1
|
Luković D, Franich AA, Živković MD, Rajković S, Stojanović B, Gajović N, Jurišević M, Pavlović S, Simović Marković B, Jovanović M, Stojanović BS, Pavlović R, Jovanović I. Biological Evaluation of Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes with Aromatic N-Heterocycles as Bridging Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8525. [PMID: 39126093 PMCID: PMC11312983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The history of effective anti-cancer medications begins with the discovery of cisplatin's anti-cancer properties. Second-generation analogue, carboplatin, with a similar range of effectiveness, made progress in improving these drugs with fewer side effects and better solubility. Renewed interest in platinum-based drugs has been increasing in the past several years. These developments highlight a revitalized enthusiasm and ongoing exploration in platinum chemotherapy based on the series of dinuclear platinum(II) complexes, [{Pt(L)Cl}2(μ-bridging ligand)]2+, which have been synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities. These complexes are designed to target various cancerous conditions, exhibiting promising antitumor, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing activities. The current work aims to shed light on the potential of these complexes as next-generation platinum-based therapies, highlighting their enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects, which could revolutionize the approach to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desimir Luković
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
| | - Andjela A. Franich
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.A.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Marija D. Živković
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Snežana Rajković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.A.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Bojan Stojanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Gajović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
| | - Milena Jurišević
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Slađana Pavlović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
| | - Bojana Simović Marković
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
| | - Marina Jovanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
| | - Bojana S. Stojanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Radiša Pavlović
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Ivan Jovanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.L.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (B.S.M.); (M.J.); (B.S.S.); (I.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamidi AA, Taghehchian N, Zangouei AS, Akhlaghipour I, Maharati A, Basirat Z, Moghbeli M. Molecular mechanisms of microRNA-216a during tumor progression. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:19. [PMID: 36740668 PMCID: PMC9899407 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as the members of non-coding RNAs family are involved in post-transcriptional regulation by translational inhibiting or mRNA degradation. They have a critical role in regulation of cell proliferation and migration. MiRNAs aberrations have been reported in various cancers. Considering the importance of these factors in regulation of cellular processes and their high stability in body fluids, these factors can be suggested as suitable non-invasive markers for the cancer diagnosis. MiR-216a deregulation has been frequently reported in different cancers. Therefore, in the present review we discussed the molecular mechanisms of the miR-216a during tumor progression. It has been reported that miR-216a mainly functioned as a tumor suppressor through the regulation of signaling pathways and transcription factors. This review paves the way to suggest the miR-216a as a probable therapeutic and diagnostic target in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Hamidi
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Taghehchian
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sadra Zangouei
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Akhlaghipour
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Maharati
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Basirat
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qu JJ, Shi LL, Wang YB, Yan J, Shao T, Hao XQ, Wang JX, Zhang HY, Gong JF, Song B. The Novel Function of Unsymmetrical Chiral CCN Pincer Nickel Complexes as Chemotherapeutic Agents Targeting Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:3106. [PMID: 35630591 PMCID: PMC9147786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that the pincer nickel complexes display prostate cancer antitumor properties through inhibition of cell proliferation. Notably, they display better antitumor properties than cisplatin. Mechanistic studies reveal that these pincer nickel complexes trigger cell apoptosis, most likely due to cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, these complexes also inhibit androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) signaling, which are critical for prostate cancer survival and progression. Our study reveals a novel function of pincer nickel complexes as potential therapeutic drugs in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin-Lin Shi
- College of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.-J.Q.); (Y.-B.W.); (J.Y.); (T.S.); (X.-Q.H.); (J.-X.W.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.-J.Q.); (Y.-B.W.); (J.Y.); (T.S.); (X.-Q.H.); (J.-X.W.)
| | - Jun-Fang Gong
- College of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.-J.Q.); (Y.-B.W.); (J.Y.); (T.S.); (X.-Q.H.); (J.-X.W.)
