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Liu G, Jin K, Liu Z, Su X, Xu Z, Li B, Xu J, Liu H, Chang Y, Zhu Y, Xu L, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang W. Integration of CD4 + T cells and molecular subtype predicts benefit from PD-L1 blockade in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1306-1316. [PMID: 38402640 PMCID: PMC11007017 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a disease characterized by molecular and clinical heterogeneity, posing challenges in selecting the most appropriate treatment in clinical settings. Considering the significant role of CD4+ T cells, there is an emerging need to integrate CD4+ T cells with molecular subtypes to refine classification. We conducted a comprehensive study involving 895 MIBC patients from four independent cohorts. The Zhongshan Hospital (ZSHS) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts were included to investigate chemotherapeutic response. The IMvigor210 cohort was included to assess the immunotherapeutic response. NCT03179943 was used to evaluate the clinical response to a combination of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chemotherapy. Additionally, we evaluated genomic characteristics and the immune microenvironment to gain deeper insights into the distinctive features of each subtype. We unveiled four immune-molecular subtypes, each exhibiting distinct clinical outcomes and molecular characteristics. These subtypes include luminal CD4+ Thigh, which demonstrated benefits from both immunotherapy and chemotherapy; luminal CD4+ Tlow, characterized by the highest level of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutation, thus indicating potential responsiveness to FGFR inhibitors; basal CD4+ Thigh, which could benefit from a combination of ICB and chemotherapy; and basal CD4+ Tlow, characterized by an immune suppression microenvironment and likely to benefit from transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibition. This immune-molecular classification offers new possibilities for optimizing therapeutic interventions in MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kaifeng Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhaopei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of UrologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaohe Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ziyue Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bingyu Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingtong Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hailong Liu
- Department of Urology, Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of UrologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of UrologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Warrick JI, Al-Ahmadie H, Berman DM, Black PC, Flaig TW, Höglund M, Bubendorf L, van der Kwast TH, Cheng L. International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Conference on Current Issues in Bladder Cancer. Working Group 4: Molecular Subtypes of Bladder Cancer-Principles of Classification and Emerging Clinical Utility. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:e32-e42. [PMID: 37199442 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular subtyping has been a major focus of bladder cancer research over the past decade. Despite many promising associations with clinical outcomes and treatment response, its clinical impact has yet to be defined. As part of the 2022 International Society of Urological Pathology Conference on Bladder Cancer, we reviewed the current state of the science for bladder cancer molecular subtyping. Our review included several different subtyping systems. We derived the following 7 principles, which summarize progress and challenges of molecular subtyping: (1) bladder cancer has 3 major molecular subtypes: luminal, basal-squamous, and neuroendocrine; (2) signatures of the tumor microenvironment differ greatly among bladder cancers, particularly among luminal tumors; (3) luminal bladder cancers are biologically diverse, and much of this diversity results from differences in features unrelated to the tumor microenvironment, such as FGFR3 signaling and RB1 inactivation; (4) molecular subtype of bladder cancer associates with tumor stage and histomorphology; (5) many subtyping systems include idiosyncrasies, such as subtypes recognized by no other system; (6) there are broad fuzzy borders between molecular subtypes, and cases that fall on these fuzzy borders are often classified differently by different subtyping systems; and (7) when there are histomorphologically distinct regions within a single tumor, the molecular subtypes of these regions are often discordant. We reviewed several use cases for molecular subtyping, highlighting their promise as clinical biomarkers. Finally, we conclude that data are currently insufficient to support the routine use of molecular subtyping to guide bladder cancer management, an opinion shared with the majority of conference attendees. We also conclude that molecular subtype should not be considered an "intrinsic" property of a tumor but should instead be considered the result of a specific laboratory test, performed using a specific testing platform and classification algorithm, validated for a specific clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Warrick
- Penn State College of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Hershey, PA
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, New York, NY
| | - David M Berman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Univeristy of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas W Flaig
- Department of Medicine-Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Mattias Höglund
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School; Lifespan Academic Medical Center, and the Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI
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3
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Koll FJ, Döring C, Herwig L, Hoeh B, Wenzel M, Cano Garcia C, Banek S, Kluth L, Köllermann J, Weigert A, Chun FKH, Wild P, Reis H. Impact of consensus molecular subtypes on survival with and without adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer. J Clin Pathol 2023:jcp-2023-208973. [PMID: 37989554 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Adjuvant chemotherapy after radical cystectomy can reduce the risk of recurrence and death in advanced muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC). Molecular subtypes have been shown to be associated with survival. However, their predictive value to guide treatment decisions is controversial and data to use subtypes as guidance for adjuvant chemotherapy is sparse. We aimed to assess survival rates based on MIBC consensus molecular subtypes with and without adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS Gene expression profiles of 143 patients with MIBC undergoing radical cystectomy were determined from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimen to assign consensus molecular subtypes. Expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and immune cell infiltration were determined using multiplex immunofluorescence. Matched-pair analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on overall survival (OS) for molecular subtypes applying Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression survival analyses. RESULTS Samples were luminal papillary: 9.1% (n=13), luminal non-specified: 6.3% (n=9), luminal unstable: 4.9% (n=7), stroma-rich: 27.9% (n=40), basal/squamous (Ba/Sq): 48.9% (n=70) and neuroendocrine-like (NE-like): 2.8% (n=4). Ba/Sq tumours had the highest concentration of PD-L1+ tumour and immune cells. Patients with luminal subtypes had better OS than those with NE-like (HR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, p<0.05) and Ba/Sq (HR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.9, p<0.05). No survival benefit with adjuvant chemotherapy was observed for luminal tumours, whereas Ba/Sq had significantly improved survival rates with adjuvant chemotherapy. Retrospective design and sample size are the main limitations. CONCLUSION Consensus molecular subtypes can be used to stratify patients with MIBC. Luminal tumours have the best prognosis and less benefit when receiving adjuvant chemotherapy compared with Ba/Sq tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florestan J Koll
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leon Herwig
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hoeh
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Mike Wenzel
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Cristina Cano Garcia
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Severine Banek
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Luis Kluth
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Jens Köllermann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Felix K-H Chun
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Peter Wild
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Koll FJ, Döring C, Olah C, Szarvas T, Köllermann J, Hoeh B, Chun FKH, Reis H, Wild PJ. Optimizing identification of consensus molecular subtypes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a comparison of two sequencing methods and gene sets using FFPE specimens. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:504. [PMID: 37270477 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular subtypes predict prognosis in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and are explored as predictive markers. To provide a common base for molecular subtyping and facilitate clinical applications, a consensus classification has been developed. However, methods to determine consensus molecular subtypes require validation, particularly when FFPE specimens are used. Here, we aimed to evaluate two gene expression analysis methods on FFPE samples and to compare reduced gene sets to classify tumors into molecular subtypes. METHODS RNA was isolated from FFPE blocks of 15 MIBC patients. Massive analysis of 3' cDNA ends (MACE) and the HTG transcriptome panel (HTP) were used to retrieve gene expression. We used normalized, log2-transformed data to call consensus and TCGA subtypes with the consensusMIBC package for R using all available genes, a 68-gene panel (ESSEN1), and a 48-gene panel (ESSEN2). RESULTS Fifteen MACE-samples and 14 HTP-samples were available for molecular subtyping. The 14 samples were classified as Ba/Sq in 7 (50%), LumP in 2 (14.3%), LumU in 1 (7.1%), LumNS in 1 (7.1%), stroma-rich in 2 (14.3%) and NE-like in 1 (7.1%) case based on MACE- or HTP-derived transcriptome data. Consensus subtypes were concordant in 71% (10/14) of cases when comparing MACE with HTP data. Four cases with aberrant subtypes had a stroma-rich molecular subtype with either method. The overlap of the molecular consensus subtypes with the reduced ESSEN1 and ESSEN2 panels were 86% and 100%, respectively, with HTP data and 86% with MACE data. CONCLUSION Determination of consensus molecular subtypes of MIBC from FFPE samples is feasible using various RNA sequencing methods. Inconsistent classification mainly involves the stroma-rich molecular subtype, which may be the consequence of sample heterogeneity with (stroma)-cell sampling bias and highlights the limitations of bulk RNA-based subclassification. Classification is still reliable when analysis is reduced to selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florestan J Koll
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), University Hospital, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
- University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Csilla Olah
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jens Köllermann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hoeh
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Felix K-H Chun
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Peter J Wild
