1
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Ashworth JC, Cox TR. The importance of 3D fibre architecture in cancer and implications for biomaterial model design. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:461-479. [PMID: 38886573 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The need for improved prediction of clinical response is driving the development of cancer models with enhanced physiological relevance. A new concept of 'precision biomaterials' is emerging, encompassing patient-mimetic biomaterial models that seek to accurately detect, treat and model cancer by faithfully recapitulating key microenvironmental characteristics. Despite recent advances allowing tissue-mimetic stiffness and molecular composition to be replicated in vitro, approaches for reproducing the 3D fibre architectures found in tumour extracellular matrix (ECM) remain relatively unexplored. Although the precise influences of patient-specific fibre architecture are unclear, we summarize the known roles of tumour fibre architecture, underlining their implications in cell-matrix interactions and ultimately clinical outcome. We then explore the challenges in reproducing tissue-specific 3D fibre architecture(s) in vitro, highlighting relevant biomaterial fabrication techniques and their benefits and limitations. Finally, we discuss imaging and image analysis techniques (focussing on collagen I-optimized approaches) that could hold the key to mapping tumour-specific ECM into high-fidelity biomaterial models. We anticipate that an interdisciplinary approach, combining materials science, cancer research and image analysis, will elucidate the role of 3D fibre architecture in tumour development, leading to the next generation of patient-mimetic models for mechanistic studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ashworth
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - T R Cox
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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2
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Abu Shihada J, Jung M, Decke S, Koschinski L, Musall S, Rincón Montes V, Offenhäusser A. Highly Customizable 3D Microelectrode Arrays for In Vitro and In Vivo Neuronal Tissue Recordings. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305944. [PMID: 38240370 PMCID: PMC10987114 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for - in vitro or in vivo - neuronal signal recordings lack the spatial resolution and sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for a detailed understanding of neural network function and synaptic plasticity. To overcome these limitations, a highly customizable three-dimensional (3D) printing process is used in combination with thin film technology and a self-aligned template-assisted electrochemical deposition process to fabricate 3D-printed-based MEAs on stiff or flexible substrates. Devices with design flexibility and physical robustness are shown for recording neural activity in different in vitro and in vivo applications, achieving high-aspect ratio 3D microelectrodes of up to 33:1. Here, MEAs successfully record neural activity in 3D neuronal cultures, retinal explants, and the cortex of living mice, thereby demonstrating the versatility of the 3D MEA while maintaining high-quality neural recordings. Customizable 3D MEAs provide unique opportunities to study neural activity under regular or various pathological conditions, both in vitro and in vivo, and contribute to the development of drug screening and neuromodulation systems that can accurately monitor the activity of large neural networks over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Abu Shihada
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
| | - M. Jung
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
| | - S. Decke
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
| | - L. Koschinski
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
- Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF)Forschungszentrum Jülich52428JülichGermany
| | - S. Musall
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition ResearchUniversity of Bonn53127BonnGermany
- University Hospital Bonn53127BonnGermany
| | - V. Rincón Montes
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
| | - A. Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
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3
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Popescu RC, Calin BS, Tanasa E, Vasile E, Mihailescu M, Paun IA. Magnetically-actuated microcages for cells entrapment, fabricated by laser direct writing via two photon polymerization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1273277. [PMID: 38170069 PMCID: PMC10758856 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1273277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of biological materials at cellular level constitutes a sine qua non and provocative research area regarding the development of micro/nano-medicine. In this study, we report on 3D superparamagnetic microcage-like structures that, in conjunction with an externally applied static magnetic field, were highly efficient in entrapping cells. The microcage-like structures were fabricated using Laser Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization (LDW via TPP) of IP-L780 biocompatible photopolymer/iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) composite. The unique properties of LDW via TPP technique enabled the reproduction of the complex architecture of the 3D structures, with a very high accuracy i.e., about 90 nm lateral resolution. 3D hyperspectral microscopy was employed to investigate the structural and compositional characteristics of the microcage-like structures. Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy was used to prove the unique features regarding the morphology and the functionality of the 3D structures seeded with MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. Comparative studies were made on microcage-like structures made of IP-L780 photopolymer alone (i.e., without superparamagnetic properties). We found that the cell-seeded structures made by IP-L780/MNPs composite actuated by static magnetic fields of 1.3 T were 13.66 ± 5.11 folds (p < 0.01) more efficient in terms of cells entrapment than the structures made by IP-L780 photopolymer alone (i.e., that could not be actuated magnetically). The unique 3D architecture of the microcage-like superparamagnetic structures and their actuation by external static magnetic fields acted in synergy for entrapping osteoblast-like cells, showing a significant potential for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Cristina Popescu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Engineering, Politehnica University from Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering “Horia Hulubei”, Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Physics, Politehnica University from Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Stefanita Calin
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies (CETAL), National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurelee, Romania
| | - Eugenia Tanasa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics, Politehnica University from Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Faculty of Applied Physics, Politehnica University from Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mona Mihailescu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics, Politehnica University from Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Alexandra Paun
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies (CETAL), National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurelee, Romania
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics, Politehnica University from Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Yang S, Su C, Gu S, Sun Q, Sun Q, Xu L, Yang Z, Jia T, Ding C, Chen SC, Kuang C, Liu X. Parallel two-photon lithography achieving uniform sub-200 nm features with thousands of individually controlled foci. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:14174-14184. [PMID: 37157287 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The limited throughput of nano-scale laser lithography has been the bottleneck for its industrial applications. Although using multiple laser foci to parallelize the lithography process is an effective and straightforward strategy to improve rate, most conventional multi-focus methods are plagued by non-uniform laser intensity distribution due to the lack of individual control for each focus, which greatly hinders the nano-scale precision. In this paper, we present a highly uniform parallel two-photon lithography method based on a digital mirror device (DMD) and microlens array (MLA), which allows the generation of thousands of femtosecond (fs) laser foci with individual on-off switching and intensity-tuning capability. In the experiments, we generated a 1,600-laser focus array for parallel fabrication. Notably, the intensity uniformity of the focus array reached 97.7%, where the intensity-tuning precision for each focus reached 0.83%. A uniform dot array structure was fabricated to demonstrate parallel fabrication of sub-diffraction limit features, i.e., below 1/4 λ or 200 nm. The multi-focus lithography method has the potential of realizing rapid fabrication of sub-diffraction, arbitrarily complex, and large-scale 3D structures with three orders of magnitude higher fabrication rate.