| | - Bing Song
- College of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.-J.Q.); (Y.-B.W.); (J.Y.); (T.S.); (X.-Q.H.); (J.-X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang XZ, Chen MJ, Fan PM, Jiang W, Liang SX. BTG2 Serves as a Potential Prognostic Marker and Correlates with Immune Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2727-2745. [PMID: 35300128 PMCID: PMC8922043 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s340565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) has been revealed to be involved in the occurrence and development of multiple cancers. However, the role of BTG2 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still ambiguous. Thus, this study aims to investigate the prognostic value of BTG2 and its correlation with immune infiltration in LUAD. Methods The expression of BTG2 in LUAD was analyzed using the TIMER and UALCAN databases. The correlations between BTG2 expression and clinicopathological factors were investigated using the UALCAN databases. The Kaplan–Meier plotter, GEPIA, and TCGA databases were employed to assess the prognostic value of BTG2. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were used to construct an interaction network and mine co-expression genes. The TISIDB database was examined for a correlation between BTG2 and driver genes in LUAD. Enrichment analysis of co-expressed genes and BTG2 was performed using the LinkedOmics database. Finally, the correlations between BTG2 and immune infiltrates were investigated using the TIMER, GEO, and TISIDB database. Results BTG2 was significantly downregulated in LUAD. The decreased expression of BTG2 in LUAD was significantly correlated with higher cancer stages and shorter duration of overall survival. The expressions of BTG2-related co-expression genes were associated with the prognosis in LUAD. The expression of BTG2 was closely associated with the mutations of TP53 and ROS1. Enrichment analysis revealed that BTG2 was significantly correlated with immune‐associated signaling pathways and function. In addition, the expression of BTG2 was found to be closely related to immune infiltration, multiple gene markers of immune cells, chemokines, and chemokine receptors. Conclusion Our findings have effectively demonstrated that BTG2 expression was downregulated in LUAD, indicating poor prognosis. Closely relating to immune cell infiltration, BTG2 may be a promising immune-related biomarker and molecular target for patients with LUAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao Jian Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Ming Fan
- Department of Breast-Thoracic Tumor Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi Xiong Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shi Xiong Liang; Wei Jiang, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seyedabadi N, Shoushtari SY, Soofi A, Arabpour J, Shams Z, Akhavan H, Hosseini-Asl S. Molecular profiles of predictive biomarkers for platinum-based chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
6
|
Shosha NNH, Elmasry S, Moawad M, Ismail SH, Elsayed M. Invivo and invitro evaluation of antitumor effects of iron oxide and folate core shell-iron oxide nanoparticles. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 84:e253183. [PMID: 35019096 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.253183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N N H Shosha
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of women for Arts Scince and Education, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Elmasry
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of women for Arts Scince and Education, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Moawad
- Cairo University, National Cancer Institute, Pathology Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S H Ismail
- Cairo University, Egypt Nanotechnology Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - M Elsayed
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of women for Arts Scince and Education, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Antitumor Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester by Downregulating Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 1 via AR/p53/NF-κB Signaling in Prostate Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020274. [PMID: 35053438 PMCID: PMC8773797 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a honeybee propolis-derived bioactive ingredient, has not been extensively elucidated regarding its effect on prostate cancer and associated mechanisms. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 gene (MALT1) modulates NF-κB signal transduction in lymphoma and non-lymphoma cells. We investigated the functions and regulatory mechanisms of CAPE in relation to MALT1 in prostate carcinoma cells. In p53- and androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate carcinoma cells, CAPE downregulated AR and MALT1 expression but enhanced that of p53, thus decreasing androgen-induced activation of MALT1 and prostate-specific antigen expressions. p53 downregulated the expression of MALT in prostate carcinoma cells through the putative consensus and nonconsensus p53 response elements. CAPE downregulated MALT1 expression and thus inhibited NF-κB activity in p53- and AR-negative prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells, eventually reducing cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. CAPE induced the ERK/JNK/p38/AMPKα1/2 signaling pathways; however, pretreatment with the corresponding inhibitors of MAPK or AMPK1/2 did not inhibit the CAPE effect on MALT1 blocking in PC-3 cells. Our findings verify that CAPE is an effective antitumor agent for human androgen-dependent and -independent prostate carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of MALT1 expression via the AR/p53/NF-κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
