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Abbott RC, Hughes-Parry HE, Jenkins MR. To go or not to go? Biological logic gating engineered T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004185. [PMID: 35379738 PMCID: PMC8981284 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells have been successfully used in the treatment of hematological malignancies, greatly increasing both progression-free and overall survival in patients. However, the outcomes of patients treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells targeting solid tumors have been disappointing. There is an unmet clinical need for therapies which are specifically designed to overcome the challenges associated with solid tumors such as tumor heterogeneity and antigen escape. Genetic engineering employing the use of biological logic gating in T cells is an emerging and cutting-edge field that may address these issues. The advantages of logic gating include localized secretion of anti-tumor proteins into the tumor microenvironment, multi antigen targeting of tumors and a potential increase in safety when targeting tumor antigens which may not be exclusively tumor specific. In this review, we introduce the concept of biological logic gating and how this technology addresses some of the challenges of current CAR T treatment. We outline the types of logic gating circuits and finally discuss the application of this new technology to engineered T cells, in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Abbott
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah E Hughes-Parry
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Xia J, Wang M, Zhu Y, Bu C, Li T. Differential mRNA and long noncoding RNA expression profiles in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:10. [PMID: 34980027 PMCID: PMC8722040 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-03073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides (nt) that are involved in the pathogenesis and development of various cancers including B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). To determine the potential roles of lncRNAs involved in pathogenesis of B-ALL, we analyzed the expression profile of lncRNAs and mRNAs in B-ALL, respectively, and constructed lncRNAs/mRNAs interaction network. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing of 10 non-leukemic blood disease donors and 10 B-ALL patients for Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Interactions among mRNAs were predicted using the STRING database. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to verify the RNA-seq data of lncRNAs and mRNAs. Potential functions of subtype-specific lncRNAs were determined by using coexpression-based analysis on distally (trans-pattern) located protein-coding genes. RESULTS A total of 1813 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) and 2203 lncRNAs were identified. Moreover, 10 dysregulated lncRNAs and 10 mRNAs were randomly selected, and further assessed by RT-qPCR in vitro. Go and KEGG analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed mRNAs were most closely associated with myeloid leukocyte activation and in transcriptional misregulation in cancer, respectively. In addition, co-expression analysis demonstrated that these lncRNAs, including MSTRG.27994.3, MSTRG.21740.1, ENST00000456341, MSTRG.14224.1 and MSTRG.20153.1, may mediate the pathogenesis and development of B-ALL via lncRNA-mRNA network interactions. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that several mRNAs and lncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the bone marrow of B-ALL patients and play potential roles in B-ALL development, and be useful for diagnostic and/or prognostic purposes in pediatric B-ALL. DATA AVAILABILITY The datasets used during our study are available through HARVARD Dataverse Persistent ID doi: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LK9T4Z .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Department of hematology & oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of hematology & oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaozhi Bu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of hematology & oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Carabias A, Gómez-Hernández M, de Cima S, Rodríguez-Blázquez A, Morán-Vaquero A, González-Sáenz P, Guerrero C, de Pereda JM. Mechanisms of autoregulation of C3G, activator of the GTPase Rap1, and its catalytic deregulation in lymphomas. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/647/eabb7075. [PMID: 32873726 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb7075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C3G is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that regulates cell adhesion and migration by activating the GTPase Rap1. The GEF activity of C3G is stimulated by the adaptor proteins Crk and CrkL and by tyrosine phosphorylation. Here, we uncovered mechanisms of C3G autoinhibition and activation. Specifically, we found that two intramolecular interactions regulate the activity of C3G. First, an autoinhibitory region (AIR) within the central domain of C3G binds to and blocks the catalytic Cdc25H domain. Second, the binding of the protein's N-terminal domain to its Ras exchanger motif (REM) is required for its GEF activity. CrkL activated C3G by displacing the AIR/Cdc25HD interaction. Two missense mutations in the AIR found in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, Y554H and M555K, disrupted the autoinhibitory mechanism. Expression of C3G-Y554H or C3G-M555K in Ba/F3 pro-B cells caused constitutive activation of Rap1 and, consequently, the integrin LFA-1. Our findings suggest that sustained Rap1 activation by deregulated C3G might promote progression of lymphomas and that designing therapeutics to target C3G might treat these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Carabias
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sergio de Cima
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Blázquez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alba Morán-Vaquero
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Sáenz
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerrero
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M de Pereda
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Long-term epilepsy-associated tumors: transcriptional signatures reflect clinical course. Sci Rep 2020; 10:96. [PMID: 31919458 PMCID: PMC6952384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) represent mostly benign brain tumors associated with drug-resistant epilepsy. The aim of the study was to investigate the specific transcriptional signatures of those tumors and characterize their underlying oncogenic drivers. A cluster analysis of 65 transcriptome profiles from three independent datasets resulted in four distinct transcriptional subgroups. The first subgroup revealed transcriptional activation of STAT3 and TGF-signaling pathways and contained predominantly dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs). The second subgroup was characterized by alterations in the MAPK-pathway and up-stream cascades including FGFR and EGFR-mediated signaling. This tumor cluster exclusively contained neoplasms with somatic BRAFV600E mutations and abundance of gangliogliomas (GGs) with a significantly higher recurrence rate (42%). This finding was validated by examining recurrent tumors from the local database exhibiting BRAFV600E in 90% of the cases. The third cluster included younger patients with neuropathologically diagnosed GGs and abundance of the NOTCH- and mTOR-signaling pathways. The transcript signature of the fourth cluster (including both DNTs and GGs) was related to impaired neural function. Our analysis suggests distinct oncological pathomechanisms in long-term epilepsy-associated tumors. Transcriptional activation of MAPK-pathway and BRAFV600E mutation are associated with an increased risk for tumor recurrence and malignant progression, therefore the treatment of these tumors should integrate both epileptological and oncological aspects.
