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Chen W, Zhang B, Tao K, Li Q, Sun JL, Yan Q. Giant ab-Plane Birefringence in Quasi-1D Fibrous Red Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403531. [PMID: 38709182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) van der Waals crystal fibrous red phosphorus (RP) exhibits pronounced in-plane optical anisotropy, positioning it as a potential candidate for polarization-related micro-nano devices. Unfortunately, a comprehensive investigation into the complex refractive index of fibrous RP and the structure-activity relationship connecting the distinctive quasi-1D structure with optical anisotropy is currently deficient. Herein, we have collectively determined the complex refractive index of the fibrous RP flakes within the ab-plane through Kramers-Kronig (KK) analysis and theoretical calculation. Notably, the maximum birefringence of fibrous RP reaches 0.642@475 nm with an absolute extinction coefficient of only 0.08, superior to the reported traditional optical crystals and the emerging low-dimensional materials as well. The remarkable birefringence can be attributed to the synergistic influence of the large electronic dipole polarizability, anisotropic electron density distribution and the distortion of stereochemically active lone pair (SCALP). This work demonstrates the potential of fibrous RP for polarization-sensitive devices, illuminating possibilities to exploit novel giant birefringent crystals based on the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujia Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kezheng Tao
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia-Lin Sun
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Shields A, Setlur Nagesh SV, Ionita C, Bednarek DR, Rudin S. Characterization of velocity patterns produced by pulsatile and constant flows using 1000 fps high-speed angiography (HSA). PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 11600. [PMID: 33664537 DOI: 10.1117/12.2580888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to accurately quantify rapidly changing blood flow velocities, as typically seen in the neurovasculature, high temporal resolution is necessary. Current methods to extract velocity data from angiographic image sequences are generally limited to 30 fps or less. High-speed angiography (HSA) with a maximal frame rate of 1000 fps can be used to evaluate time-dependent flow details normally averaged out with lower frame rates. For new HSA image sequences, two different quantitative methods were utilized to extract high-temporal resolution velocity changes: X-Ray Particle Image Velocimetry (X-PIV) and optical flow (OF). A variety of flow conditions were examined in a range of patient-specific 3D-printed phantoms. Both pulsatile and constant flow settings were investigated. X-PIV was performed using radiopaque sub-millimeter microspheres, which were tracked throughout the image sequence to provide accurate, but limited sampling of the velocity field within the 3D-printed models. Also, an open source optical flow algorithm, OpenOpticalFlow, was used to perform velocity estimation based on the spatio-temporal intensity changes of iodinated contrast wavefronts. Periodic changes in velocity within each phantom ROI can be illustrated throughout the pulsatile cycle capture by the high-speed detector. In the constant flow sequences, changes in velocity across the phantom geometry can be seen. The ability to accurately measure detailed velocity distributions and velocity changes throughout various flow conditions at high temporal resolution enables further insight into the evaluation and treatment of neurovascular disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shields
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - S V Setlur Nagesh
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - C Ionita
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - D R Bednarek
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - S Rudin
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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Talaska K, Ferreira A. An Approach to Identifying Phenomena Accompanying Micro and Nanoparticles in Contact With Irregular Vessel Walls. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2017. [PMID: 28641266 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2017.2717178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present the method for determining the nature and values of the forces needed to set micro and nanoparticles sitting immobile at the blood vessel wall in motion. The problem was tackled in two ways. Microparticles were examined as objects coming into contact with the wall with the actual large arteriole-type vessel structure. The forces acting on microparticles 10, 30, and [Formula: see text] in diameter were determined: drag force FD , lift force FL , electrostatic force FE , and gravity force FG . Fluid-structure interaction analysis was used to research the problem. However, nanoparticles were examined as objects coming into contact with the endothelial surface layer (ESL). Resistance forces during the movement of nanoparticles 20, 50, and 100 nm in diameter in the ESL were determined. The same was done for aggregates of nanoparticles 50 nm in diameter. Local irregularities in wall surface are important for microparticles. Small irregularities with the small values of electrostatic force FE can effectively stop the particle. In the case of nanoparticles, the key is the interaction of the particle with ESL. The research methodology presented can be used to better understand the particle-blood vessel wall interaction phenomena, leading to a more informed particle movement control. The new application of known calculation methods presented in this paper can be successfully used as an additional tool that simplifies planning and design of strategies for drug delivery by means of micro and nanoparticles.