8
|
Urinary Exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers of bladder Cancer and experimental verification of mechanism of miR-93-5p in bladder Cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1293. [PMID: 34861847 PMCID: PMC8641206 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies globally. Early diagnosis of it can significantly improve patients’ survival and quality of life. Urinary exosomes (UEs)-derived miRNAs might be a promising biomarker for BC detection. Method A total of 12 patients with BC and 4 non-cancerous participants (as healthy control) were recruited from a single center between March 2018 and December 2019 as the discovery set. Midstream urine samples from each participants were collected and high-throughput sequencing and differentially expression analysis were conducted. Combined with miRNA expression profile of BC tissue from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), miRNAs biomarkers for BC were determined. Candidate miRNAs as biomarkers were selected followed by verification with a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in an independent validation cohort consisting of 53 BC patients and 51 healthy controls. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was established to evaluate the diagnostic performance of UE-derived miRNAs. The possible mechanism of miRNAs were revealed by bioinformatic analysis and explored in vitro experiments. Results We identified that miR-93-5p, miR-516a-5p were simultaneously significantly increased both in UEs from BC compared with healthy control and BC tissue compared with normal tissue, which were verified by RT-qPCR in the validation cohort. Subsequently, the performance to discover BC of the miR-93-5p, miR-516a-5p was further verified with an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.838 and 0.790, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of urine cytology (AUC = 0.630). Moreover, miR-93-5p was significantly increased in muscle-invasive BC compared with non-muscle-invasive BC with an AUC of 0.769. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that B-cell translocation gene 2(BTG2) gene may be the hub target gene of miR-93-5p. In vitro experiments verified that miR-93-5p suppressed BTG2 expression and promoted BC cells proliferation, invasion and migration. Conclusion Urine derived exosomes have a distinct miRNA profile in BC patients, and urinary exosomal miRNAs could be used as a promising non-invasive tool to detect BC. In vitro experiments suggested that miR-93-5p overexpression may contribute to BC progression via suppressing BTG2 expression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08926-x.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Li H, Wang L, Zhang J, Li M, Qiao L, Zhang J, Liu L, Zhang C, Gao J, Li W. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal B-Cell Translocation Gene 2 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681250. [PMID: 34485119 PMCID: PMC8415965 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most common and aggressive type of tumor of the female reproductive system. Two factors account for this detrimental clinical presentation: (i) the lack of early detection methods and (ii) the inherently aggressive nature of this malignancy. Currently, transcriptomic analyses have become important tools to identify new targets in different cancer types. In this study, by measuring expression levels in ovarian cancer samples and stem cell samples, we identified 24 tumor suppressor genes consistently associated with poor prognosis. Combined results further revealed a potential therapeutic candidate, BTG2, which belongs to the antiproliferative gene family. Our results showed that BTG2 expression regulated ovarian cancer cell proliferation via G1/S phase cell cycle arrest by regulating Cyclin D1, CDK4, p-AKT, and p-ERK expression. BTG2 also inhibited cell migration by modulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Furthermore, xenograft models confirmed a growth inhibitory effect of BTG2 in ovarian cancer in vivo. BTG2 was significantly associated with ovarian cancer FIGO stage and grade in the clinic. Our findings indicated that BTG2 exerts a suppressive impact on ovarian cancer and could be a potential biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science and the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Liang Qiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Likun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingchun Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weiling Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferrari B, Roda E, Priori EC, De Luca F, Facoetti A, Ravera M, Brandalise F, Locatelli CA, Rossi P, Bottone MG. A New Platinum-Based Prodrug Candidate for Chemotherapy and Its Synergistic Effect With Hadrontherapy: Novel Strategy to Treat Glioblastoma. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:589906. [PMID: 33828444 PMCID: PMC8019820 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.589906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common tumor of the central nervous system. Current therapies, often associated with severe side effects, are inefficacious to contrast the GBM relapsing forms. In trying to overcome these drawbacks, (OC-6-44)-acetatodiamminedichlorido(2-(2-propynyl)octanoato)platinum(IV), also called Pt(IV)Ac-POA, has been recently synthesized. This new prodrug bearing as axial ligand (2-propynyl)octanoic acid (POA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has a higher activity due to (i) its high cellular accumulation by virtue of its high lipophilicity and (ii) the inhibition of histone deacetylase, which leads to the increased exposure of nuclear DNA, permitting higher platination and promoting cancer