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), University Hospital, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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Wang S, Yuan X, Shen Z, Zhao J, Zheng B, Zhang J, Ge C. Therapeutic responses to chemotherapy or immunotherapy by molecular subtype in bladder cancer patients: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Investig Clin Urol 2023; 64:229-241. [PMID: 37341003 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20230015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To systematically evaluate the differences in therapeutic response to chemotherapy or immunotherapy between different molecular subtypes of bladder cancer (BC). A comprehensive literature search was performed up to December 2021. Consensus clusters 1 (CC1), CC2 and CC3 molecular subtypes were used to perform meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the therapeutic response by fix-effect modeling. Eight studies involving 1,463 patients were included. For immunotherapy, CC3 showed the highest response rate (CC1 vs. CC3: OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.34-0.78, p=0.002; CC2 vs. CC3: OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.28-0.62, p<0.001), which was mainly reflected in the highest response rate to atezolizumab (CC1 vs. CC3: OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.29-0.75, p=0.002; CC2 vs. CC3: OR=0.38, 95% CI=0.24-0.59, p<0.001). For chemotherapy, CC3 had the lowest response rate to the overall chemotherapy (CC1 vs. CC3: OR=2.05, 95% CI=1.23-3.41, p=0.006; CC2 vs. CC3: OR=2.48, 95% CI=1.50-4.10, p<0.001). Compared with CC2, CC3 responded poorly to both neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) (OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.09-3.41, p=0.020) and chemoradiation therapy (CRT) (OR=6.07, 95% CI=1.87-19.71, p<0.001). Compared with CC1, CC3 only showed a poorer response to CRT (OR=4.53, 95% CI=1.26-16.27, p=0.020), and no difference in NAC. Our study suggested that molecular classifications are important predictors of cancer treatment outcomes of BC patients and could identify subgroup patients who are most likely to benefit from specific cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunde Wang
- Department of Urology, The ChenJiaqiao Hospital of ShaPingba District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yuan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongjie Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaming Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baishu Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junyong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengguo Ge
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Höglund M, Bernardo C, Sjödahl G, Eriksson P, Axelson H, Liedberg F. The Lund taxonomy for bladder cancer classification - from gene expression clustering to cancer cell molecular phenotypes, and back again. J Pathol 2023; 259:369-375. [PMID: 36700594 DOI: 10.1002/path.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of bladder cancer patients depends on precise diagnosis. Molecular subtyping by gene expression profiling may contribute substantially to subclassification of bladder cancer. Several classification systems have been proposed. Most of these base their classification on whole biopsy features, and molecular subtypes are therefore often defined by a combination of features from the cancer cells as well as infiltrating noncancer cells. This makes the link to what is seen at the cancer cell level unclear. The aim of the Lund taxonomy (LundTax) has been to align gene expression-level classification with immunohistochemical classification to identify cancer cell phenotypes independent of infiltration and proliferation. A systematic approach was used in which gene expression clusters were validated and adjusted by immunohistochemistry using markers expressed only by the cancer cells. This review provides a rationale for defining molecular subtypes and a step-by-step description of the development of the LundTax with motivations for each modification and extension. As the cancer cell phenotype defined by gene expression profiling corresponds with the immunohistochemistry of cancer cells, the LundTax represents a harmonization of the gene expression and immunohistochemical levels. Furthermore, the classification system is independent of pathological stage and is, thus, applicable to all urothelial carcinomas. A unified classification system relevant for both the molecular biologist and pathologist will facilitate systematization of current treatment practices, as well as the development of new treatments. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Höglund
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carina Bernardo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Urology-Urothelial Cancer, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pontus Eriksson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Axelson
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Liedberg
- Urology-Urothelial Cancer, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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7
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Pérez-Montiel D, Olivares-Mundo A, Jiménez-Ríos MA, Morera CS, Scavuzzo A, Orozco-Mora A, Prada D, Cantú-de León D. Influence of luminal and basal subtype in prognosis of high-grade non muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 63:152081. [PMID: 36680930 PMCID: PMC11210443 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the classification of high-grade urothelial carcinoma non-muscle invasive (HGBCNMI) based on molecular subtypes might be a valuable strategy to identify patients with a worse clinical prognosis. OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of the luminal and basal molecular subtype determined by immunistochemical on prognosis in patients with HGBC in Mexican population. METHODS Phenotypes were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of luminal (GATA3, FOXA1) and basal (CK5/6, CK14) markers in paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 45 patients with a diagnosis of HGBCNMI treated at Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-México (INCan) between 2009 and 2019. The association with prognosis was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable-adjusted Cox models. RESULTS HGBCNMI patients showed mean age of 58.77 years (SD: ±12.08 years). We identified expression of the luminal molecular subtype in 35 cases (77.78 %), and 10 cases (22.22 %) with "combined" expression of the molecular subtype (basal and luminal expression). The combined phenotype was statistically more frequent in metastatic cases (p-value = 0.028). In Kaplan-Meier curves, combined expression of luminal and basal molecular markers was associated with disease progression (p-value = 0.002, log-rank test). Cox regression models confirmed this association, which was not influenced by age (p-value = 0.007) or gender (p-value = 0.007). No association of phenotypes with overall survival (p-value = 0.860) or relapse (p-value = 0.5) was observed. CONCLUSION The combined expression of immunohistochemical markers of the luminal and basal subtype might be considered as predictor for disease progression in patients with HGBCNMI in Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Pérez-Montiel
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico
| | - Anny Olivares-Mundo
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Jiménez-Ríos
- Departamento de Urología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico
| | - Carolina Silva Morera
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico
| | - Anna Scavuzzo
- Departamento de Urología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico
| | - Alicia Orozco-Mora
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico
| | - Diddier Prada
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA.
| | - David Cantú-de León
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14050, Mexico.
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8
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Taylor AS, Acosta AM, Al-Ahmadie HA, Mehra R. Precursors of urinary bladder cancer: molecular alterations and biomarkers. Hum Pathol 2023; 133:5-21. [PMID: 35716731 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical surveillance and follow-up of patients diagnosed with or at risk for urinary bladder cancers represent long-term, invasive, and costly processes for which supplemental biomarker information could help provide objective, personalized risk assessment. In particular, there are several precursors and possible precursors to urinary bladder cancer for which clinical behavior is heterogenous and interobserver variability in histopathologic diagnosis make it difficult to standardize management. This review seeks to highlight these precursor lesions from a diagnostic perspective (including flat urothelial lesions, papillary urothelial lesions, squamous lesions, and glandular lesions) and qualify known multiomic biomarkers that may help explain their behavior, predict patient risk, and acknowledge the nuance inherent to the question of whether these lesions are "benign" or "preneoplastic."
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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Mau B, Johnson B, Hansel DE, McConkey DJ. The Many Faces of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Histopathological and Molecular Characterization. Semin Radiat Oncol 2023; 33:1-11. [PMID: 36517188 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mau
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Burles Johnson
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Present address: Division Head, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
| | - David J McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD.
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10
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Goutas D, Palamaris K, Stofas A, Politakis N, Despotidi A, Giannopoulou I, Goutas N, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Kavantzas N, Lazaris AC, Gakiopoulou H. Immunohistochemical Study of Bladder Cancer Molecular Subtypes and Their Association with PD-L1 Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010188. [PMID: 36612181 PMCID: PMC9818420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant heterogeneity in clinical outcomes among patients with bladder cancer has highlighted the existence of different biological subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Meanwhile, immune checkpoint proteins and their interference with tumor-related immune-evasive strategies has led to the development of several immunotherapeutic drugs targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). However, the lack of any known biomarker that could predict responses to immunotherapy has led to a more agnostic therapeutic approach. Here, we present a study conducted in 77 bladder cancer (BC) patients (n = 77), ranging from stages pTa to pT2. Tumor specimens were resected via transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and consistuted of 24 low-grade (LG) and 53 high-grade (HG) tumors. Patients' tumors were then categorized into molecular subtypes, via immunohistochemistry (CK5/6 and GATA3). Furthermore, all tumor specimens were stained with anti-PD-L1 and demonstrated significant correlations with basal immunophenotype, stage pT2 and HG tumors. As such, we attempted to stratify patients into groups of likely-responders and likely-not-responders to immunotherapy with anti-PD-L1, based on their molecular phenotype. Finally, in acknowledging the fact that there is a universal lack of biomarkers associated with predicting BC response to immunotherapeutic drugs, we tested all tumors for deficiency of mismatch repair proteins (MMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Goutas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Kostas Palamaris
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Stofas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Nektarios Politakis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Despotidi
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giannopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Goutas
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachodimitropoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C. Lazaris
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Hariklia Gakiopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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11
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Computational Analysis Identifies Novel Biomarkers for High-Risk Bladder Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137057. [PMID: 35806060 PMCID: PMC9266725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the case of bladder cancer, carcinoma in situ (CIS) is known to have poor diagnosis. However, there are not enough studies that examine the biomarkers relevant to CIS development. Omics experiments generate data with tens of thousands of descriptive variables, e.g., gene expression levels. Often, many of these descriptive variables are identified as somehow relevant, resulting in hundreds or thousands of relevant variables for building models or for further data analysis. We analyze one such dataset describing patients with bladder cancer, mostly non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC), and propose a novel approach to feature selection. This approach returns high-quality features for prediction and yet allows interpretability as well as a certain level of insight into the analyzed data. As a result, we obtain a small set of seven of the most-useful biomarkers for diagnostics. They can also be used to build tests that avoid the costly and time-consuming existing methods. We summarize the current biological knowledge of the chosen biomarkers and contrast it with our findings.
