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Fan Y, Shi T, Zhang J, Shore KA. Optical injection effects in electrically pumped semiconductor nano-laser arrays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:19361-19371. [PMID: 38859072 DOI: 10.1364/oe.525981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A theoretical analysis is performed on the response of electrically pumped nano-laser arrays to external optical injection. The response to both continuous wave and modulated optical injection is explored. Continuous wave injection is shown to excite several varieties of dynamical behaviour in the array elements including regular dynamics and quasi-periodic behaviour. The strength of the optical injection, the frequency detuning between the injected light and the target laser, and the magnitude of the Purcell spontaneous emission enhancement factor are shown to markedly affect the dynamics. When subject to modulated optical injection, the effects of frequency detuning and optical injection strength are the focus of attention. It is shown that the elements of the array subject to modulated optical injection exhibit oscillatory behaviour over broad regimes determined by the optical injection strength and the frequency detuning.
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2
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Takaishi M, Komino T, Kameda A, Togawa K, Yokomatsu T, Maenaka K, Tajima H. Suppression of the plasmon-quenching effect on light amplification in 20-μm-diameter plasmonic whispering gallery mode resonators fabricated from bowl-shaped organic/metal thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10796-10803. [PMID: 38516939 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Bowl-shaped plasmonic whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators were fabricated from a 10-nm-thick metal (Al, Ag, or Au) plasmonic layer that was covered with a 100-nm-thick 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl spacer layer and a 250-nm-thick 2,7-bis[9,9-di(4-methylphenyl)-fluoren-2-yl]-9,9-di(4-methylphenyl)fluorene light-emitting layer; the layer structure was grown on a 20-μm-diameter silica microsphere. When compared with a reference structure without the plasmonic layer, the resonators, which included either Al or Ag, showed almost the same threshold excitation intensities for generation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). This result indicates that the ease of light amplification in the plasmonic resonators was comparable to that in the reference structure. Excitons that exist in the vicinity of metal thin films are generally easy to quench because propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) absorb the exciton energy. Therefore, the observed comparability demonstrates that the plasmonic WGM resonators overcome this quenching effect on ASE via localization of the SPPs in the vicinity of the excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Takaishi
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Komino
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kameda
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Kyosuke Togawa
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Tokuji Yokomatsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Kazusuke Maenaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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3
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Zhao L, Liu C, Wang K. Progress of GaN-Based Optoelectronic Devices Integrated with Optical Resonances. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106757. [PMID: 35218296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Being direct wide bandgap, III-nitride (III-N) semiconductors have many applications in optoelectronics, including light-emitting diodes, lasers, detectors, photocatalysis, etc. Incorporation of III-N semiconductors with high-efficiency optical resonances including surface plasmons, distributed Bragg reflectors and micro cavities, has attracted considerable interests for upgrading their performance, which can not only reveal the new coupling mechanisms between optical resonances and quasiparticles, but also unveil the shield of novel optoelectronic devices with superior performances. In this review, the content covers the recent progress of GaN-based optoelectronic devices integrated with plasmonics and/or micro resonators, including the LEDs, photodetectors, solar cells, and light photocatalysis. The authors aim to provide an inspiring insight of recent remarkable progress and breakthroughs, as well as a promising prospect for the future highly-integrated, high speed, and efficient GaN-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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4
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Tao T, Zhi T, Liu B, Chen P, Xie Z, Zhao H, Ren F, Chen D, Zheng Y, Zhang R. Electron-Beam-Driven III-Nitride Plasmonic Nanolasers in the Deep-UV and Visible Region. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906205. [PMID: 31793750 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanolasers based on wide bandgap semiconductors are presently attracting immense research interests due to the breaking in light diffraction limit and subwavelength mode operation with fast dynamics. However, these plasmonic nanolasers have so far been mostly realized in the visible light ranges, or most are still under optical excitation pumping. In this work, III-nitride-based plasmonic nanolasers emitting from the green to the deep-ultraviolet (UV) region by energetic electron beam injection are reported, and a threshold as low as 8 kW cm-2 is achieved. A fast decay time as short as 123 ps is collected, indicating a strong coupling between excitons and surface plasmon. Both the spatial and temporal coherences are observed, which provide a solid evidence for exciton-plasmon coupled polariton lasing. Consequently, the achievements in III-nitride-based plasmonic nanolaser devices represent a significant step toward practical applications for biological technology, computing systems, and on-chip optical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhi
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zili Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Ren