cell death. In the present study, we investigated the effects induced by Pt(IV)Ac-POA and its potential antitumor activity in human U251 glioblastoma cell line using a battery of complementary techniques, i.e., flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, TEM, and Western blotting analyses. In addition, the synergistic effect of Pt(IV)Ac-POA associated with the innovative oncological hadrontherapy with carbon ions was investigated, with the aim to identify the most efficient anticancer treatment combination. Our in vitro data demonstrated that Pt(IV)Ac-POA is able to induce cell death, through different pathways, at concentrations lower than those tested for other platinum analogs. In particular, an enduring Pt(IV)Ac-POA antitumor effect, persisting in long-term treatment, was demonstrated. Interestingly, this effect was further amplified by the combined exposure to carbon ion radiation. In conclusion, Pt(IV)Ac-POA represents a promising prodrug to be incorporated into the treatment regimen for GBM. Moreover, the synergistic efficacy of the combined protocol using chemotherapeutic Pt(IV)Ac-POA followed by carbon ion radiation may represent a promising approach, which may overcome some typical limitations of conventional therapeutic protocols for GBM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Roda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Cecilia Priori
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Luca
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelica Facoetti
- National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (Fondazione CNAO), Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Ravera
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Federico Brandalise
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (NEUFO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bottone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tsui KH, Chang KS, Sung HC, Hsu SY, Lin YH, Hou CP, Yang PS, Chen CL, Feng TH, Juang HH. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 1 Is an Oncogene Inducing Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Tumor Growth via the Upregulation of NF-κB Activity in Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030250. [PMID: 33802402 PMCID: PMC8000469 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common seen malignancies and the leading cause of cancer-related death among men. Given the importance of early diagnosis and treatment, it is worth to identify a potential novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) is a novel gene involved in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signal transduction by acting as an adaptor protein and paracaspase, with an essential role in inflammation and tumorigenesis in many cancers. This study investigated the functions and the potential regulatory mechanisms of MALT1 in the human prostate cancer cells. We found that MALT1 is abundant in prostate cancer tissues. MALT1 facilitated NF-κB subunits (p50 and p65) nuclear translocation to induce gene expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5) in prostate carcinoma cells. MALT1 promoted cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. MALT1 enhanced NF-κB activity in prostate carcinoma cells; moreover, NF-κB induced MALT1 expression determined by reporter and immunoblot assays, implying there is a positive feedback loop between MALT1 and NF-κB. In conclusion, MALT1 is a NF-κB-induced oncogene in the human prostate carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-P.H.); (P.-S.Y.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Kang-Shuo Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Hsin-Ching Sung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-P.H.); (P.-S.Y.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chen-Pang Hou
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-P.H.); (P.-S.Y.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Pei-Shan Yang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-P.H.); (P.-S.Y.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chien-Lun Chen
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-P.H.); (P.-S.Y.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-P.H.); (P.-S.Y.); (C.-L.C.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800; Fax: +886-3-2118112
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
tRNA Lys-Derived Fragment Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010055. [PMID: 33406670 PMCID: PMC7824007 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a standard treatment for prostate cancer, which is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men globally. However, patients who have undergone cisplatin can rxperience relapse. tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are small non-coding RNAs generated via tRNA cleavage; their physiological activities are linked to the development of human diseases. Specific tRFs, including tRF-315 derived from tRNALys, are highly expressed in prostate cancer patients. However, whether tRF-315 regulates prostate cancer cell proliferation or apoptosis is unclear. Herein, we confirmed that tRF-315 expression was higher in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, DU145, and PC3) than in normal prostate cells. tRF-315 prevented cisplatin-induced apoptosis and alleviated cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in LNCaP and DU145 cells. Moreover, transfection of tRF-315 inhibitor increased the expression of apoptotic pathway-related proteins in LNCaP and DU145 cells. Furthermore, tRF-315 targeted the tumor suppressor gene GADD45A, thus regulating the cell cycle, which was altered by cisplatin in LNCaP and DU145 cells. Thus, tRF-315 protects prostate cancer cells from mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis induced by cisplatin treatment.
