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Corcoran SR, Phelan JD, Choi J, Shevchenko G, Fenner RE, Yu X, Scheich S, Hsiao T, Morris VM, Papachristou EK, Kishore K, D'Santos CS, Ji Y, Pittaluga S, Wright GW, Urlaub H, Pan KT, Oellerich T, Muppidi J, Hodson DJ, Staudt LM. Molecular Determinants of Sensitivity to Polatuzumab Vedotin in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:1653-1674. [PMID: 38683128 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Polatuzumab vedotin (Pola-V) is an antibody-drug conjugate directed to the CD79B subunit of the B-cell receptor (BCR). When combined with conventional immunochemotherapy, Pola-V improves outcomes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To identify determinants of Pola-V sensitivity, we used CRISPR-Cas9 screening for genes that modulated Pola-V toxicity for lymphomas or the surface expression of its target, CD79B. Our results reveal the striking impact of CD79B glycosylation on Pola-V epitope availability on the lymphoma cell surface and on Pola-V toxicity. Genetic, pharmacological, and enzymatic approaches that remove sialic acid from N-linked glycans enhanced lymphoma killing by Pola-V. Pola-V toxicity was also modulated by KLHL6, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is recurrently inactivated in germinal center derived lymphomas. We reveal how KLHL6 targets CD79B for degradation in normal and malignant germinal center B cells, thereby determining expression of the surface BCR complex. Our findings suggest precision medicine strategies to optimize Pola-V as a lymphoma therapeutic. Significance: These findings unravel the molecular basis of response heterogeneity to Pola-V and identify approaches that might be deployed therapeutically to enhance the efficacy of CD79B-specific tumor killing. In addition, they reveal a novel post-translational mechanism used by normal and malignant germinal center B cells to regulate expression of the BCR. See related commentary by Leveille, p. 1577 See related article by Meriranta et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Corcoran
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Galina Shevchenko
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Fenner
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sebastian Scheich
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tony Hsiao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vivian M Morris
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kamal Kishore
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clive S D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yanlong Ji
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George W Wright
- Biometrics Research Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kuan-Ting Pan
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jagan Muppidi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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2
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Huse K, Bai B, Hilden VI, Bollum LK, Våtsveen TK, Munthe LA, Smeland EB, Irish JM, Wälchli S, Myklebust JH. Mechanism of CD79A and CD79B Support for IgM+ B Cell Fitness through B Cell Receptor Surface Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2042-2053. [PMID: 36426942 PMCID: PMC9643646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The BCR consists of surface-bound Ig and a heterodimeric signaling unit comprised of CD79A and CD79B. Upon cognate Ag recognition, the receptor initiates important signals for B cell development and function. The receptor also conveys Ag-independent survival signals termed tonic signaling. Although the requirement of a CD79A/CD79B heterodimer for BCR complex assembly and surface expression is well established based on mice models, few studies have investigated this in human mature B cells. In this study, we found that human tonsillar B cells with high surface expression of IgM or IgG had potentiated BCR signaling compared with BCRlow cells, and high IgM expression in germinal center B cells was associated with reduced apoptosis. We explored the mechanism for IgM surface expression by CRISPR/Cas9-induced deletion of CD79A or CD79B in four B lymphoma cell lines. Deletion of either CD79 protein caused loss of surface IgM in all cell lines and reduced fitness in three. From two cell lines, we generated stable CD79A or CD79B knockout clones and demonstrated that loss of CD79A or CD79B caused a block in N-glycan maturation and accumulation of immature proteins, compatible with retention of BCR components in the endoplasmic reticulum. Rescue experiments with CD79B wild-type restored surface expression of CD79A and IgM with mature glycosylation, whereas a naturally occurring CD79B G137S mutant disrupting CD79A/CD79B heterodimerization did not. Our study highlights that CD79A and CD79B are required for surface IgM expression in human B cells and illuminates the importance of the IgM expression level for signaling and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Vera Irene Hilden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise K Bollum
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thea K Våtsveen
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Div. of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Div. of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Michael Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H. Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Presence of Natural Killer B Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Colon That Have Properties and Functions Similar to Those of Natural Killer Cells and B Cells but Are a Distinct Cell Population. J Virol 2022; 96:e0023522. [PMID: 35311549 PMCID: PMC9006943 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00235-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is low-level but significant mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that has long-term consequences for the infected host. This inflammation most likely originates from the immune response that appears as a consequence of HIV. Here, we show in an animal model of HIV that the chronically SIV-infected gut contains cytotoxic natural killer B cells that produce inflammatory cytokines and proliferate during infection.