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5
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Minnick G, Tajvidi Safa B, Rosenbohm J, Lavrik NV, Brooks J, Esfahani AM, Samaniego A, Meng F, Richter B, Gao W, Yang R. Two-Photon Polymerized Shape Memory Microfibers: A New Mechanical Characterization Method in Liquid. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2206739. [PMID: 36817407 PMCID: PMC9937026 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202206739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) has been widely used to create 3D micro- and nanoscale scaffolds for biological and mechanobiological studies, which often require the mechanical characterization of the TPP fabricated structures. To satisfy physiological requirements, most of the mechanical characterizations need to be conducted in liquid. However, previous characterizations of TPP fabricated structures were all conducted in air due to the limitation of conventional micro- and nanoscale mechanical testing methods. In this study, we report a new experimental method for testing the mechanical properties of TPP-printed microfibers in liquid. The experiments show that the mechanical behaviors of the microfibers tested in liquid are significantly different from those tested in air. By controlling the TPP writing parameters, the mechanical properties of the microfibers can be tailored over a wide range to meet a variety of mechanobiology applications. In addition, it is found that, in water, the plasticly deformed microfibers can return to their pre-deformed shape after tensile strain is released. The shape recovery time is dependent on the size of microfibers. The experimental method represents a significant advancement in mechanical testing of TPP fabricated structures and may help release the full potential of TPP fabricated 3D tissue scaffold for mechanobiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Minnick
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Bahareh Tajvidi Safa
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Jordan Rosenbohm
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Nickolay V Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6054
| | - Justin Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Amir M Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Alberto Samaniego
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Fanben Meng
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH & Co. KG, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wei Gao
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
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6
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Maibohm C, Saldana-Lopez A, Silvestre OF, Nieder JB. 3D Polymer Architectures for the Identification of Optimal Dimensions for Cellular Growth of 3D Cellular Models. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4168. [PMID: 36236117 PMCID: PMC9572445 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-chips and scaffolds for tissue engineering are vital assay tools for pre-clinical testing and prediction of human response to drugs and toxins, while providing an ethical sound replacement for animal testing. A success criterion for these models is the ability to have structural parameters for optimized performance. Here we show that two-photon polymerization fabrication can create 3D test platforms, where scaffold parameters can be directly analyzed by their effects on cell growth and movement. We design and fabricate a 3D grid structure, consisting of wall structures with niches of various dimensions for probing cell attachment and movement, while providing easy access for fluorescence imaging. The 3D structures are fabricated from bio-compatible polymer SZ2080 and subsequently seeded with A549 lung epithelia cells. The seeded structures are imaged with confocal microscopy, where spectral imaging with linear unmixing is used to separate auto-fluorescence scaffold contribution from the cell fluorescence. The volume of cellular material present in different sections of the structures is analyzed, to study the influence of structural parameters on cell distribution. Furthermore, time-lapse studies are performed to map the relation between scaffold parameters and cell movement. In the future, this kind of differentiated 3D growth platform, could be applied for optimized culture growth, cell differentiation, and advanced cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maibohm
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Headquarters at Av. Mestre Jose Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jana B. Nieder
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Headquarters at Av. Mestre Jose Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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7
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Costa BL, Adão RMR, Maibohm C, Accardo A, Cardoso VF, Nieder JB. Cellular Interaction of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Polymer and Hydrogel 3D Microscaffold Templates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13013-13024. [PMID: 35282678 PMCID: PMC8949723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomimicking biological niches of healthy tissues or tumors can be achieved by means of artificial microenvironments, where structural and mechanical properties are crucial parameters to promote tissue formation and recreate natural conditions. In this work, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds based on woodpile structures were fabricated by two-photon polymerization (2PP) of different photosensitive polymers (IP-S and SZ2080) and hydrogels (PEGDA 700) using two different 2PP setups, a commercial one and a customized one. The structures' properties were tuned to study the effect of scaffold dimensions (gap size) and their mechanical properties on the adhesion and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), which can serve as a model for leukemic diseases, among other hematological applications. The woodpile structures feature gap sizes of 25, 50, and 100 μm and a fixed beam diameter of 25 μm, to systematically study the optimal cell colonization that promotes healthy cell growth and potential tissue formation. The characterization of the scaffolds involved scanning electron microscopy and mechanical nanoindenting, while their suitability for supporting cell growth was evaluated with live/dead cell assays and multistaining 3D confocal imaging. In the mechanical assays of the hydrogel material, we observed two different stiffness ranges depending on the indentation depth. Larger gap woodpile structures coated with fibronectin were identified as the most promising scaffolds for 3D BM-MSC cellular models, showing higher proliferation rates. The results indicate that both the design and the employed materials are suitable for further assays, where retaining the BM-MSC stemness and original features is crucial, including studies focused on BM disorders such as leukemia and others. Moreover, the combination of 3D scaffold geometry and materials holds great potential for the investigation of cellular behaviors in a co-culture setting, for example, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, to be further applied in medical research and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz
N. L. Costa
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- CMEMS-UMinho,
University of Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- Faculty
of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo M. R. Adão
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Christian Maibohm
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Faculty
of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa F. Cardoso
- CMEMS-UMinho,
University of Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- CF-UM-UP,
Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e Porto, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jana B. Nieder
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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8
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Dynamics of Endothelial Engagement and Filopodia Formation in Complex 3D Microscaffolds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052415. [PMID: 35269558 PMCID: PMC8910162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of endothelium–extracellular matrix interactions during the initiation of new blood vessels is of great medical importance; however, the mechanobiological principles governing endothelial protrusive behaviours in 3D microtopographies remain imperfectly understood. In blood capillaries submitted to angiogenic factors (such as vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), endothelial cells can transiently transdifferentiate in filopodia-rich cells, named tip cells, from which angiogenesis processes are locally initiated. This protrusive state based on filopodia dynamics contrasts with the lamellipodia-based endothelial cell migration on 2D substrates. Using two-photon polymerization, we generated 3D microstructures triggering endothelial phenotypes evocative of tip cell behaviour. Hexagonal lattices on pillars (“open”), but not “closed” hexagonal lattices, induced engagement from the endothelial monolayer with the generation of numerous filopodia. The development of image analysis tools for filopodia tracking allowed to probe the influence of the microtopography (pore size, regular vs. elongated structures, role of the pillars) on orientations, engagement and filopodia dynamics, and to identify MLCK (myosin light-chain kinase) as a key player for filopodia-based protrusive mode. Importantly, these events occurred independently of VEGF treatment, suggesting that the observed phenotype was induced through microtopography. These microstructures are proposed as a model research tool for understanding endothelial cell behaviour in 3D fibrillary networks.
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9
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Kourti D, Kanioura A, Chatzichristidi M, Beltsios KG, Kakabakos SE, Petrou PS. Photopatternable materials for guided cell adhesion and growth. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Zhiganshina ER, Arsenyev MV, Chubich DA, Kolymagin DA, Pisarenko AV, Burkatovsky DS, Baranov EV, Vitukhnovsky AG, Lobanov AN, Matital RP, Aleynik DY, Chesnokov SA. Tetramethacrylic benzylidene cyclopentanone dye for one- and two-photon photopolymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Hasselmann S, Hahn L, Lorson T, Schätzlein E, Sébastien I, Beudert M, Lühmann T, Neubauer JC, Sextl G, Luxenhofer R, Heinrich D. Freeform direct laser writing of versatile topological 3D scaffolds enabled by intrinsic support hydrogel. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3334-3344. [PMID: 34617095 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel approach to create arbitrarily shaped 3D hydrogel objects is presented, wherein freeform two-photon polymerization (2PP) is enabled by the combination of a photosensitive hydrogel and an intrinsic support matrix. This way, topologies without physical contact such as a highly porous 3D network of concatenated rings were realized, which are impossible to manufacture with most current 3D printing technologies. Micro-Raman and nanoindentation measurements show the possibility to control water uptake and hence tailor the Young's modulus of the structures via the light dosage, proving the versatility of the concept regarding many scaffold characteristics that makes it well suited for cell specific cell culture as demonstrated by cultivation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hasselmann
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
| | - Eva Schätzlein
- East Bavarian Technical University of Applied Sciences, Prüfeninger Str. 58, Regensburg 93049, Germany
| | - Isabelle Sébastien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Matthias Beudert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Julia C Neubauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sextl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Rosenhof, Heilbad Heiligenstadt 37308, Germany
- Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
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12
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Vermeulen S, Honig F, Vasilevich A, Roumans N, Romero M, Dede Eren A, Tuvshindorj U, Alexander M, Carlier A, Williams P, Uquillas J, de Boer J. Expanding Biomaterial Surface Topographical Design Space through Natural Surface Reproduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102084. [PMID: 34165820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface topography is a tool to endow biomaterials with bioactive properties. However, the large number of possible designs makes it challenging to find the optimal surface structure to induce a specific cell response. The TopoChip platform is currently the largest collection of topographies with 2176 in silico designed microtopographies. Still, it is exploring only a small part of the design space due to design algorithm limitations and the surface engineering strategy. Inspired by the diversity of natural surfaces, it is assessed as to what extent the topographical design space and consequently the resulting cellular responses can be expanded using natural surfaces. To this end, 26 plant and insect surfaces are replicated in polystyrene and their surface properties are quantified using white light interferometry. Through machine-learning algorithms, it is demonstrated that natural surfaces extend the design space of the TopoChip, which coincides with distinct morphological and focal adhesion profiles in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. Furthermore, differentiation experiments reveal the strong potential of the holy lotus to improve osteogenesis in MSCs. In the future, the design algorithms will be trained with the results obtained by natural surface imprint experiments to explore the bioactive properties of novel surface topographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vermeulen