Collapse
|
13
|
Izaguirre DI, Ng CW, Kwan SY, Kun EH, Tsang YTM, Gershenson DM, Wong KK. The Role of GDF15 in Regulating the Canonical Pathways of the Tumor Microenvironment in Wild-Type p53 Ovarian Tumor and Its Response to Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103043. [PMID: 33086658 PMCID: PMC7650722 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with wild-type p53 ovarian cancer appear to have a poorer survival rate than those with mutant p53 due to resistance to chemotherapy. The mechanism underlying this observation is not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers regulated by p53 that conferred resistance using in vitro and in vivo studies. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expression was demonstrated to be controlled by p53 in both ovarian cancer cell lines and orthotopic mouse models. The histological and RNAseq studies of the GDF15-knocked down, A2780 cell line-induced tumor revealed that the ratio and canonical pathways of stromal/tumor were modified by secretory GDF15. Abstract Background: The standard treatment of ovarian cancer is surgery followed by a chemotherapeutic combination consisting of a platinum agent, such as cisplatin and a taxane-like paclitaxel. We previously observed that patients with ovarian cancer wild-type for p53 had a poorer survival rate than did those with p53 mutations. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular changes of epithelial ovarian cancer cells with wild-type p53 in response to treatment with cisplatin could reveal novel mechanisms of chemoresistance. Methods: Gene expression profiling was performed on an ovarian cancer cell line A2780 with wild-type p53 treated with cisplatin. A gene encoding a secretory protein growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was identified to be highly induced by cisplatin treatment in vitro. This was further validated in a panel of wild-type and mutant p53 ovarian cancer cell lines, as well as in mouse orthotopic models. The mouse tumor tissues were further analyzed by histology and RNA-seq. Results: GDF15 was identified as one of the highly induced genes by cisplatin or carboplatin in ovarian cancer cell lines with wild-type p53. The wild-type p53-induced expression of GDF15 and GDF15-confered chemotherapy resistance was further demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. This study also discovered that GDF15-knockdown (GDF15-KD) tumors had less stromal component and had different repertoires of activated and inhibited canonical pathways in the stromal cell and cancer cell components from that of the control tumors after cisplatin treatment. Conclusions: GDF15 expression from the wild-type p53 cancer cells can modulate the canonical pathways in the tumor microenvironment in response to cisplatin, which is a possible mechanism of chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy I. Izaguirre
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.I.I.); (C.-W.N.); (S.-Y.K.); (E.H.K.); (Y.T.M.T.); (D.M.G.)
- Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chun-Wai Ng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.I.I.); (C.-W.N.); (S.-Y.K.); (E.H.K.); (Y.T.M.T.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Suet-Yan Kwan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.I.I.); (C.-W.N.); (S.-Y.K.); (E.H.K.); (Y.T.M.T.); (D.M.G.)
- Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eucharist H. Kun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.I.I.); (C.-W.N.); (S.-Y.K.); (E.H.K.); (Y.T.M.T.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Yvonne T. M. Tsang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.I.I.); (C.-W.N.); (S.-Y.K.); (E.H.K.); (Y.T.M.T.); (D.M.G.)
| | - David M. Gershenson
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.I.I.); (C.-W.N.); (S.-Y.K.); (E.H.K.); (Y.T.M.T.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Kwong-Kwok Wong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.I.I.); (C.-W.N.); (S.-Y.K.); (E.H.K.); (Y.T.M.T.); (D.M.G.)
- Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-792-0229
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perde-Schrepler M, Fischer-Fodor E, Virag P, Brie I, Cenariu M, Pop C, Valcan A, Gurzau E, Maniu A. The expression of copper transporters associated with the ototoxicity induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Hear Res 2020; 388:107893. [PMID: 32006874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antitumor agents based on platinum have gained a well-established place in the treatment of several forms of cancer. Their efficiency is hampered by serious toxic effects against healthy tissues as well. Ototoxicity is a serious side effect leading to hearing impairment and represents an important issue affecting the patients' quality of life. The currently used platinum chemotherapeutics exert different toxicity towards cochlear cells. The aim of our study was to answer some questions regarding the differential uptake and cellular pharmacodynamics of Cisplatin (CDDP), Carboplatin (CBDCA) and Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) in the HEI-OC1 cochlear cell line. METHODS We studied the expression of copper transporters CTR1, ATP7A and ATP7B which are presumably involved in the uptake, cellular transport and efflux of platinum compounds by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow-cytometry. The cellular uptake of the compounds was evaluated through the determination of intracellular platinum concentration by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The effects of the treatment of HEI-OC1 cells with platinum compounds were also evaluated: cytotoxicity with the Cell Titer Blue viability test, formation of reactive oxygen species with 2',7' -dichlorofluorescein diacetate, genotoxicity with the comet assay and apoptosis