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In vivo measurement of hemodynamic information in stenosed rat blood vessels using X-ray PIV. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37985. [PMID: 27892505 PMCID: PMC5125094 DOI: 10.1038/srep37985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the hemodynamic information of blood flows, especially wall shear stress (WSS), in animal models with circulatory vascular diseases (CVDs) are important to understand the pathological mechanism of CVDs. In this study, X-ray particle image velocimetry (PIV) with high spatial resolution was applied to obtain velocity field information in stenosed blood vessels with high WSS. 3D clips fabricated with a 3D printer were applied to the abdominal aorta of a rat cadaver to induce artificial stenosis in the real blood vessel of an animal model. The velocity and WSS information of blood flows in the stenosed vessel were obtained and compared at various stenosis severities. In vivo measurement was also conducted by fastening a stenotic clip on a live rat model through surgical intervention to reduce the flow rate to match the limited temporal resolution of the present X-ray PIV system. Further improvement of the temporal resolution of the system might be able to provide in vivo measurements of hemodynamic information from animal disease models under physiological conditions. The present results would be helpful for understanding the relation between hemodynamic characteristics and the pathological mechanism in animal CVD models.
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LIU XIUMEI, HE JIE, ZHAO JIYUN, LONG ZHENG, LI WENHUA, LI BEIBEI. BIOFLUID FLOW THROUGH A THROTTLE VALVE: A COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS STUDY OF CAVITATION. J MECH MED BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519416500342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofluid flow through a throttle valve is investigated numerically and experimentally in our paper. Numerical studies are performed in order to obtain the mass flow rate through the valve under different operating conditions. Pressure drop behind the throttle valve and formation of the vortex flow downstream has been evaluated. The vortices were mainly distributed on top of the valve rod, the corner of the channel and the corner of the valve seat. When valve opening increases, the vortices grow and cause higher pressure drop. In other words, more energy is lost due to these growing vortices and high viscosity of biofluid. Furthermore, experimental flow visualization is conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice using high-speed camera. The initial position of cavitation occurred near throttle orifice while cavitation zone downstream is caused by circulating bubbles clusters. As the opening of the valve is decreased, the area and strength of vortices in the corner of the channel grow and cause higher pressure drop firstly, then decrease. In addition, there are a lot of bubble clusters on top of the valve rod and the corner of the valve seat, which flowed downstream and collapsed, then filled the entire channel. In general, the valve opening plays very important role in the performance of a throttle valve. The results would help to observe, understand and manage the cavitation phenomenon in a throttle valve, and improve the performance of throttle valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- XIUMEI LIU
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University, The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power, Transmission and Control, P. R. China
- China University of Mining & Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mine, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment, P. R. China
| | - JIE HE
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, P. R. China
| | - JIYUN ZHAO
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, P. R. China
| | - ZHENG LONG
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, P. R. China
| | - WENHUA LI
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, P. R. China
| | - BEIBEI LI
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, P. R. China
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Park H, Yeom E, Lee SJ. X-ray PIV measurement of blood flow in deep vessels of a rat: An in vivo feasibility study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19194. [PMID: 26777719 PMCID: PMC4726095 DOI: 10.1038/srep19194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray PIV measurement is a noninvasive approach to measure opaque blood flows. However, it is not easy to measure real pulsatile blood flows in the blood vessels located at deep position of the body, because the surrounding tissues significantly attenuate the contrast of X-ray images. This study investigated the effect of surrounding tissues on X-ray beam attenuation by measuring the velocity fields of blood flows in deep vessels of a live rat. The decrease in image contrast was minimized by employing biocompatible CO2 microbubbles as tracer particles. The maximum measurable velocity of blood flows in the abdominal aorta of a rat model was found through comparative examination between the PIV measurement accuracy and the level of image contrast according to the input flow rate. Furthermore, the feasibility of using X-ray PIV to accurately measure in vivo blood flows was demonstrated by determining the velocity field of blood flows in the inferior vena cava of a rat. This study may serve as a reference in conducting in vivo X-ray PIV measurements of pulsatile blood flows in animal disease models and investigating hemodynamic characteristics and circulatory vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwook Park
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Eunseop Yeom
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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d'Errico M, Sammarco P, Vairo G. Analytical modeling of drug dynamics induced by eluting stents in the coronary multi-layered curved domain. Math Biosci 2015; 267:79-96. [PMID: 26162517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics induced by drug eluting stents (DES) in coronary walls is modeled by means of a one-dimensional multi-layered model, accounting for vessel curvature and non-homogeneous properties of the arterial tissues. The model includes diffusion mechanisms, advection effects related to plasma filtration through the walls, and bio-chemical drug reactions. A non-classical Sturm-Liouville problem with discontinuous coefficients is derived, whose closed-form analytical solution is obtained via an eigenfunction expansion. Soundness and consistency of the proposed approach are shown by numerical computations based on possible clinical treatments involving both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The influence of the main model parameters on drug delivery mechanisms is analyzed, highlighting the effects induced by vessel curvature and yielding comparative indications and useful insights into the concurring mechanisms governing the pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Errico
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering (DICII), Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Sammarco
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering (DICII), Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Vairo
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering (DICII), Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
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