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Honig
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Aliaksei Vasilevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Roumans
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Romero
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aysegul Dede Eren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Urnaa Tuvshindorj
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Morgan Alexander
- Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, The School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Williams
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jorge Uquillas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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13
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Limongi T, Brigo L, Tirinato L, Pagliari F, Gandin A, Contessotto P, Giugni A, Brusatin G. Three-dimensionally two-photon lithography realized vascular grafts. Biomed Mater 2020; 16. [PMID: 33186926 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abca4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Generation of artifical vascular grafts (TEVG) as blood vessel substitutes is a primary challenge in biomaterial and tissue engineering research. Ideally, these grafts should be able to recapitulate physiological and mechanical properties of natural vessels and guide the assembly of an endothelial cell lining to ensure hemo-compatibility. In this paper, we advance on this challenging task by designing and fabricating 3D vessel analogues by two-photon laser lithography using a synthetic photoresist. These scaffolds guarantee human endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation, and proper elastic behaviour to withstand the pressure exerted by blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Piemonte, ITALY
| | - Laura Brigo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, 35122, ITALY
| | - Luca Tirinato
- Division of BioMedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, GERMANY
| | - Francesca Pagliari
- Division of BioMedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, GERMANY
| | - Alessandro Gandin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova and INSTM, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, ITALY
| | - Paolo Contessotto
- Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Bassi 58B, Padova, 35122, ITALY
| | - Andrea Giugni
- PSE, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Giovanna Brusatin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Padova, ITALY
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14
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Tricinci O, De Pasquale D, Marino A, Battaglini M, Pucci C, Ciofani G. A 3D Biohybrid Real-Scale Model of the Brain Cancer Microenvironment for Advanced In Vitro Testing. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 5:2000540. [PMID: 33088902 PMCID: PMC7116223 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The modeling of the pathological microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a disrupting approach for drug screening for advanced therapies against tumors and neuronal disorders. The in vitro investigations of the crossing and diffusion of drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are still not completely reliable, due to technological limits in the replication of 3D microstructures that can faithfully mimic the in vivo scenario. Here, an innovative 1:1 scale 3D-printed realistic biohybrid model of the brain tumor microenvironment, with both luminal and parenchyma compartments, is presented. The dynamically controllable microfluidic device, fabricated through two-photon lithography, enables the triple co-culture of hCMEC/D3 cells, forming the internal biohybrid endothelium of the capillaries, of astrocytes, and of magnetically-driven spheroids of U87 glioblastoma cells. Tumor spheroids are obtained from culturing glioblas-toma cells inside 3D microcages loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The system proves to be capable in hindering dextran diffusion through the bioinspired BBB, while allowing chemotherapy-loaded nanocarriers to cross it. The proper formation of the selective barrier and the good performance of the anti-tumor treatment demonstrate that the proposed device can be successfully exploited as a realistic in vitro model for high-throughput drug screening in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Tricinci
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, Italy
| | - Attilio Marino
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, Italy
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15
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Xiong C, Zhou J, Liao C, Zhu M, Wang Y, Liu S, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Gan Z, Venturelli L, Kasas S, Zhang X, Dietler G, Wang Y. Fiber-Tip Polymer Microcantilever for Fast and Highly Sensitive Hydrogen Measurement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33163-33172. [PMID: 32496752 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen as an antioxidant gas has been widely used in the medical and biological fields for preventing cancer or treating inflammation. However, controlling the hydrogen concentration is crucial for practical use due to its explosive property when its volume concentration in air reaches the explosive limit (4%). In this work, a polymer-based microcantilever (μ-cantilever) hydrogen sensor located at the end of a fiber tip is proposed to detect the hydrogen concentration in medical and biological applications. The proposed sensor was developed using femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization (TPP) to print the polymer μ-cantilever and magnetron sputtering to coat a palladium (Pd) film on the upper surface of the μ-cantilever. Such a device exhibits a high sensitivity, roughly -2 nm %-1 when the hydrogen concentration rises from 0% to 4.5% (v/v) and a short response time, around 13.5 s at 4% (v/v), making it suitable for medical and environmental applications. In addition to providing an ultracompact optical solution for fast and highly sensitive hydrogen measurement, the polymer μ-cantilever fiber sensor can be used for diverse medical and biological sensing applications by replacing Pd with other functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xiong