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12
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Hardy CSC, Ghaedi H, Slotman A, Sjödahl G, Gooding RJ, Berman DM, Jackson CL. Immunohistochemical Assays for Bladder Cancer Molecular Subtyping: Optimizing Parsimony and Performance of Lund Taxonomy Classifiers. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:357-375. [PMID: 35437049 PMCID: PMC9058369 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221095530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling classify bladder cancers into luminal and basal molecular subtypes, with controversial prognostic and predictive associations. The complexity of published subtyping algorithms is a major impediment to understanding their biology and validating or refuting their clinical use. Here, we optimize and validate compact algorithms based on the Lund taxonomy, which separates luminal subtypes into urothelial-like (Uro) and genomically unstable (GU). We characterized immunohistochemical expression data from two muscle-invasive bladder cancer cohorts (n=193, n=76) and developed efficient decision tree subtyping models using 4-fold cross-validation. We demonstrated that a published algorithm using routine assays (GATA3, KRT5, p16) classified basal/luminal subtypes and basal/Uro/GU subtypes with 86%–95% and 67%–86% accuracies, respectively. KRT14 and RB1 are less frequently used in pathology practice but achieved the simplest, most accurate models for basal/luminal and basal/Uro/GU discrimination, with 93%–96% and 85%–86% accuracies, respectively. More complex models with up to eight antibodies performed no better than simpler two- or three-antibody models. We conclude that simple immunohistochemistry classifiers can accurately identify luminal (Uro, GU) and basal subtypes and are appealing options for clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline S C Hardy
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
| | - Ava Slotman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; and Division of Urologic Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert J Gooding
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute
| | - David M Berman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
| | - Chelsea L Jackson
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
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13
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Molecular Subtypes as a Basis for Stratified Use of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer—A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071692. [PMID: 35406463 PMCID: PMC8996989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although it is one disease, cancer of the urinary bladder occurs in several molecular subtypes that can be identified by laboratory tests. Tumors of advanced stages are treated with surgical removal of the urinary bladder with or without addition of chemotherapy. About 50% of patients are cured by surgery and this proportion is increased slightly by the addition of chemotherapy. Still, many patients do not benefit from chemotherapy, which also comes with significant toxicity. Recent advances in the field suggest that molecular subtypes can help identify patient categories that do or do not benefit from adding chemotherapy to surgery. In this article, we review the literature and conclude that molecular subtypes are likely to have such a role in the future but that there are differences between studies that make them challenging to compare. The current evidence is insufficient to guide clinical practice. Abstract There are no established biomarkers to guide patient selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Recent studies suggest that molecular subtype classification holds promise for predicting chemotherapy response and/or survival benefit in this setting. Here, we summarize and discuss the scientific literature examining transcriptomic or panel-based molecular subtyping applied to neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated patient cohorts. We find that there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the basal subtype of muscle-invasive bladder cancer responds well to chemotherapy, since only a minority of studies support this conclusion. More evidence indicates that luminal-like subtypes may have the most improved outcomes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. There are also conflicting data concerning the association between biopsy stromal content and response. Subtypes indicative of high stromal infiltration responded well in some studies and poorly in others. Uncertainties when interpreting the current literature include a lack of reporting both response and survival outcomes and the inherent risk of bias in retrospective study designs. Taken together, available studies suggest a role for molecular subtyping in stratifying patients for receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The precise classification system that best captures such a predictive effect, and the exact subtypes for which other treatment options are more beneficial remains to be established, preferably in prospective studies.
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14
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Lu J, Zhao M, Wu C, Chu C, Zhang CZ, Cao Y. Comparison of RNAscope and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of the UPK2 status in urothelial carcinoma tissues. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:10. [PMID: 35027056 PMCID: PMC8759216 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UPK2 exhibits excellent specificity for urothelial carcinoma (UC). UPK2 evaluation can be useful in making the correct diagnosis of UC. However, UPK2 detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has relatively low sensitivity. This paper aimed to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of RNAscope and IHC for evaluation of the UPK2 status in UC. METHODS Tissue blocks from 127 conventional bladder UCs, 45 variant bladder UCs, 24 upper tract UCs and 23 metastatic UCs were selected for this study. IHC and RNAscope were used to detect the UPK2 status in UCs. Then, comparisons of the two methods were undertaken. RESULTS There was no significant difference between RNAscope and IHC for the evaluation of the UPK2 positivity rate in UC (68.0% vs. 62.6%, P = 0.141). Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation for detection of UPK2: RNAscope vs. IHC (P < 0.001, R = 0.441). Our results showed a trend toward a higher positive UPK2 rate detected by RNAscope (53.3%) than by IHC (35.6%) in variant bladder UCs. Disappointingly, the P value did not indicate a significant difference (P = 0.057). CONCLUSIONS RNAscope for UPK2 appeared to perform similarly to IHC, with a marginally higher positive rate, suggesting it could be used as an alternative or adjunct to UPK2 IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hosipital Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chenyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chengbiao Chu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chris Zhiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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15
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Mazza C, Gaydou V, Eymard JC, Birembaut P, Untereiner V, Côté JF, Brocheriou I, Coeffic D, Villena P, Larré S, Vuiblet V, Piot O. Identification of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer by Fourier-Transform Infrared Micro-Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010021. [PMID: 35008184 PMCID: PMC8750189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Assessing the tumor response to chemotherapy is a paramount predictive step to improve patient care. Infrared spectroscopy probes the chemical composition of samples, and in combination with statistical multivariate processing, presents the capacity to highlight subtle molecular alterations associated with malignancy characteristics. Microscopic infrared imaging of tissue samples reveals spectral heterogeneity within histological structures, providing a new approach to characterize tumoral heterogeneity. We have taken advantage of the analytical capabilities of mid-infrared spectral imaging to implement a classification model to predict the response of a tumor to chemotherapy. Our development was demonstrated in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) by comparing samples from responders and non-responders to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Abstract Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) improves survival in responder patients. However, for non-responders, the treatment represents an ineffective exposure to chemotherapy and its potential adverse events. Predicting the response to treatment is a major issue in the therapeutic management of patients, particularly for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Methods: Tissue samples of trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor collected at the diagnosis time, were analyzed by mid-infrared imaging. A sequence of spectral data processing was implemented for automatic recognition of informative pixels and scoring each pixel according to a continuous scale (from 0 to 10) associated with the response to NAC. The ground truth status of the responder or non-responder was based on histopathological examination of the samples. Results: Although the TMA spots of tumors appeared histologically homogeneous, the infrared approach highlighted spectral heterogeneity. Both the quantification of this heterogeneity and the scoring of the NAC response at the pixel level were used to construct sensitivity and specificity maps from which decision criteria can be extracted to classify cancerous samples. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept appears as the first to evaluate the potential of the mid-infrared approach for the prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in MIBC tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Mazza
- Jean Godinot Institute, 51100 Reims, France; (C.M.); (J.-C.E.)
| | - Vincent Gaydou
- BioSpecT (Translational BioSpectroscopy) EA 7506, SFR Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; (V.G.); (S.L.)
| | | | - Philippe Birembaut
- Department of Biopathology, University Hospital of Reims, 51100 Reims, France;
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- Cellular and Tissular Imaging Platform (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Department of Biopathology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, 51100 Paris, France; (J.-F.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Isabelle Brocheriou
- Department of Biopathology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, 51100 Paris, France; (J.-F.C.); (I.B.)
| | - David Coeffic
- Polyclinique Courlancy, 51100 Reims, France; (D.C.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Stéphane Larré
- BioSpecT (Translational BioSpectroscopy) EA 7506, SFR Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; (V.G.); (S.L.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Reims, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Vincent Vuiblet
- BioSpecT (Translational BioSpectroscopy) EA 7506, SFR Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; (V.G.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biopathology, University Hospital of Reims, 51100 Reims, France;
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (O.P.)
| | - Olivier Piot
- BioSpecT (Translational BioSpectroscopy) EA 7506, SFR Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; (V.G.); (S.L.)
- Cellular and Tissular Imaging Platform (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (O.P.)
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16
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Meijer RP. Urothelial cancer organoids: a tool for bladder cancer research. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:165-169. [PMID: 34623463 PMCID: PMC8695536 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer ranks among the top ten most common tumor types worldwide and represents a growing healthcare problem, accounting for a large part of total healthcare costs. Chemotherapy is effective in a subset of patients, while causing severe side effects. Tumor pathogenesis and drug resistance mechanisms are largely unknown. Precision medicine is failing in bladder cancer, as bladder tumors are genetically and molecularly very heterogeneous. Currently, therapeutic decision-making depends on assessing a single fragment of surgically acquired tumor tissue. Objective New preclinical model systems for bladder cancer are indispensable for developing therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patient and tumor characteristics. Organoids are small 3D tissue cultures that simulate small-size organs “in a dish” and tumoroids are a special type of cancer organoid (i.e., malignant tissue). Materials and methods Since 2016, we have collaborated with the renowned Hubrecht Institute to provide proof of concept of tissue-based bladder tumoroids mimicking parental tumors. We have developed a living biobank containing bladder organoids and tumoroids grown from over 50 patient samples, which reflect crucial aspects of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Results Histological and immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the heterogeneity and subclassification of tumoroids mimicked those of corresponding parental tumor samples. Thus, urothelial tumoroids mimic crucial aspects of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Conclusion Research with urothelial tumoroids will open up new avenues for bladder cancer pathogenesis and drug-resistance research as well as for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Meijer
