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Hu T, Kumar AR, Luo Y, Tay A. Automating CAR-T Transfection with Micro and Nano-Technologies. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301300. [PMID: 38054597 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant health challenge, with traditional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often lacking in cell specificity and long-term curative potential. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy,utilizing genetically engineered T cells to target cancer cells, is a promising alternative. However, its high cost limits widespread application. CAR-T manufacturing process encompasses three stages: cell isolation and activation, transfection, and expansion.While the first and last stages have straightforward, commercially available automation technologies, the transfection stage lags behind. Current automated transfection relies on viral vectors or bulk electroporation, which have drawbacks such as limited cargo capacity and significant cell disturbance. Conversely, micro and nano-tool methods offer higher throughput and cargo flexibility, yet their automation remains underexplored.In this perspective, the progress in micro and nano-engineering tools for CAR-T transfection followed by a discussion to automate them is described. It is anticipated that this work can inspire the community working on micro and nano transfection techniques to examine how their protocols can be automated to align with the growing interest in automating CAR-T manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmu Hu
- Engineering Science Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Arun Rk Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yikai Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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Ehrlich H, Voronkina A, Tabachniсk K, Kubiak A, Ereskovsky A, Jesionowski T. Silactins and Structural Diversity of Biosilica in Sponges. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:393. [PMID: 39056834 PMCID: PMC11274843 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) were among the first metazoans on Earth, and represent a unique global source of highly structured and diverse biosilica that has been formed and tested over more than 800 million years of evolution. Poriferans are recognized as a unique archive of siliceous multiscaled skeletal constructs with superficial micro-ornamentation patterned by biopolymers. In the present study, spicules and skeletal frameworks of selected representatives of sponges in such classes as Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha, and Hexactinellida were desilicified using 10% HF with the aim of isolating axial filaments, which resemble the shape and size of the original structures. These filaments were unambiguously identified in all specimens under study as F-actin, using the highly specific indicators iFluor™ 594-Phalloidin, iFluor™ 488-Phalloidin, and iFluor™ 350-Phalloidin. The identification of this kind of F-actins, termed for the first time as silactins, as specific pattern drivers in skeletal constructs of sponges opens the way to the fundamental understanding of their skeletogenesis. Examples illustrating the biomimetic potential of sophisticated poriferan biosilica patterned by silactins are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Ehrlich
- Center of Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Pharmacy Department, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Pirogov Street 56, 21018 Vinnytsia, Ukraine;
| | - Konstantin Tabachniсk
- International Institute of Biomineralogy GmbH, Am St.-Niclas Schacht 13, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Anita Kubiak
- Center of Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille University, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Zhu X, Shi Z, Mao Y, Lächelt U, Huang R. Cell Membrane Perforation: Patterns, Mechanisms and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310605. [PMID: 38344881 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell membrane is crucial for the cellular activities, and any disruption to it may affect the cells. It is demonstrated that cell membrane perforation is associated with some biological processes like programmed cell death (PCD) and infection of pathogens. Specific developments make it a promising technique to perforate the cell membrane controllably and precisely. The pores on the cell membrane provide direct pathways for the entry and exit of substances, and can also cause cell death, which means reasonable utilization of cell membrane perforation is able to assist intracellular delivery, eliminate diseased or cancerous cells, and bring about other benefits. This review classifies the patterns of cell membrane perforation based on the mechanisms into 1) physical patterns, 2) biological patterns, and 3) chemical patterns, introduces the characterization methods and then summarizes the functions according to the characteristics of reversible and irreversible pores, with the aim of providing a comprehensive summary of the knowledge related to cell membrane perforation and enlightening broad applications in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Breban-Schwarzkopf D, Chioibas R, Macasoi I, Bolintineanu S, Marcovici I, Draghici G, Dinu S, Buzatu R, Dehelean C, Szuhanek C. Comprehensive in vitro and in ovo assessment of cytotoxicity: Unraveling the impact of sodium fluoride, xylitol, and their synergistic associations in dental products. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2024; 24:923-938. [PMID: 38431834 PMCID: PMC11293222 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2024.