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhou
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, IPHYS, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Changrui Liao
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chi Li
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yunfang Zhang
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zongsong Gan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Leonardo Venturelli
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, IPHYS, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Kasas
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, IPHYS, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, IPHYS, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yiping Wang
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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16
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Maibohm C, Silvestre OF, Borme J, Sinou M, Heggarty K, Nieder JB. Multi-beam two-photon polymerization for fast large area 3D periodic structure fabrication for bioapplications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8740. [PMID: 32457310 PMCID: PMC7250934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is capable of fabricating 3D structures with dimensions from sub-µm to a few hundred µm. As a direct laser writing (DLW) process, fabrication time of 3D TPP structures scale with the third order, limiting its use in large volume fabrication. Here, we report on a scalable fabrication method that cuts fabrication time to a fraction. A parallelized 9 multi-beamlets DLW process, created by a fixed diffraction optical element (DOE) and subsequent stitching are used to fabricate large periodic high aspect ratio 3D microstructured arrays with sub-micron features spanning several hundred of µm2. The wall structure in the array is designed with a minimum of traced lines and is created by a low numerical aperture (NA) microscope objective, leading to self-supporting lines omitting the need for line-hatching. The fabricated periodic arrays are applied in a cell - 3D microstructure interaction study using living HeLa cells. First indications of increased cell proliferation in the presence of 3D microstructures compared to planar surfaces are obtained. Furthermore, the cells adopt an elongated morphology when attached to the 3D microstructured surfaces. Both results constitute promising findings rendering the 3D microstructures a suited tool for cell interaction experiments, e.g. for cell migration, separation or even tissue engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maibohm
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Oscar F Silvestre
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jérôme Borme
- 2D Materials and Devices group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maina Sinou
- Departement d'Optique, IMT-Atlantique, Technopole Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, Brest, France
| | - Kevin Heggarty
- Departement d'Optique, IMT-Atlantique, Technopole Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, Brest, France
| | - Jana B Nieder
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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17
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3D-microenvironments initiate TCF4 expression rescuing nuclear β-catenin activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Acta Biomater 2020; 103:153-164. [PMID: 31843716 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical cues sensed by tumor cells in their microenvironment can influence important mechanisms including adhesion, invasion and proliferation. However, a common mechanosensitive protein and/or pathway can be regulated in different ways among diverse types of tumors. Of particular interest are human breast epithelial cancers, which markedly exhibit a heterogeneous pattern of nuclear β-catenin localization, a protein known to be involved in both mechanotransduction and tumorigenesis. β-catenin can be aberrantly accumulated in the nucleus wherein it binds to and activates lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor (LEF/TCF) transcription factors. At present, little is known about how mechanical cues are integrated into breast cancer cells harboring impaired mechanisms of β-catenin's nuclear uptake and/or retention. This prompted us to investigate the influence of mechanical cues on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells which are known to fail in relocating β-catenin into the nucleus due to very low baseline levels of LEF/TCFs. Exploiting three-dimensional (3D) microscaffolds realized by two-photon lithography, we show that surrounding MCF-7 cells have not only a nuclear pool of β-catenin, but also rescue from their defective expression of TCF4 and boost invasiveness. Together with heightened amounts of vimentin, a β-catenin/TCF-target gene regulator of proliferation and invasiveness, such 3D-elicited changes indicate an epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotypic switch of MCF-7 cells. This is also consistent with an increased in situ MCF-7 cell proliferation that can be abrogated by blocking β-catenin/TCF-transcription activity. Collectively, these data suggest that 3D microenvironments are per se sufficient to prime a TCF4-dependent rescuing of β-catenin nuclear activity in MCF-7 cells. The employed methodology could, therefore, provide a mechanism-based rationale to dissect further aspects of mechanotranscription in breast cancerogenesis, somewhat independent of β-catenin's nuclear accumulation. More importantly, by considering the heterogeneity of β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer patients, these data may open alternative avenues for personalized disease management and prevention. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mechanical cues play a critical role in cancer pathogenesis. Little is known about their influence in breast cancer cells harboring impaired mechanisms of β-catenin's nuclear uptake and/or retention, involved in both mechanotransduction and tumorigenesis. We engineered 3D scaffold, by two-photon lithography, to study the influence of mechanical cues on MCF-7 cells which are known to fail in relocating β-catenin into the nucleus. We found that 3D microenvironments are per se sufficient to prime a TCF4-dependent rescuing of β-catenin nuclear activity that boost cell proliferation and invasiveness. Thus, let us suggest that our system could provide a mechanism-based rationale to further dissect key aspects of mechanotranscription in breast cancerogenesis and progression, somewhat independent of β-catenin's nuclear accumulation.