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Martinov T, Swanson LA, Breed ER, Tucker CG, Dwyer AJ, Johnson JK, Mitchell JS, Sahli NL, Wilson JC, Singh LM, Hogquist KA, Spanier JA, Fife BT. Programmed Death-1 Restrains the Germinal Center in Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:844-852. [PMID: 31324724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibits T and B cell function upon ligand binding. PD-1 blockade revolutionized cancer treatment, and although numerous patients respond, some develop autoimmune-like symptoms or overt autoimmunity characterized by autoantibody production. PD-1 inhibition accelerates autoimmunity in mice, but its role in regulating germinal centers (GC) is controversial. To address the role of PD-1 in the GC reaction in type 1 diabetes, we used tetramers to phenotype insulin-specific CD4+ T and B cells in NOD mice. PD-1 or PD-L1 deficiency, and PD-1 but not PD-L2 blockade, unleashed insulin-specific T follicular helper CD4+ T cells and enhanced their survival. This was concomitant with an increase in GC B cells and augmented insulin autoantibody production. The effect of PD-1 blockade on the GC was reduced when mice were treated with a mAb targeting the insulin peptide:MHC class II complex. This work provides an explanation for autoimmune side effects following PD-1 pathway inhibition and suggests that targeting the self-peptide:MHC class II complex might limit autoimmunity arising from checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Linnea A Swanson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Elise R Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Alexander J Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Jenna K Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nathanael L Sahli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Joseph C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Lovejot M Singh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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5
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He X, Kläsener K, Iype JM, Becker M, Maity PC, Cavallari M, Nielsen PJ, Yang J, Reth M. Continuous signaling of CD79b and CD19 is required for the fitness of Burkitt lymphoma B cells. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97980. [PMID: 29669863 PMCID: PMC5983214 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) is essential not only for the development but also for the maintenance of mature B cells. Similarly, many B-cell lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL), require continuous BCR signaling for their tumor growth. This growth is driven by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) and PI3 kinase (PI3K) signaling. Here, we employ CRISPR/Cas9 to delete BCR and B-cell co-receptor genes in the human BL cell line Ramos. We find that Ramos B cells require the expression of the BCR signaling component Igβ (CD79b), and the co-receptor CD19, for their fitness and competitive growth in culture. Furthermore, we show that in the absence of any other BCR component, Igβ can be expressed on the B-cell surface, where it is found in close proximity to CD19 and signals in an ITAM-dependent manner. These data suggest that Igβ and CD19 are part of an alternative B-cell signaling module that use continuous ITAM/PI3K signaling to promote the survival of B lymphoma and normal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui He
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joseena M Iype
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Becker
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Palash C Maity
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Cavallari
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Nielsen
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jianying Yang
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated genomic modification to investigate B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in cell lines of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Three manipulations that altered BCR genes without affecting surface BCR levels showed that BCR signaling differs between the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, which is insensitive to Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition by ibrutinib, and the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype. Replacing antigen-binding BCR regions had no effect on BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines, reflecting this subtype's exclusive use of tonic BCR signaling. Conversely, Y188F mutation in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of CD79A inhibited tonic BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines but did not affect their calcium flux after BCR cross-linking or the proliferation of otherwise-unmodified ABC-DLBCL lines. CD79A-GFP fusion showed BCR clustering or diffuse distribution, respectively, in lines of ABC and GCB subtypes. Tonic BCR signaling acts principally to activate AKT, and forced activation of AKT rescued GCB-DLBCL lines from knockout (KO) of the BCR or 2 mediators of tonic BCR signaling, SYK and CD19. The magnitude and importance of tonic BCR signaling to proliferation and size of GCB-DLBCL lines, shown by the effect of BCR KO, was highly variable; in contrast, pan-AKT KO was uniformly toxic. This discrepancy was explained by finding that BCR KO-induced changes in AKT activity (measured by gene expression, CXCR4 level, and a fluorescent reporter) correlated with changes in proliferation and with baseline BCR surface density. PTEN protein expression and BCR surface density may influence clinical response to therapeutic inhibition of tonic BCR signaling in DLBCL.
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