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, dental health products containing fluoride have been widely employed to mitigate tooth decay and promote oral hygiene. However, concerns regarding the potential toxicological repercussions of fluoride exposure have incited continuous scientific inquiry. The current study investigated the cytotoxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) and xylitol (Xyl), both individually and in combination, utilizing human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and osteosarcoma (SAOS-2) cell lines. In HaCaT cells, NaF decreased proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and induced apoptosis-related morphological changes at low concentrations, whereas Xyl exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The combination of NaF and Xyl reduced cell viability, particularly at higher concentrations, accompanied by apoptosis-like morphological alterations. Sub-cytotoxic NaF concentrations (0.2%) significantly affected caspase activity and the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Conversely, Xyl demonstrated no discernible effect on these biological parameters. In SAOS-2 cells, NaF increased proliferation at high concentrations, contrasting with Xyl's concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects. The combination of NaF and Xyl had a minimal impact on cell viability. Sub-cytotoxic NaF concentrations did not influence caspase activity or gene expression, while Xyl induced dose-dependent morphological alterations, increased caspase activity, and upregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression. In ovo experiments on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) revealed that only NaF induced irritant effects, suggesting potential vascular adverse outcomes. This study advocates for the combined use of NaF and Xyl, highlighting their cytotoxicity benefits in healthy cells while maintaining safety considerations for tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Breban-Schwarzkopf
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raul Chioibas
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Bolintineanu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - George Draghici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Buzatu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Camelia Szuhanek
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Orthodontic Research Center (ORTHO-CENTER), “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Abstract
The membrane translocation of hydrophilic substances constitutes a challenge for their application as therapeutic compounds and labelling probes1–4. To remedy this, charged amphiphilic molecules have been classically used as carriers3,5. However, such amphiphilic carriers may cause aggregation and non-specific membrane lysis6,7. Here we show that globular dodecaborate clusters, and prominently B12Br122−, can function as anionic inorganic membrane carriers for a broad range of hydrophilic cargo molecules (with molecular mass of 146–4,500 Da). We show that cationic and neutral peptides, amino acids, neurotransmitters, vitamins, antibiotics and drugs can be carried across liposomal membranes. Mechanistic transport studies reveal that the carrier activity is related to the superchaotropic nature of these cluster anions8–12. We demonstrate that B12Br122− affects cytosolic uptake of different small bioactive molecules, including the antineoplastic monomethyl auristatin F, the proteolysis targeting chimera dBET1 and the phalloidin toxin, which has been successfully delivered in living cells for cytoskeleton labelling. We anticipate the broad and distinct delivery spectrum of our superchaotropic carriers to be the starting point of conceptually distinct cell-biological, neurobiological, physiological and pharmaceutical studies. The superchaotropic nature of globular boron cluster anions enables direct passage of a wide range of molecules across lipid membranes.
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Batabyal S, Gajjeraman S, Bhattacharya S, Wright W, Mohanty S. Nano-enhanced Optical Gene Delivery to Retinal Degenerated Mice. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:318-329. [PMID: 31625475 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666191017114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficient and targeted delivery of genes and other impermeable therapeutic molecules into retinal cells is of immense importance for the therapy of various visual disorders. Traditional methods for gene delivery require viral transfection, or chemical methods that suffer from one or many drawbacks, such as low efficiency, lack of spatially targeted delivery, and can generally have deleterious effects, such as unexpected inflammatory responses and immunological reactions. METHODS We aim to develop a continuous wave near-infrared laser-based Nano-enhanced Optical Delivery (NOD) method for spatially controlled delivery of ambient-light-activatable Muti-Characteristic opsin-encoding genes into retina in-vivo and ex-vivo. In this method, the optical field enhancement by gold nanorods is utilized to transiently permeabilize cell membrane, enabling delivery of exogenous impermeable molecules to nanorod-binding cells in laser-irradiated regions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With viral or other non-viral (e.g. electroporation, lipofection) methods, gene is delivered everywhere, causing uncontrolled expression over the whole retina. This will cause complications in the functioning of non-degenerated areas of the retina. In the NOD method, the contrast in temperature rise in laser-irradiated nanorod-attached cells at nano-hotspots is significant enough to allow site-specific delivery of large genes. The in-vitro and in-vivo results using NOD, clearly demonstrate in-vivo gene delivery and functional cellular expression in targeted retinal regions without compromising the structural integrity of the eye or causing immune response. CONCLUSION The successful delivery and expression of MCO in the targeted retina after in-vivo NOD in the mice models of retinal degeneration opens a new vista for re-photosensitizing retina with geographic atrophies, such as in dry age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Batabyal
- Nanoscope Technologies LLC, 1312 Brown Trail, Bedford, TX, 76022, United States
| | | | | | - Weldon Wright
- Nanoscope Technologies LLC, 1312 Brown Trail, Bedford, TX, 76022, United States