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Dunjun Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Youdou Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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5
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Sankaranarayanan S, Kandasamy P, Krishnan B. Catalytic Growth of Gallium Nitride Nanowires on Wet Chemically Etched Substrates by Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14772-14779. [PMID: 31552316 PMCID: PMC6751544 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth of gallium nitride nanowires on etched sapphire and GaN substrates using binary catalytic alloy were investigated by manipulating the growth time and precursor-to-substrate distance. The variations in behavior at different growth conditions were observed using X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It was noticed that, in respect of both the substrates, when growth time and/or precursor-to-substrate distance is increased, thickness of the nanowires around the etch pits remains unaltered, but there is variation in the density of nanowires. In addition, formation of gallium nitride microwires within the etch pits was also observed on etched sapphire substrates. Similarly, the thickness and density of the microwires were found to increase with increase in growth time and decrease with increase in precursor-to-substrate distance. The dimensionality scaling of gallium nitride was found to have a positive effect in improving the luminescence property and band gap of the grown nanowires. This method of nanowire growth can be helpful in increasing the probability of multiple reflections in the materials which makes them a suitable candidate for optoelectronic devices.
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Motavas MH, Zarifkar A. Deep subwavelength confinement and threshold engineering in a coupled nanorods based spaser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:21579-21596. [PMID: 31510232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.021579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive efforts have been made for design and fabrication of low threshold spasers or plasmonic nanolasers at a deep subwavelength scale. Plasmonic nanolasers with coupled-nanorods structure can realize this purpose due to energy concentration in nano size volumes and effective amplification mechanisms. In this study, a group of structures based on metallic and CdS coupled nanorods are designed and analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). By changing the lateral adjacent surfaces of the metal and semiconductor nanorods through utilizing regular polygons as the cross sections of the nanorods, different characteristics of the plasmonic nanolaser are investigated. Simulation results show that the mode area normalized by the diffraction limit area is as low as 0.0062 in the structures based on hexagonal metallic core with circular semiconductor nanorods while structures based on circular Ag core with hexagonal CdS nanorods can provide a low threshold gain as 1.310 μm-1. Also, it is shown that if ZnO be used as the semiconductor gain material instead of CdS, a normalized mode area of almost one tenth can be attained in a structure with dodecagonal metallic core and circular ZnO nanorods.
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7
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Schmidt G, Müller M, Veit P, Metzner S, Bertram F, Hartmann J, Zhou H, Wehmann HH, Waag A, Christen J. Direct imaging of Indium-rich triangular nanoprisms self-organized formed at the edges of InGaN/GaN core-shell nanorods. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16026. [PMID: 30375437 PMCID: PMC6207700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher indium incorporation in self-organized triangular nanoprisms at the edges of InGaN/GaN core-shell nanorods is directly evidenced by spectral cathodoluminescence microscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope. The nanoprisms are terminated by three 46 nm wide a-plane nanofacets with sharp interfaces forming a well-defined equilateral triangular base in the basal plane. Redshifted InGaN luminescence and brighter Z-contrast are resolved for these structures compared to the InGaN layers on the nanorod sidewalls, which is attributed to at least 4 % higher indium content. Detailed analysis of the inner optical and structural properties reveals luminescence contributions from 417 nm up to 500 nm peak wavelength proving the increasing indium concentration inside the nanoprism towards the nanorod surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Schmidt
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Veit
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Metzner
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bertram
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jana Hartmann
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology LENA, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology LENA, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hergo-Heinrich Wehmann
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology LENA, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Waag
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology LENA, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Christen
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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8
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Zhu G, Li J, Li J, Guo J, Dai J, Xu C, Wang Y. Single-mode ultraviolet whispering gallery mode lasing from a floating GaN microdisk. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:647-650. [PMID: 29444043 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a floating GaN microdisk supported by a silicon pillar through photolithography, dry-etching GaN, and isotropic wet-etching silicon methods. Single-mode ultraviolet whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing was obtained from the floating GaN microdisk under optical pumping conditions at room temperature. The features of WGM lasing, i.e., the threshold, emission intensity, and lasing mode number, were characterized. A two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation about the optical field contour profile also confirmed the resonance mechanism of WGM lasing. This work can help realize single-mode WGM lasing with high quality factor and low threshold.