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Reed ER, Monti S. Multi-resolution characterization of molecular taxonomies in bulk and single-cell transcriptomics data. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e98. [PMID: 34226941 PMCID: PMC8464061 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As high-throughput genomics assays become more efficient and cost effective, their utilization has become standard in large-scale biomedical projects. These studies are often explorative, in that relationships between samples are not explicitly defined a priori, but rather emerge from data-driven discovery and annotation of molecular subtypes, thereby informing hypotheses and independent evaluation. Here, we present K2Taxonomer, a novel unsupervised recursive partitioning algorithm and associated R package that utilize ensemble learning to identify robust subgroups in a 'taxonomy-like' structure. K2Taxonomer was devised to accommodate different data paradigms, and is suitable for the analysis of both bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, and other '-omics', data. For each of these data types, we demonstrate the power of K2Taxonomer to discover known relationships in both simulated and human tissue data. We conclude with a practical application on breast cancer tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) single-cell profiles, in which we identified co-expression of translational machinery genes as a dominant transcriptional program shared by T cells subtypes, associated with better prognosis in breast cancer tissue bulk expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Reed
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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18
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Olah C, Hahnen C, Nagy N, Musial J, Varadi M, Nyiro G, Gyorffy B, Hadaschik B, Rawitzer J, Ting S, Sjödahl G, Hoffmann MJ, Reis H, Szarvas T. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction based method for molecular subtype classification of urinary bladder cancer-Stromal gene expressions show higher prognostic values than intrinsic tumor genes. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:856-867. [PMID: 34536301 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome-based molecular subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) have been shown to be both prognostic and predictive, but are not used in routine clinical practice. We aimed to develop a feasible, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based method for molecular subtyping. First, we defined a 68-gene set covering tumor intrinsic (luminal, basal, squamous, neuronal, epithelial-to-mesenchymal, in situ carcinoma) and stromal (immune, extracellular matrix, p53-like) signatures. Then, classifier methods with this 68-gene panel were developed in silico and validated on public data sets with available subtype class information (MD Anderson [MDA], The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA], Lund, Consensus). Finally, expression of the selected 68 genes was determined in 104 frozen tissue samples of our MIBC cohort by RT-qPCR using the TaqMan Array Card platform and samples were classified by our newly developed classifiers. The prognostic value of each subtype classification system and molecular signature scores were assessed. We found that the reduced marker set combined with the developed classifiers were able to reproduce the TCGA II, MDA, Lund and Consensus subtype classification systems with an overlap of 79%, 76%, 69% and 64%, respectively. Importantly, we could successfully classify 96% (100/104) of our MIBC samples by using RT-qPCR. Neuronal and luminal subtypes and low stromal gene expressions were associated with poor survival. In conclusion, we developed a robust and feasible method for the molecular subtyping according to the TCGA II, MDA, Lund and Consensus classifications. Our results suggest that stromal signatures have a superior prognostic value compared to tumor intrinsic signatures and therefore underline the importance of tumor-stroma interaction during the progression of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Olah
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Hahnen
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nikolett Nagy
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joanna Musial
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melinda Varadi
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Nyiro
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gyorffy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Josefine Rawitzer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Saskia Ting
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michéle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Muilwijk T, Akand M, Van der Aa F, De Coninck V, Claessens M, Hente R, Eckstein M, Allory Y, Libbrecht L, Joniau S, Gevaert T. Cytokeratin 5 and cytokeratin 20 inversely correlate with tumour grading in Ta non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7890-7900. [PMID: 34184816 PMCID: PMC8358875 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokeratin 5 is a marker of basal molecular subtypes of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which correlates with worse overall survival compared to luminal subtypes. Our observations have not confirmed CK5 as a marker of high‐grade (HG) disease in Ta non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Therefore, to understand the basal‐luminal immunohistochemistry profile in Ta NMIBC, we performed immunohistochemistry for CK5, P40, P63 (basal), GATA3 and CK20 (luminal) and studied the correlation with HG and clinical outcome in 109 patients with Ta NMIBC. HG and low‐grade (LG) diseases were scored in each patient. Four different CK5 patterns were evaluated: absent (median 41.3%), normal (72.5%), rising (84.4%) and full thickness (23.9%). The median percentage of GATA3 was 100%. HG disease and CK5 expression and rising CK5 pattern had a significant inverse correlation, whereas HG disease and CK20 expression had a significant positive correlation. We also found a significant inverse correlation between CK5 expression and CK20 expression. Quantitative PCR confirmed that the presence of CK5 correlated with up‐regulation of CK5 RNA. None of the markers could differentiate patients with regard to clinical outcome. Our results suggest a role for CK5 and CK20 in differentiating between LG and HG disease in Ta NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Muilwijk
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Murat Akand
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Van der Aa
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Robert Hente
- Department of Urology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yves Allory
- Department of Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Louis Libbrecht
- Department of Pathology, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
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20
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Zhang C, Berndt-Paetz M, Neuhaus J. A Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis of Notch Pathways in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123089. [PMID: 34205690 PMCID: PMC8235546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Notch pathway is important in embryology and numerous tumor diseases. However, its role in bladder cancer (BCa) has not been deeply investigated thus far. Gene expression data are available for BCa, and bioinformatics analysis can provide insights into a possible role of the Notch pathway in BCa development and prognosis. Using this information can help in better understanding the origin of BCa, finding novel biomarkers for prediction of disease progression, and potentially opening new avenues to improved treatment. Our analysis identified the Notch receptors NOTCH2/3 and their ligand DLL4 as potential drivers of BCa by direct interaction with basic cell functions and indirect by modulating the immune response. Abstract Background: A hallmark of Notch signaling is its variable role in tumor biology, ranging from tumor-suppressive to oncogenic effects. Until now, the mechanisms and functions of Notch pathways in bladder cancer (BCa) are still unclear. Methods: We used publicly available data from the GTEx and TCGA-BLCA databases to explore the role of the canonical Notch pathways in BCa on the basis of the RNA expression levels of Notch receptors, ligands, and downstream genes. For statistical analyses of cancer and non-cancerous samples, we used R software packages and public databases/webservers. Results: We found differential expression between control and BCa samples for all Notch receptors (NOTCH1, 2, 3, 4), the delta-like Notch ligands (DLL1, 3, 4), and the typical downstream gene hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1). NOTCH2/3 and DLL4 can significantly differentiate non-cancerous samples from cancers and were broadly altered in subgroups. High expression levels of NOTCH2/3 receptors correlated with worse overall survival (OS) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS). However, at long-term (>8 years) follow-up, NOTCH2 expression was associated with a better OS and DFS. Furthermore, the cases with the high levels of DLL4 were associated with worse OS but improved DFS. Pathway network analysis revealed that NOTCH2/3 in particular correlated with cell cycle, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), numbers of lymphocyte subtypes, and modulation of the immune system. Conclusions: NOTCH2/3 and DLL4 are potential drivers of Notch signaling in BCa, indicating that Notch and associated pathways play an essential role in the progression and prognosis of BCa through directly modulating immune cells or through interaction with cell cycle and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (C.Z.); (M.B.-P.)
- Department of Urology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mandy Berndt-Paetz
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (C.Z.); (M.B.-P.)
| | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (C.Z.); (M.B.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-971-7688
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21
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Goutas D, Tzortzis A, Gakiopoulou H, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Giannopoulou I, Lazaris AC. Contemporary Molecular Classification of Urinary Bladder Cancer. In Vivo 2021; 35:75-80. [PMID: 33402452 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The significant heterogeneity in the clinical outcome among patients with bladder cancer has highlighted the existence of different biological subtypes of muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Transcriptional profiling studies revealed that primary bladder cancers can be grouped into 'intrinsic' basal and luminal molecular subtypes. Luminal tumors have a papillary configuration and express markers of urothelial differentiation (uroplakins, cytokeratin 20) fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGFR3), E-cadherin and early cell-cycle genes. On the contrary, basal tumors express markers of the basal layer of the urothelium (cluster of differentiation 44, cytokeratin 5/6 and cytokeratin 14); some show squamous differentiation. Patients with basal tumors respond better to immune checkpoint inhibitors and have a worse prognosis than those with luminal tumors, who respond better to FGFR3 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Patients with squamous differentiation tumors show better response to agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor. The aim of this review was to highlight the chronological order of research performed in the field of the molecular classification of bladder cancer, with particular emphasis on prototypical research projects and recent advances. If prospective studies confirm the association of bladder cancer molecular subtypes with different responses and prognoses to targeted therapies, molecular subtyping will be incorporated into bladder cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Goutas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece;
| | - Andrianos Tzortzis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harikleia Gakiopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Giannopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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22
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Meeks JJ, Sjödahl G, Lerner SP, Das A, McConkey DJ, Black PC. Tumor Subtyping: Making Sense of Heterogeneity with a Goal Toward Treatment. Bladder Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/blc-200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bladder cancers have high total mutation burdens resulting in genomic diversity and intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity that may impact the diversity of gene expression, biologic aggressiveness, and potentially response to therapy. To compare bladder cancers among patients, an organizational structure is necessary that describes the tumor at the histologic and molecular level. These “molecular subtypes”, or “expression subtypes” of bladder cancer were originally described in 2010 and continue to evolve secondary to next generation sequencing (NGS) and an increasing public repository of well-annotated cohorts. OBJECTIVE: To review the history and methodology of expression-based subtyping of non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). METHODS: A literature review was performed of primary papers from PubMed that described subtyping methods and their descriptive feature including search terms of “subtype”, and “bladder cancer”. RESULTS: 21 papers were identified for review. Tumor subtyping developed from N = 2 to N = 6 subtyping schemes with most subtypes comprised of at least luminal and basal tumors. Most NMIBCs are luminal cancers and luminal MIBCs may be associated with less aggressive features, while one study of basal tumors identified a better clinical outcome with systemic chemotherapy. Tumors with a P53-like may have intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. The heterogeneity of tumors, which is likely derived from stromal components and immune cell infiltration, affect subtype calls. CONCLUSION: Subtyping, while still evolving, is ready for testing in clinical trials. Improved patient selection with tumor subtyping may help with tumor classification and potentially match patient or tumor to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Meeks