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18
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Song J, Michas C, Chen CS, White AE, Grinstaff MW. From Simple to Architecturally Complex Hydrogel Scaffolds for Cell and Tissue Engineering Applications: Opportunities Presented by Two-Photon Polymerization. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901217. [PMID: 31746140 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing via two-photon polymerization (2PP) is an emerging micro- and nanofabrication technique to prepare predetermined and architecturally precise hydrogel scaffolds with high resolution and spatial complexity. As such, these scaffolds are increasingly being evaluated for cell and tissue engineering applications. This article first discusses the basic principles and photoresists employed in 2PP fabrication of hydrogels, followed by an in-depth introduction of various mechanical and biological characterization techniques used to assess the fabricated structures. The design requirements for cell and tissue related applications are then described to guide the engineering, physicochemical, and biological efforts. Three case studies in bone, cancer, and cardiac tissues are presented that illustrate the need for structured materials in the next generation of clinical applications. This paper concludes by summarizing the progress to date, identifying additional opportunities for 2PP hydrogel scaffolds, and discussing future directions for 2PP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Christos Michas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | | | - Alice E. White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Medicine Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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19
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Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
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20
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Nouri-Goushki M, Sharma A, Sasso L, Zhang S, Van der Eerden BCJ, Staufer U, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Submicron Patterns-on-a-Chip: Fabrication of a Microfluidic Device Incorporating 3D Printed Surface Ornaments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6127-6136. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Sasso
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C. J. Van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Urs Staufer
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Lölsberg J, Cinar A, Felder D, Linz G, Djeljadini S, Wessling M. Two-Photon Vertical-Flow Lithography for Microtube Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901356. [PMID: 31168917 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon vertical-flow lithography is demonstrated for synthesis of complex-shaped polymeric microtubes with a high aspect ratio (>100:1). This unique microfluidic approach provides rigorous control over the morphology and surface topology to generate thin-walled (<1 µm) microtubes with a tunable diameter (1-400 µm) and pore size (1-20 µm). The interplay between fluid-flow control and two-photon lithography presents a generic high-resolution method that will substantially contribute toward the future development of biocompatible scaffolds, stents, needles, nerve guides, membranes, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lölsberg
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arne Cinar
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Felder
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Linz
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Suzana Djeljadini
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Kidwell DA, Lee WK, Perkins K, Gilpin KM, O'Shaughnessy TJ, Robinson JT, Sheehan PE, Mulvaney SP. Chemistries for Making Additive Nanolithography in OrmoComp Permissive for Cell Adhesion and Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19793-19798. [PMID: 31045352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography allows writing of arbitrary nanoarchitectures in photopolymers. This design flexibility opens almost limitless possibilities for biological studies, but the acrylate-based polymers frequently used do not allow for adhesion and growth of some types of cells. Indeed, we found that lithographically defined structures made from OrmoComp do not support E18 murine cortical neurons. We reacted OrmoComp structures with several diamines, thereby rendering the surfaces directly permissive for neuron attachment and growth by presenting a surface coating similar to the traditional cell biology coating achieved with poly-d-lysine (PDL) and laminin. However, in contrast to PDL-laminin coatings that cover the entire surface, the amine-terminated OrmoComp structures are orthogonally modified in deference to the surrounding glass or plastic substrate, adding yet another design element for advanced biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathleen M Gilpin
- American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Post-Doctoral Fellow at US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375 , United States
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23
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Larramendy F, Yoshida S, Maier D, Fekete Z, Takeuchi S, Paul O. 3D arrays of microcages by two-photon lithography for spatial organization of living cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:875-884. [PMID: 30723853 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses a nanoengineering approach to create a fully three-dimensional (3D) network of living cells, providing an advanced solution to in vitro studies on either neuronal networks or artificial organs. The concept of our work relies on stackable scaffolds composed of microcontainers designed and dimensioned to favor the geometrically constrained growth of cells. The container geometry allows cells to communicate in the culture medium and freely grow their projections to form a 3D arrangement of living cells. Scaffolds are fabricated using two-photon polymerization of IP-L 780 photoresist and are coated with collagen. They are stacked by mechanical micromanipulation. Technical details of the proposed nanofabrication scheme and assembly of the modular culture environment are explained. Preliminary in vitro results using PC12 cells have shown that this structure provides a good basis for healthy cell growth for at least 16 days. Our approach is envisioned to provide tailor-made solutions of future 3D cell assemblies for potential applications in drug screening or creating artificial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Larramendy