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9
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Mohammadi F, Schmitzer H, Kunert G, Hommel D, Ge J, Duscher G, Langbein W, Wagner HP. Emission dynamics of hybrid plasmonic gold/organic GaN nanorods. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:505710. [PMID: 29064371 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa95a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the emission of bare and aluminum quinoline (Alq3)/gold coated wurtzite GaN nanorods by temperature- and intensity-dependent time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL). The GaN nanorods of ∼1.5 μm length and ∼250 nm diameter were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Gold/Alq3 coated GaN nanorods were synthesized by organic molecular beam deposition. The near band-edge and donor-acceptor pair luminescence was investigated in bare GaN nanorods and compared with multilevel model calculations providing the dynamical parameters for electron-hole pairs, excitons, impurity bound excitons, donors and acceptors. Subsequently, the influence of a 10 nm gold coating without and with an Alq3 spacer layer was studied and the experimental results were analyzed with the multilevel model. Without a spacer layer, a significant PL quenching and lifetime reduction of the near band-edge emission is found. The behavior is attributed to surface band-bending and Förster energy transfer from excitons to surface plasmons in the gold layer. Inserting a 5 nm Alq3 spacer layer reduces the PL quenching and lifetime reduction which is consistent with a reduced band-bending and Förster energy transfer. Increasing the spacer layer to 30 nm results in lifetimes which are similar to uncoated structures, showing a significantly decreased influence of the gold coating on the excitonic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mohammadi
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States of America
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Athanasiou M, Smith RM, Pugh J, Gong Y, Cryan MJ, Wang T. Monolithically multi-color lasing from an InGaN microdisk on a Si substrate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10086. [PMID: 28855663 PMCID: PMC5577231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An optically pumped multi-color laser has been achieved using an InGaN/GaN based micro-disk with an undercut structure on a silicon substrate. The micro-disk laser has been fabricated by means of a combination of a cost-effective microsphere lithography technique and subsequent dry/wet etching processes. The microdisk laser is approximately 1 μm in diameter. The structure was designed in such a way that the vertical components of the whispering gallery (WG) modes formed can be effectively suppressed. Consequently, three clean lasing peaks at 442 nm, 493 nm and 522 nm have been achieved at room temperature by simply using a continuous-wave diode laser as an optical pumping source. Time-resolved micro photoluminescence (PL) measurements have been performed in order to further confirm the lasing by investigating the excitonic recombination dynamics of these lasing peaks. A three dimensional finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulation has been used for the structure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Athanasiou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - R M Smith
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J Pugh
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Y Gong
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - M J Cryan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - T Wang
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Danqing Wang
- Graduate Program in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Weijia Wang
- Graduate Program in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Graduate Program in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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12
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Zhang B, Bian Y, Ren L, Guo F, Tang SY, Mao Z, Liu X, Sun J, Gong J, Guo X, Huang TJ. Hybrid Dielectric-loaded Nanoridge Plasmonic Waveguide for Low-Loss Light Transmission at the Subwavelength Scale. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40479. [PMID: 28091583 PMCID: PMC5238436 DOI: 10.1038/srep40479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging development of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide has recently received significant attention owing to its remarkable capability of enabling subwavelength field confinement and great transmission distance. Here we report a guiding approach that integrates hybrid plasmon polariton with dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguiding. By introducing a deep-subwavelength dielectric ridge between a dielectric slab and a metallic substrate, a hybrid dielectric-loaded nanoridge plasmonic waveguide is formed. The waveguide features lower propagation loss than its conventional hybrid waveguiding counterpart, while maintaining strong optical confinement at telecommunication wavelengths. Through systematic structural parameter tuning, we realize an efficient balance between confinement and attenuation of the fundamental hybrid mode, and we demonstrate the tolerance of its properties despite fabrication imperfections. Furthermore, we show that the waveguide concept can be extended to other metal/dielectric composites as well, including metal-insulator-metal and insulator-metal-insulator configurations. Our hybrid dielectric-loaded nanoridge plasmonic platform may serve as a fundamental building block for various functional photonic components and be used in applications such as sensing, nanofocusing, and nanolasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Fluid Machinery and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Bian
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Department of Fluid Machinery and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jinju Sun
- Department of Fluid Machinery and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Gong
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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13