- Department of Urology and Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Jesse Brown VAMC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Seth P. Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arighno Das
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C. Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Johnson SM, Khararjian A, Legesse TB, Khani F, Robinson BD, Epstein JI, Wobker SE. Nested Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma Is a Luminal Bladder Tumor With Distinct Coexpression of the Basal Marker Cytokeratin 5/6. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:588-596. [PMID: 33118597 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nested variant of urothelial carcinoma (NVUC) is a rare bladder tumor that may possess a luminal molecular phenotype. We sought to determine whether a small immunohistochemical (IHC) panel using common surrogates for molecular phenotypes would reliably classify a cohort of pure NVUC cases. METHODS IHC staining with a panel composed of markers for basal subtypes (CK5/6, CK14) and luminal subtypes (FOXA1, GATA3) was performed on pure small NVUC cases (n = 23) and 5 large NVUC cases (n = 5). Scoring of IHC stains was performed semiquantitatively. Individual cases were analyzed using previously reported IHC-based surrogates for molecular subtype. RESULTS The phenotype of NVUC was classified as luminal from 60.1% (FOXA1+/CK5/6-) to 100% (GATA3+/CK14-) of cases using composite phenotypes. No cases possessed a basal or squamous cell carcinoma-like phenotype. The majority of small NVUC cases (69.5%) showed subset CK5/6 expression distinctly localized to the basal layers of tumor cell nests. Intratumoral heterogeneity was also noted in CK5/6 (21.7% of small NVUC cases) but no other markers. CONCLUSIONS NVUC appears to express markers of both basal and luminal bladder tumors. Definitive gene expression profiling may be valuable to further characterize this unique histologic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Armen Khararjian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Teklu B Legesse
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Brian D Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sara E Wobker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
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24
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Lv Z, Pang C, Wang J, Xia H, Liu J, Yan Q, Liu S, Liu M, Wang J. Identification of a prognostic signature based on immune-related genes in bladder cancer. Genomics 2021; 113:1203-1218. [PMID: 33711453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BLCA) has a high incidence and recurrence rate, and the effect of immunotherapy varies from person to person. Immune-related genes (IRGs) have been shown to be associated with immunotherapy and prognosis in many other cancers, but their role in immunogenic BLCA is less well defined. In this study, we constructed an eight-IRG risk model, which demonstrated strong prognostic and immunotherapeutic predictive power. The signature was significantly related to tumor clinicopathological characteristics, tumor class, immune cell infiltration and mutation status. Additionally, a nomogram containing the risk score and other potential risk factors could effectively predict the long-term overall survival probability of BLCA patients. The enriched mechanisms identified by gene set enrichment analysis suggested that the reason why this signature can accurately distinguish high- and low-risk populations may be closely related to the different degrees of innate immune response and T cell activation in different patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtong Lv
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
| | - Cheng Pang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Haoran Xia
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Jingchao Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Yan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, PR China
| | - Shengjie Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
| | - Jianye Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
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25
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Cai YX, Yang X, Lin S, Xu YW, Zhu SW, Fan DM, Zhao M, Zhang YB, Yang XX, Li X. Low-Coverage Sequencing of Urine Sediment DNA for Detection of Copy Number Aberrations in Bladder Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1943-1953. [PMID: 33664588 PMCID: PMC7924115 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s295675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) are a hallmark of bladder cancer and a useful target for diagnostic explorations. Here we constructed a low-coverage whole-genome sequencing method for the detection of CNAs in urine sediment DNA from patients with bladder cancer. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective study using urine sediment samples from 65 patients with bladder tumors, including 54 patients with bladder cancer and 11 patients with benign bladder tumors. Forty-three healthy individuals were included as normal controls. DNA was extracted from urine sediments and analyzed by low-coverage whole-genome sequencing to compare differences in CNAs among these three groups. CNAs are defined by arbitrary R values (normal range ± 2). When these values exceed ± 0.2 of normal range, gain/duplication or loss/deletion are suspected. Results With this method, CNAs were detected in 39 of 51 patients with bladder cancer, 2 of 10 patients with benign bladder tumors, and 8 of 39 normal controls. The lengths of DNA deletion and duplication were significantly larger in patients with bladder cancer than in patients with benign tumors or normal controls (P < 0.05). Bladder cancer duplicate CNAs mainly occurred on chromosomes 1q, 5p, 6p, 7p, 8q, and 13q, while deletions mainly occurred on 2q, 8p, 9q, 9p, and 11p. Those regions contained bladder cancer tumor-related genes, such as STK3, COX6C, SPAG1, CDKAL1, C9orf53, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, MIR31, and IFNA1. The number of CNAs detected in urine sediment DNA during the follow-up period was significantly reduced. Conclusion Our sequencing method is highly sensitive and can detect a minimal chromosome repeat/microdeletion change of 0.15 Mb. The use of 0.1~0.3× low-coverage whole-genome sequencing can be used to detect bladder cancer CNAs in urine sediment DNA. This method provides a promising method for noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer, but still needs further verification in a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xi Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510500, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Shenzhen Health Development Research Center, Shenzhen, 518040, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Wen Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Huizhou, 516000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Fan
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medical and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- PANACRO (Hefei) Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Bin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Xi Yang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medical and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510500, People's Republic of China
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26
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Abstract
In 2014, there was a burst of studies on the molecular subtypes of bladder cancer in the published literature that was made possible by the advances in high-throughput technologies. Based on gene expression profiling, the major molecular classification subdivisions were basal and luminal subtypes, which resembled to those observed in breast cancers. These basal and luminal subtypes were further subdivided by TCGA into squamous, infiltrated, luminal-papillary, luminal/genomically unstable (GU), and neuronal/small cell carcinoma (SCC) subtypes. Recently, an international subtypes consensus project further expanded on the TCGA subtypes by defining a consensus molecular classification (CMC). A multidisciplinary team of experts generated CMC to overcome the difficulties of clinical applications due to several published bladder cancer molecular classifications with various nomenclatures and molecular features. It included six molecular subtypes with the addition of one more luminal subtype (luminal nonspecified) compared to the TCGA subtype classification. The initial research efforts have focused on the characterization of each subtype at the molecular and histopathologic levels, but more recent studies have examined their significance in terms of clinical utility, i.e., biomarkers that inform prognostication and/or to predict therapeutic responses to be tested in future clinical trials. This review provides an overview of recent investigations into the relationship between molecular subtypes and the clinical management of patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hoi Yan Fong
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mingxiao Feng
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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27
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Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), a highly heterogeneous disease, shows genomic instability and a high mutation rate. Clinical outcomes are variable and responses to conventional chemotherapy differ among patients (due to inter-patient tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumor heterogeneity) and even within each individual tumor (intra-tumor heterogeneity). Emerging evidence indicates that tumor heterogeneity may play an important role in cancer progression, resistance to therapy, and metastasis. Comprehensive molecular subtyping classifies MIBC into distinct categories that have potential to guide prognosis, patient stratification, and treatment. Genomic characterization of time-series analyses at the single cell level, and of cell-free circulating tumor DNA or circulating tumor cells, are emerging technologies that enable dissection of the complex clonal architecture of MIBC. This review provides insight into the clinical significance of the molecular mechanisms underlying heterogeneity, focusing on inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, with special emphasis on molecular classification and methods used to analyze the complex patterns involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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28
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Bontoux C, Rialland T, Cussenot O, Compérat E. A four-antibody immunohistochemical panel can distinguish clinico-pathological clusters of urothelial carcinoma and reveals high concordance between primary tumor and lymph node metastases. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:637-645. [PMID: 33128085 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC) has a poor prognosis, partly because of chemotherapy resistance. Molecular classifications have shown their interest and can help to offer personalized treatment. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of an immunohistochemical study to divide advanced UC into clinico-pathological-molecular subgroups and evaluate phenotypic correspondence between primary UC and matched lymph node metastases (LMN). An eight-antibody immunohistochemical panel was performed on UC and matched LMN from patients treated with radical cystectomy. One hundred eighty-seven UCs (100 pN0 tumor and 87 pN+ tumor) were tested. Multiple correspondence analysis showed that UC expressing GATA3 also expressed FOXA1 (p = 0.010) and did not stain for CK5/6 (p = 0.031) nor CK14 (p = 0.003). UC expressing CK14 coexpressed CK5/6 (p < 0.0001), had high Ki67 (p = 0.010) and no GATA3 (p = 0.003) nor FOXA1 (p = 0.011) expression. Loss of expression of STAG2 was associated with high Ki67 (p = 0.001). Sixty-seven percent of [CK5/6 CK14]+ [GATA3 FOAXA1]- patients had high Ki67 expression vs 37% of [GATA3 FOXA1]+ [CK5/6 CK14]- patients (p = 0.024). The majority of [CK5/6 CK14]+ [GATA3 FOAXA1]- patients (92%) had advanced disease (pT3-pT4) whilst 86% of pT1-T2 cases were [GATA3 FOXA1]+ [CK5/6 CK14]- (p = 0.041). Differential antigen expression between 63 pN+ primary tumors and their corresponding LNM showed the following concordance percentages: p53 (76%), p63 (75%), CK5/6 (65%), CK14 (89%), GATA3 (75%), FOXA1 (68%), STAG2 (65%), and Ki-67 (71%). These results support the interest of immunohistochemistry for subtype profiling in metastatic UC, using CK5/6, CK14, GATA3, and FOXA1, highlighting also few phenotypical modifications when tumor spreads to lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Bontoux
- Department of Pathology, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Rialland
- Department of Pathology, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Department of Urology, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- GRC5 Predictive Onco-urology, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Eva Compérat
- Department of Pathology, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France.