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Regulation of the Notch-ATM-abl axis by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31570763 PMCID: PMC6768865 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch proteins drive oncogenesis of many cancers, most prominently T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Because geranylgeranylated Rab proteins regulate Notch processing, we hypothesized that inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) would impair Notch processing and reduce viability of T-ALL cells that express Notch. Here, we show that GGDPS inhibition reduces Notch1 expression and impairs the proliferation of T-ALL cells. GGDPS inhibition also reduces Rab7 membrane association and depletes Notch1 mRNA. GGDPS inhibition increases phosphorylation of histone H2A.X, and inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM) mitigate GGDPS inhibitor-induced apoptosis. GGDPS inhibition also influences c-abl activity downstream of caspases, and inhibitors of these enzymes prevent GGDPS inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Surprisingly, induction of apoptosis by GGDPS inhibition is reduced by co-treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors. While inhibitors of γ-secretase deplete one specific form of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), they also increase Notch1 mRNA expression and increase alternate forms of Notch1 protein expression in cells treated with a GGDPS inhibitor. Furthermore, inhibitors of γ-secretase and ATM increase Notch1 mRNA stability independent of GGDPS inhibition. These results provide a model by which T-ALL cells use Notch1 to avoid DNA-damage-induced apoptosis, and can be overcome by inhibition of GGDPS through effects on Notch1 expression and its subsequent response.
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6
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Notch Signaling Affects Oral Neoplasm Cell Differentiation and Acquisition of Tumor-Specific Characteristics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081973. [PMID: 31018488 PMCID: PMC6514842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathological findings of oral neoplasm cell differentiation and metaplasia suggest that tumor cells induce their own dedifferentiation and re-differentiation and may lead to the formation of tumor-specific histological features. Notch signaling is involved in the maintenance of tissue stem cell nature and regulation of differentiation and is responsible for the cytological regulation of cell fate, morphogenesis, and/or development. In our previous study, immunohistochemistry was used to examine Notch expression using cases of odontogenic tumors and pleomorphic adenoma as oral neoplasms. According to our results, Notch signaling was specifically associated with tumor cell differentiation and metaplastic cells of developmental tissues. Notch signaling was involved in the differentiation of the ductal epithelial cells of salivary gland tumors and ameloblast-like cells of odontogenic tumors. However, Notch signaling was also involved in squamous metaplasia, irrespective of the type of developmental tissue. In odontogenic tumors, Notch signaling was involved in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and may be related to tumor development and tumorigenesis. This signaling may also be associated with the malignant transformation of ameloblastomas. Overall, Notch signaling appears to play a major role in the formation of the characteristic cellular composition and histological features of oral neoplasms, and this involvement has been reviewed here.