with the cleaved PARP ELISA test. RESULTS CTR1, ATP7A and ATP7B were all expressed by HEI-OC1 cells. The treatment with the platinum compounds led to a modulation of their expression, manifested in a differential platinum uptake. Treatment with Cisplatin led to the highest intracellular concentration of platinum compared to Oxaliplatin and Carboplatin at the same dose. Treatment with CuSO4 reduced platinum uptake of all the compounds, significantly in the case of Cisplatin and Carboplatin. CDDP was the most cytotoxic against HEI-OC1 cells, with an IC50 = 65.79 μM, compared to 611.7 μM for L-OHP and 882.9 μM for CBDCA, at the same molar concentration. The production of ROS was the most intense after CDDP, followed by L-OHP and CBDCA. In the comet assay, at the 100 μM concentration, L-OHP and CBDCA induced DNA adducts while CDDP induced adducts as well as DNA strand breaks. CBDCA and L-OHP lead to a significant increase of cleaved PARP at 24h (p < 0.001), suggesting an important apoptotic process induced by these compounds at the used concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the current study suggest that the modulation of copper transporters locally may represent a new strategy against platinum drugs ototoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piroska Virag
- "Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Brie
- "Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Pop
- Environment and Health Centre Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Eugen Gurzau
- Environment and Health Centre Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alma Maniu
- Department of Otorhynolaryngology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yuniati L, Scheijen B, van der Meer LT, van Leeuwen FN. Tumor suppressors BTG1 and BTG2: Beyond growth control. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5379-5389. [PMID: 30350856 PMCID: PMC6587536 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of B‐cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) and BTG2 as antiproliferation genes more than two decades ago, their protein products have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including cell division, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation and messenger RNA stability. In addition to affecting differentiation during development and in the adult, BTG proteins play an important role in maintaining homeostasis under conditions of cellular stress. Genomic profiling of B‐cell leukemia and lymphoma has put BTG1 and BTG2 in the spotlight, since both genes are frequently deleted or mutated in these malignancies, pointing towards a role as tumor suppressors. Moreover, in solid tumors, reduced expression of BTG1 or BTG2 is often correlated with malignant cell behavior and poor treatment outcome. Recent studies have uncovered novel roles for BTG1 and BTG2 in genotoxic and integrated stress responses, as well as during hematopoiesis. This review summarizes what is currently known about the roles of BTG1 and BTG2 in these and other cellular processes. In addition, we will highlight the molecular mechanisms and biological consequences of BTG1 and BTG2 deregulation during cancer progression and elaborate on the potential clinical implications of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurensia Yuniati
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens T van der Meer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank N van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kooptiwut S, Kaewin S, Semprasert N, Sujjitjoon J, Junking M, Suksri K, Yenchitsomanus PT. Estradiol Prevents High Glucose-Induced β-cell Apoptosis by Decreased BTG2 Expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12256. [PMID: 30115961 PMCID: PMC6095866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia stimulates several pathways to induce pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. In our previous study by mRNA analysis, we demonstrated that B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) expression was up-regulated in INS-1 cells cultured under high glucose conditions, but this effect was reversed by estrogen. In the present study, we demonstrated that BTG2 mRNA and protein expressions in both INS-1 cells and mouse pancreatic islets increased under high glucose conditions compared to those cultured under basal glucose conditions, while in the presence of estrogen, the BTG2 mRNA and protein expressions decreased. SiRNA-BTG2 significantly reduced cell apoptosis, cleaved-caspase 3, and Bax, compared to the siRNA-control in INS-1 cultured under high glucose conditions. We further demonstrated that BTG2 promoter activity was activated under high glucose conditions whereas estrogen significantly reduced it. The effects of estrogen on BTG2 expression were inhibited by estrogen receptor inhibitors. Also, under high glucose conditions, p53 and Bax mRNA and protein expressions increased, but they decreased in the presence of estrogen. Again, the effect of estrogen on p53 and Bax expression was inhibited by estrogen receptor inhibitors. Taken together, this study demonstrates that estrogen reduces pancreatic β-cell apoptosis under high glucose conditions via suppression of BTG2, p53, and Bax expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwattanee Kooptiwut
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Suchada Kaewin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Namoiy Semprasert
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Sujjitjoon
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Mutita Junking