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Worthington KS, Do AV, Smith R, Tucker BA, Salem AK. Two-Photon Polymerization as a Tool for Studying 3D Printed Topography-Induced Stem Cell Fate. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800370. [PMID: 30430755 PMCID: PMC6365162 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Geometric topographies are known to influence cellular differentiation toward specific phenotypes, but to date the range of features and type of substrates that can be easily fabricated to study these interactions is somewhat limited. In this study, an emerging technology, two-photon polymerization, is used to print topological patterns with varying feature-size and thereby study their effect on cellular differentiation. This technique offers rapid manufacturing of topographical surfaces with good feature resolution for shapes smaller than 3 µm. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells, when attached to these substrates or a non-patterned control for 1 week, express an array of genetic markers that suggest their differentiation toward a heterogeneous population of multipotent progenitors from all three germ layers. Compared to the topographically smooth control, small features (1.6 µm) encourage differentiation toward ectoderm while large features (8 µm) inhibit self-renewal. This study demonstrates the potential of using two-photon polymerization to study and control stem cell fate as a function of substrate interactions. The ability to tailor and strategically design biomaterials in this way can enable more precise and efficient generation or maintenance of desired phenotypes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristan S Worthington
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anh-Vu Do
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Rasheid Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Lemma ED, Spagnolo B, De Vittorio M, Pisanello F. Studying Cell Mechanobiology in 3D: The Two-Photon Lithography Approach. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:358-372. [PMID: 30343948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography is a laser writing technique that can produce 3D microstructures with resolutions below the diffraction limit. This review focuses on its applications to study mechanical properties of cells, an emerging field known as mechanobiology. We review 3D structural designs and materials in the context of new experimental designs, including estimating forces exerted by single cells, studying selective adhesion on substrates, and creating 3D networks of cells. We then focus on emerging applications, including structures for assessing cancer cell invasiveness, whose migration properties depend on the cell mechanical response to the environment, and 3D architectures and materials to study stem cell differentiation, as 3D structure shape and patterning play a key role in defining cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, via per Monteroni snc, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Current address: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Barbara Spagnolo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, via per Monteroni snc, 73100 Lecce, Italy; These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Ferruccio Pisanello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; These authors equally contributed to this work.
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Accardo A, Blatché MC, Courson R, Loubinoux I, Vieu C, Malaquin L. Two-photon lithography and microscopy of 3D hydrogel scaffolds for neuronal cell growth. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaab93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D Laser Micro- and Nanoprinting: Challenges for Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15828-15845. [PMID: 28580704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a powerful emerging technology for the tailored fabrication of advanced functional materials. This Review summarizes the state-of-the art with regard to 3D laser micro- and nanoprinting and explores the chemical challenges limiting its full exploitation: from the development of advanced functional materials for applications in cell biology and electronics to the chemical barriers that need to be overcome to enable fast writing velocities with resolution below the diffraction limit. We further explore chemical means to enable direct laser writing of multiple materials in one resist by highly wavelength selective (λ-orthogonal) photochemical processes. Finally, chemical processes to construct adaptive 3D written structures that are able to respond to external stimuli, such as light, heat, pH value, or specific molecules, are highlighted, and advanced concepts for degradable scaffolds are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, IFG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, ITG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D-Laser-Mikro-Nanodruck: Herausforderungen für die Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology, QUT; 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4001 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für funktionelle Grenzflächen, IFG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, ITG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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Lemma ED, Spagnolo B, Rizzi F, Corvaglia S, Pisanello M, De Vittorio M, Pisanello F. Microenvironmental Stiffness of 3D Polymeric Structures to Study Invasive Rates of Cancer Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 29106056 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cells are highly dynamic elements, continuously interacting with the extracellular environment. Mechanical forces sensed and applied by cells are responsible for cellular adhesion, motility, and deformation, and are heavily involved in determining cancer spreading and metastasis formation. Cell/extracellular matrix interactions are commonly analyzed with the use of hydrogels and 3D microfabricated scaffolds. However, currently available techniques have a limited control over the stiffness of microscaffolds and do not allow for separating environmental properties from biological processes in driving cell mechanical behavior, including nuclear deformability and cell invasiveness. Herein, a new approach is presented to study tumor cell invasiveness by exploiting an innovative class of polymeric scaffolds based on two-photon lithography to control the stiffness of deterministic microenvironments in 3D. This is obtained by fine-tuning of the laser power during the lithography, thus locally modifying both structural and mechanical properties in the same fabrication process. Cage-like structures and cylindric stent-like microscaffolds are fabricated with different Young's modulus and stiffness gradients, allowing obtaining new insights on the mechanical interplay between tumor cells and the surrounding environments. In particular, cell invasion is mostly driven by softer architectures, and the introduction of 3D stiffness "weak spots" is shown to boost the rate at which cancer cells invade the scaffolds. The possibility to modulate structural compliance also allowed estimating the force distribution exerted by a single cell on the scaffold, revealing that both pushing and pulling forces are involved in the cell-structure interaction. Overall, exploiting this method to obtain a wide range of 3D architectures with locally engineered stiffness can pave the way for unique applications to study tumor cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Barsanti snc 73010 Arnesano Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione; Università del Salento; via per Monteroni snc 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Barbara Spagnolo
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Barsanti snc 73010 Arnesano Italy
| | - Francesco Rizzi
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Barsanti snc 73010 Arnesano Italy
| | - Stefania Corvaglia
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Barsanti snc 73010 Arnesano Italy
| | - Marco Pisanello