| | - Samarendra Mohanty
- Nanoscope Technologies LLC, 1312 Brown Trail, Bedford, TX, 76022, United States
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Liu J, Fraire JC, De Smedt SC, Xiong R, Braeckmans K. Intracellular Labeling with Extrinsic Probes: Delivery Strategies and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000146. [PMID: 32351015 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsic probes have outstanding properties for intracellular labeling to visualize dynamic processes in and of living cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Since extrinsic probes are in many cases cell-impermeable, different biochemical, and physical approaches have been used to break the cell membrane barrier for direct delivery into the cytoplasm. In this Review, these intracellular delivery strategies are discussed, briefly explaining the mechanisms and how they are used for live-cell labeling applications. Methods that are discussed include three biochemical agents that are used for this purpose-purpose-different nanocarriers, cell penetrating peptides and the pore-foraming bacterial toxin streptolysin O. Most successful intracellular label delivery methods are, however, based on physical principles to permeabilize the membrane and include electroporation, laser-induced photoporation, micro- and nanoinjection, nanoneedles or nanostraws, microfluidics, and nanomachines. The strengths and weaknesses of each strategy are discussed with a systematic comparison provided. Finally, the extrinsic probes that are reported for intracellular labeling so-far are summarized, together with the delivery strategies that are used and their performance. This combined information should provide for a useful guide for choosing the most suitable delivery method for the desired probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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8
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Ultrathin glass fiber microprobe for electroporation of arbitrary selected cell groups. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107545. [PMID: 32446151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new type of ultrathin fiber microprobe for selective electroporation is reported. The microprobe is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 350 µm. This microprobe is a low cost tool, which allows electroporation of an arbitrary selected single cell or groups of cells among population with use of a standard microscope and cell culture plates. The microprobe in its basic form contains two metal microelectrodes made of a silver-copper alloy, running along the fiber, each with a diameter of 23 µm. The probe was tested in vitro on a population of normal and cancer cells. Successful targeted electroporation was observed by means of accumulation of trypan blue (TB) dye marker in the cell. The electroporation phenomenon was also verified with propidium iodide and AnnexinV in fluorescent microscopy.
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Temporary Membrane Permeabilization via the Pore-Forming Toxin Lysenin. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050343. [PMID: 32456013 PMCID: PMC7290483 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins are alluring tools for delivering biologically-active, impermeable cargoes to intracellular environments by introducing large conductance pathways into cell membranes. However, the lack of regulation often leads to the dissipation of electrical and chemical gradients, which might significantly affect the viability of cells under scrutiny. To mitigate these problems, we explored the use of lysenin channels to reversibly control the barrier function of natural and artificial lipid membrane systems by controlling the lysenin's transport properties. We employed artificial membranes and electrophysiology measurements in order to identify the influence of labels and media on the lysenin channel's conductance. Two cell culture models: Jurkat cells in suspension and adherent ATDC5 cells were utilized to demonstrate that lysenin channels may provide temporary cytosol access to membrane non-permeant propidium iodide and phalloidin. Permeability and cell viability were assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Membrane resealing by chitosan or specific media addition proved to be an effective way of maintaining cellular viability. In addition, we loaded non-permeant dyes into liposomes via lysenin channels by controlling their conducting state with multivalent metal cations. The improved control over membrane permeability might prove fruitful for a large variety of biological or biomedical applications that require only temporary, non-destructive access to the inner environment enclosed by natural and artificial membranes.
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Sarker SR, Takikawa M, Takeoka S. In Vitro Delivery of Cell Impermeable Phallotoxin Using Cationic Liposomes Composed of Lipids Bearing Lysine Headgroup. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2048-2057. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satya Ranjan Sarker
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Masato Takikawa
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shinji Takeoka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Schneckenburger H. Laser-assisted optoporation of cells and tissues - a mini-review. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2883-2888. [PMID: 31259058 PMCID: PMC6583334 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Laser microbeam techniques are presented, which permit the introduction of molecules or small particles into living cells. Possible mechanisms - including photochemical, photothermal and opto-mechanical interactions (ablations) - are induced by continuous wave (cw) or pulsed lasers of different wavelength, power, and mode of operation. Laser-assisted optoporation permits the uptake of fluorescent dyes as well as DNA plasmids for cell transfection, and, in addition to its broad application to cultivated cells, may have some clinical potential.