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Suksri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsui KH, Chiang KC, Lin YH, Chang KS, Feng TH, Juang HH. BTG2 is a tumor suppressor gene upregulated by p53 and PTEN in human bladder carcinoma cells. Cancer Med 2017; 7:184-195. [PMID: 29239139 PMCID: PMC5773943 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although widely deemed as a tumor suppressor gene, the role of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) in bladder cancer is still inconclusive. We investigated the role and regulatory mechanism of BTG2 in bladder cancer. BTG2 expression in human bladder tissues was determined by RT-qPCR and immunoblotting assays. Expressions of BTG2 and PTEN in bladder carcinoma cells were determined by immunoblotting, RT-qPCR, or reporter assays. The 3 H-thymidine incorporation assay, flow cytometry, and the xenograft animal model were used to determine the cell growth. BTG2 expression was lower in human bladder cancer tissues than normal bladder tissues. Highly differentiated bladder cancer cells, RT4, expressed higher BTG2 than the less-differentiated bladder cancer cells, HT1376 and T24. Overexpression of BTG2 in T24 cells inhibited cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Camptothecin and doxorubicin treatments in RT-4 cells or transient overexpression of p53 into p53-mutant HT1376 cells induced p53 and BTG2 expression. Further reporter assays with site-mutation of p53 response element from GGGAAAGTCC to GGAGTCC within BTG2 promoter area showed that p53-induced BTG2 gene expression was dependent on the p53 response element. Ectopic PTEN overexpression in T24 cells blocked the Akt signal pathway which attenuated cell growth via upregualtion of BTG2 gene expression, while reverse effect was found in PTEN-knockdown RT-4 cells. PTEN activity inhibitor (VO-OHpic) treatment decreased BTG2 expression in RT-4 and PTEN-overexpressed T24 cells. Our results suggested that BTG2 functioned as a bladder cancer tumor suppressor gene, and was induced by p53 and PTEN. Modulation of BTG2 expression seems a promising way to treat human bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chun Chiang
- Zebrafish center, Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Shuo Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu R, Cheng Q, Wang X, Chen H, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang L, Song L. The B-cell translocation gene 1 (CgBTG1) identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas exhibit multiple functions in immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:68-78. [PMID: 27940367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a member of the anti-proliferative gene family, which plays important roles in regulation of cell cycle. In the present study, a B-cell translocation gene 1 molecule homologue (designed CgBTG1) are identified and characterized in oyster Crassostrea gigas. CgBTG1 contains a conserved BTG domain with Box A and Box B motifs, and it shares high similarities with both BTG1 and BTG2 proteins in vertebrates. CgBTG1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in hemocytes, and its expression level in hemocytes is significantly up-regulated at 6 h (5.40-fold, p < 0.01) post Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The apoptosis rate of oyster hemocytes is significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after CgBTG1 interfered by dsRNA (dsCgBTG1). This is indicated that CgBTG1 participated in the regulation of oyster hemocytes apoptosis. Furthermore, CgBTG1 could also induce the apoptosis of cancer cells (HeLa, A549 and BEL7402) in vitro. Compared with normal oysters, both vessel-like structures and muscle fibers in CgBTG1 interfered oysters are severely damaged after V. splendidus challenge in paraffin section, considering that CgBTG1 possessed an analogous feature of angiogenesis for maintenance of vessel-like structures in adductor muscle of oyster. The results suggests that CgBTG1 is a multi-functional molecule involved in the immune response of C. gigas against pathogen infection, which provides more clues for intensive studies of BTG family proteins in invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao LM, Pang AX. Iodine-131 treatment of thyroid cancer cells leads to suppression of cell proliferation followed by induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by regulation of B-cell translocation gene 2-mediated JNK/NF-κB pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5933. [PMID: 28099584 PMCID: PMC5264532 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Iodine-131 (131I) is widely used for the treatment of thyroid-related
diseases. This study aimed to investigate the expression of p53 and
BTG2 genes following 131I therapy in thyroid cancer
cell line SW579 and the possible underlying mechanism. SW579 human thyroid squamous
carcinoma cells were cultured and treated with 131I. They were then
assessed for 131I uptake, cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest,
p53 expression, and BTG2 gene expression. SW579 cells were
transfected with BTG2 siRNA, p53 siRNA and siNC and were then examined for the same
aforementioned parameters. When treated with a JNK inhibitor of SP600125 and
131I or with a NF-κB inhibitor of BMS-345541 and 131I,
non-transfected SW579 cells were assessed in JNK/NFκB pathways. It was observed that
131I significantly inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell
apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Both BTG2 and p53 expression were enhanced in a
dose-dependent manner. An increase in cell viability by up-regulation in
Bcl2 gene, a decrease in apoptosis by enhanced
CDK2 gene expression and a decrease in cell cycle arrest at
G0/G1 phase were also observed in SW579 cell lines
transfected with silenced BTG2 gene. When treated with SP600125 and
131I, the non-transfected SW579 cell lines significantly inhibited JNK
pathway, NF-κB pathway and the expression of BTG2. However, when treated with
BMS-345541 and 131I, only the NF-κB pathway was suppressed.
