of Biomimetic Helical Hydrogel Microfibers for Blood-Vessel-on-a-Chip Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900435. [PMID: 31081247 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nature has created many perfect helical microstructures, including DNA, collagen fibrils, and helical blood vessels, to achieve unique physiological functions. While previous studies have developed a number of microfabrication strategies, the preparation of complex helical structures and cell-laden helical structures for biomimetic applications remains challenging. In this study, a one-step microfluidics-based methodology is presented for preparing complex helical hydrogel microfibers and cell-laden helical hydrogel microfibers. Several types of complex helical structures, including multilayer helical microfibers and superhelical hollow microfibers with helical channels, are prepared by simply tuning the flow rates or modifying the geometry of microfluidic device. With the decent perfusability, the hollow microfibers may simulate the structural characteristics of helical blood vessels and create swirling blood flow in a blood-vessel-on-chip setup. Such hydrogel-based helical microstructures may potentially be used in areas such as blood vessel tissue engineering, organ-on-chips, drug screening, and biological actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanluan Jia
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceOrthopaedic InstituteSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
| | - Fengxuan Han
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceOrthopaedic InstituteSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
| | - Huili Yang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceOrthopaedic InstituteSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
| | - Gareth Turnbull
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1QE UK
- Department of OrthopaedicsGolden Jubilee National Hospital Clydebank G81 4DY UK
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceOrthopaedic InstituteSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
| | - Jon Clarke
- Department of OrthopaedicsGolden Jubilee National Hospital Clydebank G81 4DY UK
| | - Wenmiao Shu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1QE UK
| | - Mingyu Guo
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceOrthopaedic InstituteSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
| | - Bin Li
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceOrthopaedic InstituteSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215006 China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed) Hangzhou Zhejiang 310000 China
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15
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Yamamoto D, Kosugi K, Hiramatsu K, Zhang W, Shioi A, Kamata K, Iyoda T, Yoshikawa K. Helical micromotor operating under stationary DC electrostatic field. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:014901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5055830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kento Kosugi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hiramatsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Akihisa Shioi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kaori Kamata
- Division of Chemistry, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Iyoda
- Harris Science Research Institute, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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16
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Hu XY, Ouyang J, Liu GC, Gao MJ, Song LB, Zang J, Chen W. Synthesis and Characterization of the Conducting Polymer Micro-Helix Based on the Spirulina Template. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E882. [PMID: 30960807 PMCID: PMC6404013 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most interesting naturally-occurring geometries, micro-helical structures have attracted attention due to their potential applications in fabricating biomedical and microelectronic devices. Conventional processing techniques for manufacturing micro-helices are likely to be limited in cost and mass-productivity, while Spirulina, which shows natural fine micro-helical forms, can be easily mass-reproduced at an extremely low cost. Furthermore, considering the extensive utility of conducting polymers, it is intriguing to synthesize conducting polymer micro-helices. In this study, PPy (polypyrrole), PANI (polyaniline), and PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) micro-helices were fabricated using Spirulinaplatensis as a bio-template. The successful formations of the conducting polymer micro-helix were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize the molecular structures of the conducting polymer in micro-helical forms. In the electrochemical characterization, the optimized specific capacitances for the PPy micro-helix, the PANI micro-helix, and the PEDOT micro-helix were found to be 234 F/g, 238 F/g at the scan rate of 5 mV/s, and 106.4 F/g at the scan rate of 10 mV/s, respectively. Therefore, it could be expected that other conducting polymer micro-helices with Spirulina as a bio-template could be also easily synthesized for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Hubei Boffin Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jun Ouyang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Guo-Chang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Meng-Juan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Lai-Bo Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zang
- Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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17
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Cheng J, Guo W, Ameer Ali K, Ye Q, Jin G, Qiao Z. Promoting helix pitch and trichome length to improve biomass harvesting efficiency and carbon dioxide fixation rate by Spirulina sp. in 660 m 2 raceway ponds under purified carbon dioxide from a coal chemical flue gas. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:76-85. [PMID: 29654997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The helix pitch and trichome length of Spirulina sp. were promoted to improve the biomass harvesting efficiency and CO2 fixation rate in 660 m2 raceway ponds aerated with food-grade CO2 purified from a coal chemical flue gas. The CO2 fixation rate was improved with increased trichome length of the Spirulina sp. in a raceway pond with double paddlewheels, baffles, and CO2 aerators (DBA raceway pond). The trichome length has increased by 33.3 μm, and CO2 fixation rate has increased by 42.3% and peaked to 51.3 g/m2/d in a DBA raceway pond. Biomass harvesting efficiency was increased with increased helix pitch. When the day-average greenhouse temperature was 33 °C and day-average sunlight intensity was 72,100 lu×, the helix pitch of Spirulina sp. was increased to 56.2 μm. Hence the biomass harvesting efficiency was maximized to 75.6% and biomass actual yield was increased to 35.9 kg in a DBA raceway pond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kubar Ameer Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guiyong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003,China
| | - Zhanshan Qiao
- Ordos Jiali Spirulina.sp Co., Ltd, Ordos 016199, China
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18