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Barsanti snc 73010 Arnesano Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione; Università del Salento; via per Monteroni snc 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Barsanti snc 73010 Arnesano Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione; Università del Salento; via per Monteroni snc 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Ferruccio Pisanello
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Barsanti snc 73010 Arnesano Italy
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Ji S, Yang L, Hu Y, Ni J, Du W, Li J, Zhao G, Wu D, Chu J. Dimension-Controllable Microtube Arrays by Dynamic Holographic Processing as 3D Yeast Culture Scaffolds for Asymmetrical Growth Regulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701190. [PMID: 28696538 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transparent microtubes can function as unique cell culture scaffolds, because the tubular 3D microenvironment they provide is very similar to the narrow space of capillaries in vivo. However, how to realize the fabrication of microtube-arrays with variable cross-section dynamically remains challenging. Here, a dynamic holographic processing method for producing high aspect ratio (≈20) microtubes with tunable outside diameter (6-16 µm) and inside diameter (1-10 µm) as yeast culture scaffolds is reported. A ring-structure Bessel beam is modulated from a typical Gaussian-distributed femtosecond laser beam by a spatial light modulator. By combining the axial scanning of the focused beam and the dynamic display of holograms, dimension-controllable microtube arrays (straight, conical, and drum-shape) are rapidly produced by two-photon polymerization. The outside and inside diameters, tube heights, and spatial arrangements are readily tuned by loading different computer-generated holograms and changing the processing parameters. The transparent microtube array as a nontrivial tool for capturing and culturing the budding yeasts reveals the significant effect of tube diameter on budding characteristics. In particular, the conical tube with the inside diameter varying from 5 to 10 µm has remarkable asymmetrical regulation on the growth trend of captured yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyun Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Liang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
- Department of Precision Machinery and Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Jincheng Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Wenqiang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Dong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
- Department of Precision Machinery and Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
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Accardo A, Blatché MC, Courson R, Loubinoux I, Thibault C, Malaquin L, Vieu C. Multiphoton Direct Laser Writing and 3D Imaging of Polymeric Freestanding Architectures for Cell Colonization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 28558136 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The realization of 3D architectures for the study of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation is a task of fundamental importance for both technological and biological communities involved in the development of biomimetic cell culture environments. Here we report the fabrication of 3D freestanding scaffolds, realized by multiphoton direct laser writing and seeded with neuroblastoma cells, and their multitechnique characterization using advanced 3D fluorescence imaging approaches. The high accuracy of the fabrication process (≈200 nm) allows a much finer control of the micro- and nanoscale features compared to other 3D printing technologies based on fused deposition modeling, inkjet printing, selective laser sintering, or polyjet technology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides detailed insights about the morphology of both cells and cellular interconnections around the 3D architecture. On the other hand, the nature of the seeding in the inner core of the 3D scaffold, inaccessible by conventional SEM imaging, is unveiled by light sheet fluorescence microscopy and multiphoton confocal imaging highlighting an optimal cell colonization both around and within the 3D scaffold as well as the formation of long neuritic extensions. The results open appealing scenarios for the use of the developed 3D fabrication/3D imaging protocols in several neuroscientific contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Accardo
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Rémi Courson
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, 31024, UPS, France
| | - Christophe Thibault
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées-INSA, Université de Toulouse, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées-INSA, Université de Toulouse, F-31400, Toulouse, France
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Advanced biomaterials and microengineering technologies to recapitulate the stepwise process of cancer metastasis. Biomaterials 2017; 133:176-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Morales-Delgado EE, Urio L, Conkey DB, Stasio N, Psaltis D, Moser C. Three-dimensional microfabrication through a multimode optical fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7031-7045. [PMID: 28381044 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
3D printing based on additive manufacturing is an advanced manufacturing technique that allows the fabrication of arbitrary macroscopic and microscopic objects. Many 3D printing systems require large optical elements or nozzles in proximity to the built structure. This prevents their use in applications in which there is no direct access to the area where the objects have to be printed. Here, we demonstrate three-dimensional microfabrication based on two-photon polymerization (TPP) through an ultra-thin printing nozzle of 560 µm in diameter. Using wavefront shaping, femtosecond infrared pulses are focused and scanned through a multimode optical fiber (MMF) inside a photoresist that polymerizes via two-photon absorption. We show the construction of arbitrary 3D structures built with voxels of diameters down to 400 nm on the other side of the fiber. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of microfabrication through a multimode optical fiber. The proposed printing nozzle can reach and manufacture micro-structures in otherwise inaccessible areas through small apertures. Our work represents a new area which we refer to as endofabrication.
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Oakdale JS, Ye J, Smith WL, Biener J. Post-print UV curing method for improving the mechanical properties of prototypes derived from two-photon lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:27077-27086. [PMID: 27906282 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.027077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two photon polymerization (TPP) is a precise, reliable, and increasingly popular technique for rapid prototyping of micro-scale parts with sub-micron resolution. The materials of choice underlying this process are predominately acrylic resins cross-linked via free-radical polymerization. Due to the nature of the printing process, the derived parts are only partially cured and the corresponding mechanical properties, i.e. modulus and ultimate strength, are lower than if the material were cross-linked to the maximum extent. Herein, post-print curing via UV-driven radical generation, is demonstrated to increase the overall degree of cross-linking of low density, TPP-derived structures.
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