131I suppressed cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis, and promoted
cell cycle arrest of thyroid cancer cells by up-regulating B-cell translocation gene
2-mediated activation of JNK/NF-κB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - A X Pang
- Department of Urology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shi L, Lin H, Li G, Sun Y, Shen J, Xu J, Lin C, Yeh S, Cai X, Chang C. Cisplatin enhances NK cells immunotherapy efficacy to suppress HCC progression via altering the androgen receptor (AR)-ULBP2 signals. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:45-56. [PMID: 26805759 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of cisplatin on the efficacy of natural killer (NK) cells immunotherapy to suppress HCC progression, and provide valuable information on better application of cisplatin in clinical settings. By using in vitro cell cytotoxicity test and in vivo liver orthotopic xenograft mice model, we identified the role of cisplatin in modulating NK cells cytotoxicity. Luciferase report assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were applied for mechanism dissection. Immunohistochemistry is performed for sample staining. We found cisplatin could enhance the efficacy of NK cells immunotherapy to better suppress HCC progression via altering the androgen receptor (AR)-UL16-binding protein 2 (ULBP2) signals both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism dissection revealed that cisplatin could suppress AR expression via two distinct ways: increasing miR-34a-5p to suppress AR expression and altering the ubiquitination to accelerate the AR protein degradation. The suppressed AR might then function through up-regulating ULBP2, a natural-killer group 2 member D ligand, to enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Together, these results indicated an unrecognized favoring effect of cisplatin in HCC treatment. By suppressing AR in HCC, cisplatin could up-regulate cytotoxicity of NK cells to better target HCC. This finding may provide a potential new approach to control HCC by combining traditional chemotherapy with immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hui Lin
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jiliang Shen
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Changyi Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tsui KH, Hsu SY, Chung LC, Lin YH, Feng TH, Lee TY, Chang PL, Juang HH. Growth differentiation factor-15: a p53- and demethylation-upregulating gene represses cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in bladder carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12870. [PMID: 26249737 PMCID: PMC4528199 DOI: 10.1038/srep12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, affects tumor biology of certain cancers, but remains poorly understood in bladder cancer cells. This study determined the expression, regulation, function, and potential downstream target genes of GDF15 in bladder carcinoma cells. The transitional papilloma carcionoma cells (RT4) expressed higher levels of GDF15 as compared with the bladder carcinoma cells (HT1376 and T24). Treatments of recombinant human GDF15 (rhGDF15) reduced the proliferations of HT1376 and T24 cells. Expression of GDF15 was upregulated via DNA demethylation and p53. The cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis were reduced in ectopic overexpression of GDF15, while enhanced in GDF15 knockdown. The expressions of mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN) and N-myc downstream-regulated family genes (NDRG1, NDRG2, and NDRG3) were upregulated by GDF15 overexpressions and rhGDF15 treatments in bladder carcinoma cells. GDF15 knockdown induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and F-actin polarization in HT1376 cells. Our results suggest that enhanced expressions of MASPIN and N-myc downstream-regulated family genes and the modulation of EMT may account for the inhibitory functions of GDF15 in the cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis of bladder carcinoma cells. The GDF15 should be considered as a tumor suppressor in human bladder carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- 1] Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC [2] Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Chuan Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Yi Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Phei-Lang Chang
- 1] Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC [2] Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee JC, Chung LC, Chen YJ, Feng TH, Chen WT, Juang HH. Upregulation of B-cell translocation gene 2 by epigallocatechin-3-gallate via p38 and ERK signaling blocks cell proliferation in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:310-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
23
|
WNT-1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 enhances growth and tumorigenesis in human breast cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8686. [PMID: 25732125 PMCID: PMC4346832 DOI: 10.1038/srep08686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) plays a key role in many cellular functions in a highly tissue-specific manner; however the role of WISP1 in breast cancer is still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that WISP1 acts as an oncogene in human breast cancer. We demonstrated that human breast cancer tissues had higher WISP1 mRNA expression than normal breast tissues and that treatment of recombinant WISP1 enhanced breast cancer cell proliferation. Further, ectopic expression of WISP1 increased the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. WISP1 transfection also induced epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) in MCF-7 cells, leading to higher migration and invasion. During this EMT-inducing process, E-cadherin was repressed and N-cadherin, snail, and β-catenin were upregulated. Filamentous actin (F-actin) remodeling and polarization were also observed after WISP1 transfection into MCF-7 cells. Moreover, forced overexpression of WISP1 blocked the expression of NDRG1, a breast cancer tumor suppressor gene. Our study provides novel evidence that WISP1-modulated NDRG1 gene expression is dependent on a DNA fragment (-128 to +46) located within the human NDRG1 promoter. Thus, we concluded that WISP1 is a human breast cancer oncogene and is a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
24
|
MAO BIJING, ZHANG ZHIMIN, WANG GE. BTG2: A rising star of tumor suppressors (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 46:459-64. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|