- GRC5 Predictive Onco-urology, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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29
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Kang HW, Kim WJ, Yun SJ. The therapeutic and prognostic implications of molecular biomarkers in urothelial carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:6609-6623. [PMID: 35117271 PMCID: PMC8798786 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder and upper urinary tract is a heterogeneous disease with distinct biologic features resulting in different clinical behaviors. Bladder cancer (BC) is classified into non-muscle invasive BC (NMIBC) and muscle invasive BC (MIBC). NMIBC is associated with high recurrence rates and risk of progression to invasive disease, whereas MIBC is complicated by systemic recurrence after radical cystectomy because of the limited efficacy of available therapies. UCC of the upper urinary tract (UUT-UCC) is a rare but aggressive urologic cancer characterized by multifocality, local recurrence, and metastasis. Conventional histopathologic evaluation of UCC, including tumor stage and grade, cannot accurately predict the behavior of BC and UUT-UCC. Recent clinical and preclinical studies aimed at understanding the molecular landscape of UCC have provided insight into molecular subtyping, inter- or intratumoral heterogeneity, and potential therapeutic targets. Combined analysis of molecular markers and standard pathological features may improve risk stratification and help monitor tumor progression and treatment response, ultimately improving patient outcomes. This review discusses prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for BC and UUT-UCC, and describes recent advances in molecular stratification that may guide prognosis, patient stratification, and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
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30
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Han L, Gallan AJ, Steinberg GD, Sweis RF, Paner GP. Morphological correlation of urinary bladder cancer molecular subtypes in radical cystectomies. Hum Pathol 2020; 106:54-61. [PMID: 32987034 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular subtypes of bladder cancer were identified with differing clinical behavior and responses to platinum-based chemotherapy. But so far, their urothelial histomorphologic features, besides association with some variant histologies, have remained fully undefined. We sought to characterize the histological features of genomically classified bladder cancers more extensively to tumor in radical cystectomy (RC) specimens. Forty-eight bladder cancers submitted to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were classified using the BASE47 genomic classifier into luminal subtype (LS) (14 cases), basal subtype (BS) (18 cases), and claudin-low subtype (CLS) (16 cases), and TCGA samples and the corresponding RC specimens were histologically assessed. Marked pleomorphism was more extensive in CLS tumors (87.5% had >15% extent) than in LS tumors (21.4%) (p = 0.0006), whereas the extent in BS tumors was in between LS and CLS tumors. Pleomorphism in distant carcinoma in situ appeared to correlate with that in the main tumor. Ki-67 proliferation was higher in CLS tumors (mean = 61%) than in LS tumors (mean = 29%) or BS (mean = 30%) (p < 0.001). Squamous differentiation was more extensive in BS and CLS tumors (38.2% of BS and CLS tumors versus 7.1% of LS tumors had >30% squamous, p = 0.040). Sarcomatoid change was present in BS and CLS tumors only. The micropapillary variant was identified in LS (3/14) and BS (4/18) tumors only. Histologic features associated with aggressiveness (eg, marked pleomorphism, high proliferation, and sarcomatoid change) are enriched in CLS tumors, correlating with its known poorer outcome that may provide hints in their microscopic distinction. Features more associated with BS than with LS tumors (eg, squamous, marked pleomorphism, and sarcomatoid change) are also identified or enhanced in CLS tumors, supporting the genomic findings suggesting CLS tumor as a hyperbasal form of BS tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander J Gallan
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gary D Steinberg
- Department of Urology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy F Sweis
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Gladell P Paner
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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31
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Deb B, Kumar P. Tumor Heterogeneity and Phenotypic Plasticity in Bladder Carcinoma. J Indian Inst Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Epithelial plasticity can generate multi-lineage phenotypes in human and murine bladder cancers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2540. [PMID: 32439865 PMCID: PMC7242345 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is common in cancer, however recent studies have applied single gene expression signatures to classify bladder cancers into distinct subtypes. Such stratification assumes that a predominant transcriptomic signature is sufficient to predict progression kinetics, patient survival and treatment response. We hypothesize that such static classification ignores intra-tumoral heterogeneity and the potential for cellular plasticity occurring during disease development. We have conducted single cell transcriptome analyses of mouse and human model systems of bladder cancer and show that tumor cells with multiple lineage subtypes not only cluster closely together at the transcriptional level but can maintain concomitant gene expression of at least one mRNA subtype. Functional studies reveal that tumor initiation and cellular plasticity can initiate from multiple lineage subtypes. Collectively, these data suggest that lineage plasticity may contribute to innate tumor heterogeneity, which in turn carry clinical implications regarding the classification and treatment of bladder cancer. Recent studies have utilized bulk tumour mRNA sequencing to classify bladder cancers into distinct subgroups. Here, the authors use single cell transcriptomic analysis and cell transplant studies to show that epithelial plasticity can generate basal, luminal and mesenchymal phenotypes in human and murine bladder cancers.
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Jung M, Jang I, Kim K, Moon KC. CK14 Expression Identifies a Basal/Squamous-Like Type of Papillary Non-Muscle-Invasive Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:623. [PMID: 32391279 PMCID: PMC7193093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Object: CK14 expression is an important marker of basal/squamous-like (BASQ)-type muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma, and this molecularly defined subtype has a poor prognosis and a distinct response to chemotherapy. However, CK14 expression and its clinicopathological and molecular significance in papillary non-muscle-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (NMIUTUC) remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the prognostic implications of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CK14 and the transcriptional characteristics associated with CK14 expression in papillary NMIUTUC. Materials and Methods: IHC staining for CK14 was conducted in 204 papillary NMIUTUC specimens. Positive CK14 IHC staining was defined as a positive signal in >0% of tumor cells. RNA sequencing data were analyzed from 8 papillary high-grade NMIUTUC specimens consisting of 4 CK14-positive and 4 CK14-negative tumors. Results: CK14 positivity was associated with a high TNM stage (p < 0.001) and a high World Health Organization grade (p = 0.003). Survival analysis showed that CK14 positivity was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival (p = 0.015; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.990; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.180-7.580) and was marginally associated with poor cancer-specific survival (p = 0.052; HR = 3.77; 95% CI = 0.900-15.780). Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that the CK14-positive tumors were associated with a basal subtype of breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma development, p40, tumor necrosis factor α-nuclear factor-κB, and p53 pathways, and embryonic stem cells; these characteristics are reminiscent of the BASQ subtype. In addition, with a p < 0.05 and |fold change| ≥2 as the cutoffs, we identified 178 differentially expressed genes when comparing CK14-positive and CK14-negative tumors. Functional analysis of these genes revealed several networks and gene ontology terms related to the positive regulation of cellular proliferation in CK14-positive tumors. Consistent with these results, we demonstrated that the mean Ki-67 proliferative index was higher in CK14-positive tumors than it was in CK14-negative tumors (2.3 vs. 0.8%, respectively, p = 0.002). Conclusion: CK14-positive papillary NMIUTUC is an aggressive subtype with BASQ-like molecular characteristics and dynamic proliferative activity. We propose that CK14 IHC staining can be a useful biomarker of BASQ-type papillary NMIUTUC that can be applied in daily practice with the aim of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insoon Jang
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Center, Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Parker HG, Dhawan D, Harris AC, Ramos-Vara JA, Davis BW, Knapp DW, Ostrander EA. RNAseq expression patterns of canine invasive urothelial carcinoma reveal two distinct tumor clusters and shared regions of dysregulation with human bladder tumors. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:251. [PMID: 32209086 PMCID: PMC7092566 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive urothelial carcinoma (iUC) is highly similar between dogs and humans in terms of pathologic presentation, molecular subtypes, response to treatment and age at onset. Thus, the dog is an established and relevant model for testing and development of targeted drugs benefiting both canine and human patients. We sought to identify gene expression patterns associated with two primary types of canine iUC tumors: those that express a common somatic mutation in the BRAF gene, and those that do not. METHODS We performed RNAseq on tumor and normal tissues from pet dogs. Analysis of differential expression and clustering, and positional and individual expression was used to develop gene set enrichment profiles distinguishing iUC tumors with and without BRAFV595E mutations, as well as genomic regions harboring excessive numbers of dysregulated genes. RESULTS We identified two expression clusters that are defined by the presence/absence of a BRAFV595E (BRAFV600E in humans) somatic mutation. BRAFV595E tumors shared significantly more dysregulated genes than BRAF wild-type tumors, and vice versa, with 398 genes differentiating the two clusters. Key genes fall into clades of limited function: tissue development, cell cycle regulation, immune response, and membrane transport. The genomic site with highest number of dysregulated genes overall lies in a locus corresponding to human chromosome 8q24, a region frequently amplified in human urothelial cancers. CONCLUSIONS These data identify critical sets of genes that are differently regulated in association with an activating mutation in the MAPK/ERK pathway in canine iUC tumors. The experiments also highlight the value of the canine system in identifying expression patterns associated with a common, shared cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alex C Harris
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jose A Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Molecular characterization of cancer allows us to understand oncogenesis and clinical prognosis as well as facilitates development of biomarkers and treatment. Our aim was to review the current literature on genomic characterization of bladder cancer, and how far we are in implementing genomics into clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Bladder cancers are molecularly diverse tumors with a high mutational rate. On molecular level, bladder cancer can be categorized into at least six subtypes called luminal-papillary, luminal-unstable, luminal non-specified, basal-squamous, neuroendocrine-like, and stroma-rich. These subtypes have characteristic genomic and transcriptomic profiles and appear to have different prognoses. Several molecular subtypes have been identified in bladder cancer. Prospective trials are underway to validate the applicability of genomic subtypes for clinical decision making. Further integrative analyses of genomic alterations, gene expression, epigenetics, and proteomics need to be performed before genomic subtyping can be attained in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Jalanko
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Urology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joep J de Jong
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roland Seiler
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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36
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Wu Z, Zhu K, Liu Q, Liu Y, Chen L, Cui J, Guo H, Zhou N, Zhu Y, Li Y, Shi B. Profiles of Immune Infiltration in Bladder Cancer and its Clinical Significance: an Integrative Genomic Analysis. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:762-772. [PMID: 32218698 PMCID: PMC7085262 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.42151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are closely related to the prognosis of bladder cancer. Analysis of tumor infiltrating immune cells is usually based on immunohistochemical analysis. Since many immune cell marker proteins are not specific for different immune cells, which may induce misleading or incomplete. CIBERSORT is an algorithm to estimate specific cell types in a mixed cell population using gene expression data. In this study, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to identify the immune cell infiltration signatures. The gene expression profiles, mutation data, and clinical data were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Unsupervised consensus clustering was used to acquire the immune cell infiltration subtypes of bladder cancer based on the fractions of 22 immune cell types. Four immune cell clusters with different immune infiltrate and mutation characteristics were identified. In addition, this stratification has a prognostic relevance, with cluster 2 having the best outcome, cluster 1 the worst. These clusters showed distinct mRNA expression patterns. The characteristic genes in subtype cluster 1 were mainly involved in cell division, those in subtype cluster 2 were mainly related in antigen processing and presentation, those in subtype cluster 3 were mainly involved in epidermal cell differentiation, and those in subtype cluster 4 were mainly related in the humoral immune response. These differences may affect the development of the bladder cancer, the sensitivity to treatment as well as the prognosis. Through further validation, this study may contribute to the development of personalized therapy and precision medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Kejia Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Qinggang Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yaxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Cui