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12
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Du X, Wang J, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Wang S, Zhang Z, Yao C. Advanced physical techniques for gene delivery based on membrane perforation. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1516-1525. [PMID: 29968512 PMCID: PMC6058615 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1480674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery as a promising and valid tool has been used for treating many serious diseases that conventional drug therapies cannot cure. Due to the advancement of physical technology and nanotechnology, advanced physical gene delivery methods such as electroporation, magnetoporation, sonoporation and optoporation have been extensively developed and are receiving increasing attention, which have the advantages of briefness and nontoxicity. This review introduces the technique detail of membrane perforation, with a brief discussion for future development, with special emphasis on nanoparticles mediated optoporation that have developed as an new alternative transfection technique in the last two decades. In particular, the advanced physical approaches development and new technology are highlighted, which intends to stimulate rapid advancement of perforation techniques, develop new delivery strategies and accelerate application of these techniques in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Du
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Luwei Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Yao
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
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13
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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14
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Nanographene oxide as a switch for CW/pulsed NIR laser triggered drug release from liposomes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 82:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Ishii A, Hiruta Y, Heinemann D, Heisterkamp A, Kanazawa H, Terakawa M. Intracellular localization and delivery of plasmid DNA by biodegradable microsphere-mediated femtosecond laser optoporation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1723-1731. [PMID: 28464530 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanosphere-mediated femtosecond laser cell perforation is one of the high throughput technologies used for macro-molecule-delivery into multiple cells. We have demonstrated the delivery of plasmid-DNA/liposome complexes into cells using biodegradable polymer microspheres and a femtosecond laser and investigated the intracellular localization of the complexes by delivering fluorescence-labeled plasmid-DNA/liposome complexes into cells. The utilization of liposomes increases the number of complexes delivered into the cytoplasm by laser illumination, which contributed to the increased transfection rate. In the experiment involving polystyrene (PS) microspheres of different diameters, the fluorescence of the complexes was detected in the nucleus as well as cytoplasm after laser illumination for PS microspheres of 3.0 μm diameter. The direct delivery of complexes into the nucleus is probably attributed to the enhancement of the nuclear membrane permeability by the enhanced optical field obtained close to the nucleus. These revelations on the intracellular localization of foreign DNA would provide effective laser-based transfection. Picture: Intranuclear delivery of plasmid-DNA/liposome complexes by utilizing dielectric microspheres and a femtosecond laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Ishii
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Dag Heinemann
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, Hannover, D-30149, Germany
| | - Alexander Heisterkamp
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, Hannover, D-30149, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Welfengarten 1, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Terakawa
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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16
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de Vries WC, Grill D, Tesch M, Ricker A, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Studer A, Gerke V, Ravoo BJ. Reversible Stabilisierung von Vesikeln: redox-responsive Polymer-Nanocontainer für den Transport in das Zellinnere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilke C. de Vries
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut und Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - David Grill
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Entzündung; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Von-Esmarch-Straße 56 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Matthias Tesch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut und Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Andrea Ricker
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Robert-Koch-Straße 31 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Harald Nüsse
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Robert-Koch-Straße 31 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Robert-Koch-Straße 31 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut und Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Entzündung; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Von-Esmarch-Straße 56 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut und Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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17
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de Vries WC, Grill D, Tesch M, Ricker A, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Studer A, Gerke V, Ravoo BJ. Reversible Stabilization of Vesicles: Redox-Responsive Polymer Nanocontainers for Intracellular Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9603-9607. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilke C. de Vries
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - David Grill
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Matthias Tesch
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Andrea Ricker
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Robert-Koch-Strasse 31 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Harald Nüsse
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Robert-Koch-Strasse 31 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Robert-Koch-Strasse 31 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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18