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Imai T, Tanaka H, Hamazaki Y, Minato N. Rap1 signal modulators control the maintenance of hematopoietic progenitors in bone marrow and adult long-term hematopoiesis. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1317-1330. [PMID: 30767320 PMCID: PMC6447830 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult long‐term hematopoiesis depends on sustaining hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in bone marrow (BM) niches, where their balance of quiescence, self‐renewal, and hematopoietic differentiation is tightly regulated. Although various BM stroma cells that produce niche factors have been identified, regulation of the intrinsic responsiveness of HSPC to the niche factors remains elusive. We previously reported that mice deficient for Sipa1, a Rap1 GTPase‐activating protein, develop diverse hematopoietic disorders of late onset. Here we showed that transplantation of BM cells expressing membrane‐targeted C3G (C3G‐F), a Rap1 GTP/GDP exchanger, resulted in the progressive decline of the numbers of HSPC repopulated in BM with time and impaired long‐term hematopoiesis of all cell lineages. C3G‐F/HSPC were sustained for months in spleen retaining hematopoietic potential, but these cells inefficiently contributed to overall hematopoietic reconstitution. C3G‐F/HSPC showed enhanced proliferation and differentiation with accelerated progenitor cell exhaustion in response to stem cell factor (SCF). Using a Ba/F3 cell line, we confirmed that the increased basal Rap1GTP levels with C3G‐F expression caused a markedly prolonged activation of c‐Kit receptor and downstream signaling through SCF ligation. A minor population of C3G‐F/HSPC also showed enhanced proliferation in the presence of thrombopoietin (TPO) compared to Vect/HSPC. Current results suggest an important role of basal Rap1 activation status of HSPC in their maintenance in BM for sustaining long‐term adult hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Imai
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Center for iPS Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Li P, Karaczyn AA, McGlauflin R, Favreau-Lessard AJ, Jachimowicz E, Vary CP, Xu K, Wojchowski DM, Sathyanarayana P. Novel roles for podocalyxin in regulating stress myelopoiesis, Rap1a, and neutrophil migration. Exp Hematol 2017; 50:77-83.e6. [PMID: 28408238 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is a CD34 orthologue and cell surface sialomucin reported to have roles in renal podocyte diaphragm slit development; vascular cell integrity; and the progression of blood, breast, and prostate cancers. Roles for Podxl during nonmalignant hematopoiesis, however, are largely undefined. We have developed a Vav-Cre Podxl knockout (KO) mouse model, and report on novel roles for Podxl in governing stress myelopoiesis. At steady state, Podxl expression among hematopoietic progenitor cells was low level but was induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in myeloid progenitors and by thrombopoietin in human stem cells. In keeping with low-level Podxl expression at steady state, Vav-Cre deletion of Podxl did not markedly alter peripheral blood cell levels. A G-CSF challenge in Podxl-KO mice, in contrast, hyperelevated peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte levels. Podxl-KO also substantially heightened neutrophil levels after 5-fluorouracil myeloablation. These loss-of-function phenotypes were selective, and Podxl-KO did not alter lymphocyte, basophil, or eosinophil levels. Within bone marrow (and after G-CSF challenge), Podxl deletion moderately decreased colony forming units-granulocytes, eyrthrocytes, monocyte/macrophages, megakaryocytes and CD16/32posCD11bpos progenitors but did not affect Gr-1pos cell populations. Notably, Podxl-KO did significantly heighten peripheral blood neutrophil migration capacities. To interrogate Podxl's action mechanisms, a co-immunoprecipitation plus liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was applied using hematopoietic progenitors from G-CSF-challenged mice. Rap1a, a Ras-related small GTPase, was a predominant co-retrieved Podxl partner. In bone marrow human progenitor cells, Podxl-KO led to heightened G-CSF activation of Rap1aGTP, and Rap1aGTP inhibition attenuated Podxl-KO neutrophil migration. Studies have revealed novel roles for Podxl as an important modulator of neutrophil and monocyte formation and of Rap1a activation during stress hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aldona A Karaczyn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Rose McGlauflin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | | | - Edward Jachimowicz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; COBRE Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Calvin P Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Don M Wojchowski
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; COBRE Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pradeep Sathyanarayana
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; COBRE Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Takamine K, Ueda Y, Nakano K, Ochiai T, Sugita Y, Kubo K, Maeda H, Hasegawa H, Kawakami T. Notch as a Possible Cell Differentiation Factor in Pleomorphic Adenomas. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:759-63. [PMID: 26516303 PMCID: PMC4615235 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of Notch in 30 cases of pleomorphic adenoma was examined by immunohistochemistry. Comparing the results of our study with previous literatures, from the partial CK7 expression and substantial Notch expression in ductal epithelial cells as well as the Notch expression in solid tumor nests, it can be inferred that Notch is involved in cell differentiation. CK13 expression was observed in cells undergoing squamous metaplasia and Notch expression was seen in the nucleus of basal and squamous cells. The intense Notch expression in basal cells and weak expression in squamous cells suggests that Notch is involved in the differentiation from basal to squamous cell. Moreover, the loss of nuclear expression on the inner layer would signify that differentiation is about to end or has been terminated. Notch was expressed in the cytoplasm of cartilage cells and in the cell membrane of mucous cells but not in the nucleus indicating that differentiation has been concluded. Notch involvement is suspected in cell differentiation in areas showing ductal structures and squamous metaplasia. In summary, Notch is involved in cell differentiation of ductal cells in PA. Nuclear expression was shown in tumor cells in solid nests and surrounding structures. Moreover, Notch is expressed by basal cells undergoing squamous metaplasia suggesting the participation of Notch in cell differentiation in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takamine
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ueda
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan ; 2. Department of Oral Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacuitical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takanaga Ochiai
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sugita
- 3. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Kubo
- 3. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hatsuhiko Maeda
- 3. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hasegawa
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawakami
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan
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