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Deeb C, Pelouard JL. Plasmon lasers: coherent nanoscopic light sources. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29731-29741. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmon lasers are a new class of coherent light sources that use metals for light localization and amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deeb
- MiNaO – Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N)
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91460 Marcoussis
| | - Jean-Luc Pelouard
- MiNaO – Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N)
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91460 Marcoussis
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14
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Kaveh M, Gao Q, Jagadish C, Ge J, Duscher G, Wagner HP. Controlling the exciton emission of gold coated GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires with an organic spacer layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:485204. [PMID: 27811405 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/48/485204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Excitons are the most prominent optical excitations and controlling their emission is an important step towards new optical devices. We have investigated the exciton emission from uncoated and gold/aluminum quinoline (Alq3) coated GaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs core-shell nanowires (NWs) using temperature-, intensity- and polarization dependent photoluminescence (PL). Plasmonic GaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs NWs with a ∼10 nm thick Au coating but without an Alq3 spacer layer reveal a significant reduction of the PL intensity of the exciton emission compared with the uncoated NW sample. Plasmonic NW samples with the same nominal Au coverage and an additional Alq3 interlayer of 3 or 6 nm thickness show a clearly stronger PL intensity which increases with rising Alq3 spacer thickness. Time-resolved (TR) PL measurements reveal an increase of the exciton decay rate by a factor of up to two with decreasing Alq3 spacer thickness suggesting the presence of Förster energy transfer from NW excitons to plasmon oscillations in the gold film. The weak change of the decay time, however, indicates that Förster energy-transfer is only partially responsible for the PL quenching in the gold coated NWs. The main reason for the reduction of the PL emission is attributed to a gold induced band-bending in the GaAs NW core which causes exciton dissociation. With increasing Alq3 spacer thickness the band-bending decreases leading to a reduction of the exciton dissociation and PL quenching. Our interpretation is supported by electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements which show a signal reduction and blue shift of defect (possibly EL2) transitions when gold particles are deposited on NWs compared with bare or Alq3 coated NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaveh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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15
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Kumar A, Heilmann M, Latzel M, Kapoor R, Sharma I, Göbelt M, Christiansen SH, Kumar V, Singh R. Barrier inhomogeneities limited current and 1/f noise transport in GaN based nanoscale Schottky barrier diodes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27553. [PMID: 27282258 PMCID: PMC4901317 DOI: 10.1038/srep27553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical behaviour of Schottky barrier diodes realized on vertically standing individual GaN nanorods and array of nanorods is investigated. The Schottky diodes on individual nanorod show highest barrier height in comparison with large area diodes on nanorods array and epitaxial film which is in contrast with previously published work. The discrepancy between the electrical behaviour of nanoscale Schottky diodes and large area diodes is explained using cathodoluminescence measurements, surface potential analysis using Kelvin probe force microscopy and 1ow frequency noise measurements. The noise measurements on large area diodes on nanorods array and epitaxial film suggest the presence of barrier inhomogeneities at the metal/semiconductor interface which deviate the noise spectra from Lorentzian to 1/f type. These barrier inhomogeneities in large area diodes resulted in reduced barrier height whereas due to the limited role of barrier inhomogeneities in individual nanorod based Schottky diode, a higher barrier height is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
- Nanoscale Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - M. Heilmann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Latzel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raman Kapoor
- Nanoscale Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Intu Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - M. Göbelt
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke H. Christiansen
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Nano-Architectures for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz - Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vikram Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
- Nanoscale Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
- Nanoscale Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
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16
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Ho J, Tatebayashi J, Sergent S, Fong CF, Ota Y, Iwamoto S, Arakawa Y. A Nanowire-Based Plasmonic Quantum Dot Laser. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2845-2850. [PMID: 27030886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots enable strong carrier confinement and exhibit a delta-function like density of states, offering significant improvements to laser performance and high-temperature stability when used as a gain medium. However, quantum dot lasers have been limited to photonic cavities that are diffraction-limited and further miniaturization to meet the demands of nanophotonic-electronic integration applications is challenging based on existing designs. Here we introduce the first quantum dot-based plasmonic laser to reduce the cross-sectional area of nanowire quantum dot lasers below the cutoff limit of photonic modes while maintaining the length in the order of the lasing wavelength. Metal organic chemical vapor deposition grown GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires containing InGaAs quantum dot stacks are placed directly on a silver film, and lasing was observed from single nanowires originating from the InGaAs quantum dot emission into the low-loss higher order plasmonic mode. Lasing threshold pump fluences as low as ∼120 μJ/cm(2) was observed at 7 K, and lasing was observed up to 125 K. Temperature stability from the quantum dot gain, leading to a high characteristic temperature was demonstrated. These results indicate that high-performance, miniaturized quantum dot lasers can be realized with plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfa Ho