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Batabyal S, Kim YT, Mohanty S. Ultrafast laser-assisted spatially targeted optoporation into cortical axons and retinal cells in the eye. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:60504. [PMID: 28662241 PMCID: PMC5490686 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Visualization and assessment of the cellular structure and function require localized delivery of the molecules into specific cells in restricted spatial regions of the tissue and may necessitate subcellular delivery and localization. Earlier, we have shown ultrafast near-infrared laser beam-assisted optoporation of actin-staining molecules into cortical neurons with single-cell resolution and high efficiency. However, diffusion of optoporated molecules in soma degrades toward the growth cone, leading to difficulties in visualization of the actin network in the growth cone in cases of long axons. Here, we demonstrate optoporation of impermeable molecules to functional cortical neurons by precise laser subaxotomy near the growth cone, leading to visualization of the actin network in the growth cone. Further, we demonstrate patterned delivery of impermeable molecules into targeted retinal cells in the rat eye. The development of optoporation as a minimally invasive approach to reliably deliver exogenous molecules into targeted axons and soma of retinal neurons in vivo will enable enhanced visualization of the structure and function of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Tae Kim
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering, Texas, United States
| | - Samarendra Mohanty
- NanoScope Technologies LLC, Bedford, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Samarendra Mohanty, E-mail:
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19
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Shekaramiz E, Varadarajalu G, Day PJ, Wickramasinghe HK. Integrated Electrowetting Nanoinjector for Single Cell Transfection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29051. [PMID: 27374766 PMCID: PMC4931508 DOI: 10.1038/srep29051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell transfection techniques are essential to understand the heterogeneity between cells. We have developed an integrated electrowetting nanoinjector (INENI) to transfect single cells. The high transfection efficiency, controlled dosage delivery and ease of INENI fabrication promote the widespread application of the INENI in cell transfection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Shekaramiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Philip J. Day
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - H. Kumar Wickramasinghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Irvine, California, USA
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20
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Ishii A, Ariyasu K, Mitsuhashi T, Heinemann D, Heisterkamp A, Terakawa M. Biodegradable microsphere-mediated cell perforation in microfluidic channel using femtosecond laser. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:55001. [PMID: 27156714 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of small particles has expanded the capability of ultrashort pulsed laser optoinjection technology toward simultaneous treatment of multiple cells. The microfluidic platform is one of the attractive systems that has obtained synergy with laser-based technology for cell manipulation, including optoinjection. We have demonstrated the delivery of molecules into suspended-flowing cells in a microfluidic channel by using biodegradable polymer microspheres and a near-infrared femtosecond laser pulse. The use of polylactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres realized not only a higher optoinjection ratio compared to that with polylactic acid microspheres but also avoids optical damage to the microfluidic chip, which is attributable to its higher optical intensity enhancement at the localized spot under a microsphere. Interestingly, optoinjection ratios to nucleus showed a difference for adhered cells and suspended cells. The use of biodegradable polymer microspheres provides high throughput optoinjection; i.e., multiple cells can be treated in a short time, which is promising for various applications in cell analysis, drug delivery, and ex vivo gene transfection to bone marrow cells and stem cells without concerns about residual microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Ishii
- Keio University, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ariyasu
- Keio University, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mitsuhashi
- Keio University, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Dag Heinemann
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Biomedical Optics Department, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover D- 30419, Germany
| | - Alexander Heisterkamp
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Biomedical Optics Department, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover D- 30419, GermanycGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, Am Welfengarten 1, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Terakawa
- Keio University, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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21
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Software-aided automatic laser optoporation and transfection of cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11185. [PMID: 26053047 PMCID: PMC4459191 DOI: 10.1038/srep11185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoporation, the permeabilization of a cell membrane by laser pulses, has emerged as a powerful non-invasive and highly efficient technique to induce transfection of cells. However, the usual tedious manual targeting of individual cells significantly limits the addressable cell number. To overcome this limitation, we present an experimental setup with custom-made software control, for computer-automated cell optoporation. The software evaluates the image contrast of cell contours, automatically designates cell locations for laser illumination, centres those locations in the laser focus, and executes the illumination. By software-controlled meandering of the sample stage, in principle all cells in a typical cell culture dish can be targeted without further user interaction. The automation allows for a significant increase in the number of treatable cells compared to a manual approach. For a laser illumination duration of 100 ms, 7-8 positions on different cells can be targeted every second inside the area of the microscope field of view. The experimental capabilities of the setup are illustrated in experiments with Chinese hamster ovary cells. Furthermore, the influence of laser power is discussed, with mention on post-treatment cell survival and optoporation-efficiency rates.
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