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Caccamo PD, Brun YV. The Molecular Basis of Noncanonical Bacterial Morphology. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:191-208. [PMID: 29056293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The true picture of bacterial morphological diversity is likely skewed due to an experimental focus on pathogens and industrially relevant organisms. Indeed, most of the work elucidating the genes and molecular processes involved in maintaining bacterial morphology has been limited to rod- or coccal-shaped model systems. The mechanisms of shape evolution, the molecular processes underlying diverse shapes and growth modes, and how individual cells can dynamically modulate their shape are just beginning to be revealed. Here we discuss recent work aimed at advancing our knowledge of shape diversity and uncovering the molecular basis for shape generation in noncanonical and morphologically complex bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Caccamo
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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19
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Rago L, Cristiani P, Villa F, Zecchin S, Colombo A, Cavalca L, Schievano A. Influences of dissolved oxygen concentration on biocathodic microbial communities in microbial fuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 116:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Bäcklund FG, Elfwing A, Musumeci C, Ajjan F, Babenko V, Dzwolak W, Solin N, Inganäs O. Conducting microhelices from self-assembly of protein fibrils. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4412-4417. [PMID: 28590474 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we utilize insulin to prepare amyloid based chiral helices with either right or left handed helicity. We demonstrate that the helices can be utilized as structural templates for the conducting polymer alkoxysulfonate poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-S). The chirality of the helical assembly is transferred to PEDOT-S as demonstrated by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and Circular Dichroism (CD). Analysis of the helices by conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) shows significant conductivity. In addition, the morphology of the template structure is stabilized by PEDOT-S. These conductive helical structures represent promising candidates in our quest for THz resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik G Bäcklund
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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21
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Yu Y, Fu F, Shang L, Cheng Y, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Bioinspired Helical Microfibers from Microfluidics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28266759 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Helical objects are among the most important and landmark structures in nature, and represent an emerging group of materials with unique spiral geometry; because of their enriched physical and chemical properties, they can have multiple functionalities. However, the fabrication of such complex helical materials at the micro- or nanoscale level remains a challenge. Here, a coaxial capillary microfluidic system, with the functions of consecutive spinning and spiraling, is presented for scalable generation of helical microfibers. The generation processes can be precisely tuned by adjusting the flow rates, and thus the length, diameter, and pitch of the helical microfibers are highly controllable. Varying the injection capillary design of the microfluidics enables the generation of helical microfibers with structures such as the novel Janus, triplex, core-shell, and even double-helix structures. The potential use of these helical microfibers is also explored for magnetically and thermodynamically triggered microsprings, as well as for a force indicator for contraction of cardiomyocytes. These indicate that such helical microfibers are highly versatile for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Fanfan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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22
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Yoshida K, Onoe H. Functionalized core-shell hydrogel microsprings by anisotropic gelation with bevel-tip capillary. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45987. [PMID: 28378803 PMCID: PMC5380988 DOI: 10.1038/srep45987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a novel microfluidic-based method for the synthesis of hydrogel microsprings that are capable of encapsulating various functional materials. A continuous flow of alginate pre-gel solution can spontaneously form a hydrogel microspring by anisotropic gelation around the bevel-tip of the capillary. This technique allows fabrication of hydrogel microsprings using only simple capillaries and syringe pumps, while their complex compartmentalization characterized by a laminar flow inside the capillary can contribute to the optimization of the microspring internal structure and functionality. Encapsulation of several functional materials including magnetic-responsive nanoparticles or cell dispersed collagen for tissue scaffold was demonstrated to functionalize the microsprings. Our core-shell hydrogel microsprings have immense potential for application in a number of fields, including biological/chemical microsensors, biocompatible soft robots/microactuators, drug release, self-assembly of 3D structures and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yoshida
- Center for Multidisciplinary and Design Science, Graduate School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Center for Multidisciplinary and Design Science, Graduate School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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23
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Yashima E, Ousaka N, Taura D, Shimomura K, Ikai T, Maeda K. Supramolecular Helical Systems: Helical Assemblies of Small Molecules, Foldamers, and Polymers with Chiral Amplification and Their Functions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13752-13990. [PMID: 27754649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1230] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the recent advances in supramolecular helical assemblies formed from chiral and achiral small molecules, oligomers (foldamers), and helical and nonhelical polymers from the viewpoints of their formations with unique chiral phenomena, such as amplification of chirality during the dynamic helically assembled processes, properties, and specific functionalities, some of which have not been observed in or achieved by biological systems. In addition, a brief historical overview of the helical assemblies of small molecules and remarkable progress in the synthesis of single-stranded and multistranded helical foldamers and polymers, their properties, structures, and functions, mainly since 2009, will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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24
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Li X, Cai J, Sun L, Yue Y, Zhang D. Manipulation and assembly behavior of Spirulina-templated microcoils in the electric field. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulation and assembly of complicated metallic Spirulina-templated microcoils can be achieved through alternating electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Lili Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yue Yue
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- China
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25
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