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics and ‡Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Tatebayashi
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics and ‡Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Sylvain Sergent
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics and ‡Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Chee Fai Fong
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics and ‡Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Ota
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics and ‡Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwamoto
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics and ‡Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Arakawa
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics and ‡Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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17
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Wood T, Cheung KT, Foo Y, Liu YK, Zapien JA. Resonance modulated amplified emission from CdSSe nanoribbons. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15071. [PMID: 26472435 PMCID: PMC4608008 DOI: 10.1038/srep15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present evidence of amplified emission mediated by surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) from a CdS0.2Se0.8 nanoribbon (NR) supported on a gold-coated silicon substrate. Room temperature amplified emission is observed from the nanoribbon above excitation irradiances ~ 25 W/cm(2) when it is supported on the gold coated silicon substrate. The nanoribbon is shown to act as a resonator cavity, leading to amplification of discrete wavelengths in the emission spectrum. Evidence for the formation of SPP waves between the gold-coated substrate and the nanoribbon is shown, and the resulting wavenumber increase allows for the matching of theoretical resonance wavelengths with those observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Wood
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre of Super Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - K. T. Cheung
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre of Super Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Y. Foo
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre of Super Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Y. K. Liu
- Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - J. A. Zapien
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre of Super Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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18
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Athanasiou M, Smith R, Liu B, Wang T. Room temperature continuous-wave green lasing from an InGaN microdisk on silicon. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7250. [PMID: 25431166 PMCID: PMC4246202 DOI: 10.1038/srep07250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically pumped green lasing with an ultra low threshold has been achieved using an InGaN/GaN based micro-disk with an undercut structure on silicon substrates. The micro-disks with a diameter of around 1 μm were fabricated by means of a combination of a cost-effective silica micro-sphere approach, dry-etching and subsequent chemical etching. The combination of these techniques both minimises the roughness of the sidewalls of the micro-disks and also produces excellent circular geometry. Utilizing this fabrication process, lasing has been achieved at room temperature under optical pumping from a continuous-wave laser diode. The threshold for lasing is as low as 1 kW/cm(2). Time-resolved micro photoluminescence (PL) and confocal PL measurements have been performed in order to further confirm the lasing action in whispering gallery modes and also investigate the excitonic recombination dynamics of the lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Athanasiou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - R Smith
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - B Liu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - T Wang
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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19
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Tuning the hybridization of plasmonic and coupled dielectric nanowire modes for high-performance optical waveguiding at sub-diffraction-limited scale. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6617. [PMID: 25327188 PMCID: PMC4202217 DOI: 10.1038/srep06617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the realization of low-loss optical waveguiding at telecommunication wavelength by exploiting the hybridization of photonic modes guided by coupled all-dielectric nanowires and plasmon waves at planar metal-dielectric interfaces. The characteristics of the hybrid plasmon polaritons, which are yielded by the coupling between two types of guided modes, can be readily tuned through engineering key structural parameters of the coupled nanowires and their distances to the metallic surfaces. In addition to exhibiting significantly lower attenuations for similar degrees of confinement as compared to the conventional hybrid waves in single-dielectric-nanowire-based waveguides, these hybridized plasmonic modes are also capable of enabling reduced waveguide crosstalk for comparable propagation distances. Being compatible with semiconductor fabrication techniques, the proposed guiding schemes could be promising candidates for various integrated photonic devices and may lead to potential applications in a wide variety of related areas.
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