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Friant S, Ayambem WA, Alobi AO, Ifebueme NM, Otukpa OM, Ogar DA, Alawa CBI, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK, Rothman JM. Eating Bushmeat Improves Food Security in a Biodiversity and Infectious Disease "Hotspot". ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:125-138. [PMID: 32020354 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hunting and consumption of wild animals, colloquially known as "bushmeat," is associated with health trade-offs. Contact with wildlife increases exposure to wildlife-origin zoonotic diseases yet bushmeat is an important nutritional resource in many rural communities. In this study, we test the hypothesis that bushmeat improves food security in communities that hunt and trade bushmeat regularly. We conducted 478 interviews with men and women in six communities near Cross River National Park in Nigeria. We used interview responses to relate prevalence and diversity of bushmeat consumption to household food security status. Animal-based foods were the most commonly obtained items from the forest, and 48 types of wild vertebrate animals were consumed within the past 30 days. Seventy-five percent of households experienced some degree of food insecurity related to food access. Bushmeat consumption was significantly associated with relatively higher household food security status. Rodents were more important predictors of food security than other animal taxa. Despite increased bushmeat consumption in food-secure households, food-insecure households consumed a higher diversity of bushmeat species. Results show that consumption of bushmeat, especially rodents, is uniquely related to improved food security. Reliance on a wider diversity of species in food-insecure households may in turn affect their nutrition, exposures to reservoirs of zoonotic infections, and impact on wildlife conservation. Our results indicate that food security should be addressed in conservation and public health strategies aimed at reducing human-wildlife contact, and that improved wildlife protection, when combined with alternative animal-based foods, would positively affect food security in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 522 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, USA.
| | - Wilfred A Ayambem
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Alobi O Alobi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nzube M Ifebueme
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Oshama M Otukpa
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - David A Ogar
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Clement B I Alawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jerry K Jacka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, USA
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Fa L, Li W, Zhao J, Han Y, Liang M, Ding P, Zhao M. Polarization state of an inhomogenously refracted compressional-wave induced at interface between two anisotropic rocks. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:1. [PMID: 28147597 DOI: 10.1121/1.4973410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the polarization states of an inhomogenously refracted P-wave induced from the interface of two anisotropic rocks. Two realistic physical models have been studied: Model-1 is an interface between anisotropic shale and Taylor sandstone; Model-2 is an interface between anisotropic shale and oil shale. For each model, an analytical expression of the polarization states was derived and its elliptical-polarization trajectory was examined. It is shown that an anomalous incident-angle leads not only to a sudden elliptical-polarization directional variation but also to an abrupt change in size and shape of its elliptical-polarization trajectory. The calculated results and analyses provide a theoretical base for the understandings of an anomalous incident-angle recently reported in the literature [e.g., Fa, Fa, Zhang, Ding, Gong, Li, Li, Tang, and Zhao (2015). Sci. Rep. 5, 12700].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fa
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710121, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenya Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710121, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710121, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglan Han
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710121, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710121, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Ding
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710121, People's Republic of China
| | - Meishan Zhao
- James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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