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Hongda Guo
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, P.R. China
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37
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Assem H, Broeke N, Coleman L, Gotto G, Bismar TA. Case - Highly aggressive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder presenting with solitary metastasis to the phalanx. Can Urol Assoc J 2019; 14:E607-E610. [PMID: 32520708 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Assem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lance Coleman
- Department of Urology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB
| | - Geoffrey Gotto
- Prostate Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB.,Department of Urology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB
| | - Tarek A Bismar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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38
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Prognostic stratification of muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas using limited immunohistochemical panel of Gata3 and cytokeratins 5/6, 14 and 20. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 43:151397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bernardo C, Eriksson P, Marzouka N, Liedberg F, Sjödahl G, Höglund M. Molecular pathology of the luminal class of urothelial tumors. J Pathol 2019; 249:308-318. [PMID: 31232464 PMCID: PMC6851980 DOI: 10.1002/path.5318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular subtypes of urothelial carcinoma may be divided into luminal and nonluminal tumors. Nonluminal tumors are composed of cases with basal/squamous-like or small cell/neuroendocrine features, with a consensus on the molecular characteristics of the respective subtype. In contrast, luminal tumors are more disparate with three to five suggested subtypes and with definitions that do not always cohere. To resolve some of these disparities we assembled a cohort of 344 luminal tumors classified as urothelial-like (Uro), with the subtypes UroA, UroAp, UroB, and UroC, or genomically unstable (GU) according to the LundTax system. Cases were systematically analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies for proteins representing important biological processes or cellular states: KRT5, EGFR, and CDH3 for the integrity of a basal cell layer; CCNB1, Ki67, and FOXM1 for proliferation; FGFR3 and ERBB2 for receptor tyrosine kinase status; CCND1, CDKN2A(p16), RB1, and E2F3 for cell cycle regulation; PPARG, GATA3, and TP63 for the differentiation regulatory system; and KRT20 and UPK3 for the differentiation readout. We show that Uro tumors form one, albeit heterogenous, group characterized by FGFR3, CCND1, and RB1 expression, but low or absence of CDKN2A(p16) and ERBB2 expression. The opposite expression pattern is observed in GU cases. Furthermore, Uro tumors are distinguished from GU tumors by showing a high RB1/p16 expression ratio. Class defining characteristics were independent of pathological stage and growth pattern, and thus intrinsic. In Uro tumors, proliferation was limited to a well-defined single layer of basal-like cells in UroA tumors but occurred throughout the tumor parenchyma, independent of the basal layer, in the more progressed UroAp and UroC tumors. A similar change in proliferation topology was not observed in GU. We conclude that luminal urothelial carcinomas consist, at the molecular pathology level, of two major subtypes, the larger heterogenous Uro and the biologically distinct GU subtype. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Bernardo
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Pontus Eriksson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Nour‐al‐dain Marzouka
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Fredrik Liedberg
- Division of Urological Research, Department of Translational MedicineLund University, Skåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Division of Urological Research, Department of Translational MedicineLund University, Skåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Mattias Höglund
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
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40
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Kamoun A, de Reyniès A, Allory Y, Sjödahl G, Robertson AG, Seiler R, Hoadley KA, Groeneveld CS, Al-Ahmadie H, Choi W, Castro MAA, Fontugne J, Eriksson P, Mo Q, Kardos J, Zlotta A, Hartmann A, Dinney CP, Bellmunt J, Powles T, Malats N, Chan KS, Kim WY, McConkey DJ, Black PC, Dyrskjøt L, Höglund M, Lerner SP, Real FX, Radvanyi F. A Consensus Molecular Classification of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2019; 77:420-433. [PMID: 31563503 PMCID: PMC7690647 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a molecularly diverse disease with heterogeneous clinical outcomes. Several molecular classifications have been proposed, but the diversity of their subtype sets impedes their clinical application. Objective: To achieve an international consensus on MIBC molecular subtypes that reconciles the published classification schemes. Design, setting, and participants: We used 1750 MIBC transcriptomic profiles from 16 published datasets and two additional cohorts. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: We performed a network-based analysis of six independent MIBC classification systems to identify a consensus set of molecular classes. Association with survival was assessed using multivariable Cox models. Results and limitations: We report the results of an international effort to reach a consensus on MIBC molecular subtypes. We identified a consensus set of six molecular classes: luminal papillary (24%), luminal nonspecified (8%), luminal unstable (15%), stroma-rich (15%), basal/squamous (35%), and neuroendocrine-like (3%). These consensus classes differ regarding underlying oncogenic mechanisms, infiltration by immune and stromal cells, and histological and clinical characteristics, including outcomes. We provide a single-sample classifier that assigns a consensus class label to a tumor sample’s transcriptome. Limitations of the work are retrospective clinical data collection and a lack of complete information regarding patient treatment. Conclusions: This consensus system offers a robust framework that will enable testing and validation of predictive biomarkers in future prospective clinical trials. Patient summary: Bladder cancers are heterogeneous at the molecular level, and scientists have proposed several classifications into sets of molecular classes. While these classifications may be useful to stratify patients for prognosis or response to treatment, a consensus classification would facilitate the clinical use of molecular classes. Conducted by multidisciplinary expert teams in the field, this study proposes such a consensus and provides a tool for applying the consensus classification in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Kamoun
- Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT) Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT) Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Yves Allory
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Division of Urological Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Gordon Robertson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roland Seiler
- Department of Urology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clarice S Groeneveld
- Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT) Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraná, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mauro A A Castro
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraná, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Fontugne
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pontus Eriksson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jordan Kardos
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandre Zlotta
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Colin P Dinney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute ECMC, Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Keith S Chan
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David J McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mattias Höglund
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Seth P Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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41
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Hutterer GC. Special Issue on Molecular Research Efforts in Urothelial Carcinoma: Summary of Included Topics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153790. [PMID: 31382543 PMCID: PMC6695741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) covers one of the most intriguing and emerging fields in terms of molecular oncology and uro-oncologic research efforts over the recent years, namely urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), as well as urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UTUC). A total of 8 articles published in this Special Issue highlight the current progress in molecular oncology and cancer genetics in UCB, including a wide range of research topics, such as FGFR-inhibitors, sarcopenia in UCB, molecular predictors of response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, exercise cardiac training impacts in the murine UCB model, Obatoclax, tropomyosins as potential biomarkers, immunotherapeutic approaches, as well as a transcriptional analysis of immunohistochemically defined UCB-subgroups. Find a brief summary of the respective articles below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg C Hutterer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria.
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42
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Stroggilos R, Mokou M, Latosinska A, Makridakis M, Lygirou V, Mavrogeorgis E, Drekolias D, Frantzi M, Mullen W, Fragkoulis C, Stasinopoulos K, Papadopoulos G, Stathouros G, Lazaris AC, Makrythanasis P, Ntoumas K, Mischak H, Zoidakis J, Vlahou A. Proteome-based classification of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:281-294. [PMID: 31286493 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA/RNA-based classification of bladder cancer (BC) supports the existence of multiple molecular subtypes, while investigations at the protein level are scarce. Here, we aimed to investigate if Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) can be stratified to biologically meaningful groups based on the proteome. Tissue specimens from 117 patients at primary diagnosis (98 with NMIBC and 19 with MIBC), were processed for high-resolution proteomics analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The proteomics output was subjected to unsupervised consensus clustering, principal component analysis (PCA) and investigation of subtype-specific features, pathways, and gene sets. NMIBC patients were optimally stratified to three NMIBC proteomic subtypes (NPS), differing in size, clinicopathologic and molecular backgrounds: NPS1 (mostly high stage/grade/risk samples) was the smallest in size (17/98) and overexpressed proteins reflective of an immune/inflammatory phenotype, involved in cell proliferation, unfolded protein response and DNA damage response, whereas NPS2 (mixed stage/grade/risk composition) presented with an infiltrated/mesenchymal profile. NPS3 was rich in luminal/differentiation markers, in line with its pathological composition (mostly low stage/grade/risk samples). PCA revealed a close proximity of NPS1 and conversely, remoteness of NPS3 to the proteome of MIBC. Proteins distinguishing these two extreme subtypes were also found to consistently differ at the mRNA levels between high and low-risk subtypes of the UROMOL and LUND cohorts. Collectively, our study identifies three proteomic NMIBC subtypes and following a cross-omics validation in two independent cohorts, shortlists molecular features meriting further investigation for their biomarker or potentially therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Stroggilos
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marika Mokou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Drekolias
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - William Mullen
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Georgios Papadopoulos
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Athens 'Georgios Gennimatas', Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Stathouros
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Athens 'Georgios Gennimatas', Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Ntoumas
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Athens 'Georgios Gennimatas', Athens, Greece
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany.,British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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43
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The Role and Importance of Timely Radical Cystectomy for High-Risk Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 175:193-214. [PMID: 30168123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93339-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer accounts for the majority of incident bladder cancers but is a heterogeneous disease with variation in clinical presentation, course, and outcomes. Risk stratification techniques have attempted to identify those at highest risk of cancer recurrence and progression to help personalize and individualize treatment options. Radical cystectomy during the optimal window of curability could improve cancer outcomes; however, identifying the disease and patient characteristics as well as the correct timing to intervene remains difficult. We review the natural history of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, discuss different risk-stratification techniques and how they can help identify those most likely to benefit from radical treatment, and examine the evidence supporting the benefit of timely cystectomy.
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44
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Deb B, Puttamallesh VN, Gondkar K, Thiery JP, Gowda H, Kumar P. Phosphoproteomic Profiling Identifies Aberrant Activation of Integrin Signaling in Aggressive Non-Type Bladder Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050703. [PMID: 31108958 PMCID: PMC6572125 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder carcinoma is highly heterogeneous and its complex molecular landscape; thus, poses a significant challenge for resolving an effective treatment in metastatic tumors. We computed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) scores of three bladder carcinoma subtypes—luminal, basal, and non-type. The EMT score of the non-type indicated a “mesenchymal-like” phenotype, which correlates with a relatively more aggressive form of carcinoma, typified by an increased migration and invasion. To identify the altered signaling pathways potentially regulating this EMT phenotype in bladder cancer cell lines, we utilized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based phosphoproteomic approach. Bioinformatics analyses were carried out to determine the activated pathways, networks, and functions in bladder carcinoma cell lines. A total of 3125 proteins were identified, with 289 signature proteins noted to be differentially phosphorylated (p ≤ 0.05) in the non-type cell lines. The integrin pathway was significantly enriched and five major proteins (TLN1, CTTN, CRKL, ZYX and BCAR3) regulating cell motility and invasion were hyperphosphorylated. Our study reveals GSK3A/B and CDK1 as promising druggable targets for the non-type molecular subtype, which could improve the treatment outcomes for aggressive bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Deb
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India.
| | - Kirti Gondkar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India.
| | - Jean P Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France.
- CNRS UMR 7057, Matter and Complex Systems, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet Paris, 75205 Paris, France.
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India.
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45
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Hoggarth ZE, Osowski DB, Slusser-Nore A, Shrestha S, Pathak P, Solseng T, Garrett SH, Patel DH, Savage E, Sens DA, Somji S. Enrichment of genes associated with squamous differentiation in cancer initiating cells isolated from urothelial cells transformed by the environmental toxicant arsenite. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 374:41-52. [PMID: 31047981 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental toxicant with long-term exposure associated with the development of urothelial carcinomas. Our lab has developed an in-vitro model of urothelial carcinoma by exposing the immortal, but non-tumorigenic bladder cell line, the UROtsa, to arsenite (As3+). These transformed cells form tumors in immune-compromised mice, which resemble urothelial carcinomas with components of the tumor exhibiting squamous differentiation. The goal of the present study was to determine the differences in global gene expression patterns between the As3+-transformed UROtsa cells and the urospheres (spheroids containing putative cancer initiating cells) isolated from these cell lines and to determine if the genes involved in the development of squamous differentiation were enriched in the urospheres. The results obtained in this study show an enrichment of genes such as KRT1, KRT5, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT14 and KRT16 associated with squamous differentiation, a characteristic feature seen in aggressive basal subtypes of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) in the urospheres isolated from As3+-transformed UROtsa cells. In addition, there is increased expression of several of the small proline-rich proteins (SPRR) in the urospheres and overexpression of these genes occur in UCC's displaying squamous differentiation. In conclusion, the cancer initiating cells present in the urospheres are enriched with genes associated with squamous differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Hoggarth
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Danyelle B Osowski
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Swojani Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Prakash Pathak
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Theoren Solseng
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Divyen H Patel
- Genome Explorations, 1910 Nonconnah Avenue, Suite 120, Memphis, TN 38132, United States.
| | - Evan Savage
- Genome Explorations, 1910 Nonconnah Avenue, Suite 120, Memphis, TN 38132, United States.
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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46
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Raven PA, Lysakowski S, Tan Z, D'Costa NM, Moskalev I, Frees S, Struss W, Matsui Y, Narita S, Buttyan R, Chavez-Munoz C, So AI. Inhibition of GLI2 with antisense-oligonucleotides: A potential therapy for the treatment of bladder cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20634-20647. [PMID: 31012113 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway plays an integral role in the maintenance and progression of bladder cancer (BCa) and SHH inhibition may be an efficacious strategy for BCa treatment. We assessed an in-house human BCa tissue microarray and found that the SHH transcription factors, GLI1 and GLI2, were increased in disease progression. A panel of BCa cell lines show that two invasive lines, UM-UC-3 and 253J-BV, both express these transcription factors but UM-UC-3 produces more SHH ligand and is less responsive in viability to pathway stimulation by recombinant human SHH or smoothened agonist, and less responsive to inhibitors including the smoothened inhibitors cyclopamine and SANT-1. In contrast, 253J-BV was highly responsive to these manipulations. We utilized a GLI1 and GLI2 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to bypass pathway mechanics and target the transcription factors directly. UM-UC-3 decreased in viability due to both ASOs but 253J-BV was only affected by GLI2 ASO. We utilized the murine intravesical orthotopic human BCa (mio-hBC) model for the establishment of noninvasive BCa and treated tumors with GLI2 ASO. Tumor size, growth rate, and GLI2 messenger RNA and protein expression were decreased. These results suggest that GLI2 ASO may be a promising new targeted therapy for BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Raven
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Summer Lysakowski
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ninadh M D'Costa
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Igor Moskalev
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sebastian Frees
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Urology, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Struss
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsui
- Division of Urology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Narita
- Department of Urology and Hemodialysis/Apheresis, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Ralph Buttyan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Claudia Chavez-Munoz
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alan I So
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Personalized medicine portends a future where patients receive therapy based on mutational and gene expression profiles intrinsic to their tumor. Recent advances in molecular subtyping of tumors have pushed us closer to using patient-specific data to guide therapy. The purpose of this review is to understand how these advances may be used to understand tumor development and direct therapeutic regimens clinically. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple reports have identified specific molecular subtypes present in bladder cancer. A variety of classification schemes are currently being suggested based on different groups observations on gene expression, mutational profile, and histological variability. Notably, recent novel findings indicate standard of care with neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy effectively removes the basal subtype specifically, indicating clinical data largely supports the use of molecular subtyping as a way to treat tumors. SUMMARY Although varied classifications are present in the field currently, more work is required to truly define which subtypes are responsive to specific therapies. Current data supports the idea that molecular subtyping will benefit patients; however, these data also argue in favor of combinatorial therapy and molecular profiling throughout treatment.
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48
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Tan TZ, Rouanne M, Tan KT, Huang RYJ, Thiery JP. Molecular Subtypes of Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Results from a Meta-cohort Analysis of 2411 Tumors. Eur Urol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.08.027 [internet]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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49
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Sjödahl G, Jackson CL, Bartlett JM, Siemens DR, Berman DM. Molecular profiling in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: more than the sum of its parts. J Pathol 2019; 247:563-573. [PMID: 30604486 DOI: 10.1002/path.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancers are biologically and clinically heterogeneous. Recent large-scale transcriptomic profiling studies focusing on life-threatening muscle-invasive cases have demonstrated a small number of molecularly distinct clusters that largely explain their heterogeneity. Similar to breast cancer, these clusters reflect intrinsic urothelial cell-type differentiation programs, including those with luminal and basal cell characteristics. Also like breast cancer, each cell-based subtype demonstrates a distinct profile with regard to its prognosis and its expression of therapeutic targets. Indeed, a number of studies suggest subtype-specific differential responses to cytotoxic chemotherapy and to therapies that inhibit a number of targets, including growth factors (EGFR, ERBB2, FGFR) and immune checkpoint (PD1, PDL1) inhibitors. Despite burgeoning evidence for important clinical implications, subtyping has yet to enter into routine clinical practice. Here we review the conceptual basis for intrinsic cell subtyping in muscle-invasive bladder cancer and discuss evidence behind proposed clinical uses for subtyping as a prognostic or predictive test. In deliberating barriers to clinical implementation, we review pitfalls associated with transcriptomic profiling and illustrate a simple immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based subtyping algorithm that may serve as a faster, less expensive alternative. Envisioned as a research tool that can easily be translated into routine pathology workflow, IHC-based profiling has the potential to more rapidly establish the utility (or lack thereof) of cell type profiling in clinical practice. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Division of Urological Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chelsea L Jackson
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Ms Bartlett
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Diagnostic Development Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Robert Siemens
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Berman
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Mouse and human urothelial cancer organoids: A tool for bladder cancer research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4567-4574. [PMID: 30787188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803595116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy that has a relatively poor outcome. Lack of culture models for the bladder epithelium (urothelium) hampers the development of new therapeutics. Here we present a long-term culture system of the normal mouse urothelium and an efficient culture system of human bladder cancer cells. These so-called bladder (cancer) organoids consist of 3D structures of epithelial cells that recapitulate many aspects of the urothelium. Mouse bladder organoids can be cultured efficiently and genetically manipulated with ease, which was exemplified by creating genetic knockouts in the tumor suppressors Trp53 and Stag2. Human bladder cancer organoids can be derived efficiently from both resected tumors and biopsies and cultured and passaged for prolonged periods. We used this feature of human bladder organoids to create a living biobank consisting of bladder cancer organoids derived from 53 patients. Resulting organoids were characterized histologically and functionally. Organoid lines contained both basal and luminal bladder cancer subtypes based on immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. Common bladder cancer mutations like TP53 and FGFR3 were found in organoids in the biobank. Finally, we performed limited drug testing on organoids in the bladder cancer biobank.
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