1
|
Ding F, Hou F, Shan S, Zhao Y, Jin H. Case report and functional verification of a novel mutation in the interferon regulatory transcription factor 6 gene in a family with orofacial clefts. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:2898-2909. [PMID: 39114717 PMCID: PMC11301462 DOI: 10.62347/iaqv2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify the causative genetic variant in a Chinese family with orofacial clefts. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical information of a family with orofacial clefts. Then, we performed an etiological genetic analysis of the family using whole exome sequencing analysis and Sanger sequencing. We created a hybrid code-shifting mutation cell line (293T-462het) and evaluated its impact on cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, as well as E-cadherin and vimentin expression. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant c.1386del (p.A462Pfs*28) in the interferon regulatory transcription factor 6 (IRF6) gene in a family with orofacial clefts. Sanger sequencing further confirmed that this heterozygous variant was the genetic cause of orofacial clefts in this family. The c.1386del variant of IRF6 was classified as likely pathogenic. The heterozygous mutation IRF6 (c.1386del) enhanced cell proliferation and migration while inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin. CONCLUSION This study identified a novel c.1386del mutation in the IRF6 gene and explored how this mutation leads to lip and palate defects. Our results provide a solid theoretical foundation for future genetic detection of these orofacial defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Ding
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Hou
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Z, Cui R, Chi H, Wan T, Ma D, Zhang J, Cai M. A novel IRF6 gene mutation impacting the regulation of TGFβ2-AS1 in the TGFβ pathway: A mechanism in the development of Van der Woude syndrome. Front Genet 2024; 15:1397410. [PMID: 38903762 PMCID: PMC11188484 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1397410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Several mutations in the IRF6 gene have been identified as a causative link to VWS. In this investigation, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing of a three-generation pedigree with an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern affected by VWS identified a unique stop-gain mutation-c.748C>T:p.R250X-in the IRF6 gene that co-segregated exclusively with the disease phenotype. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the IRF6-p.R250X mutation predominantly shifted its localization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. WES and protein interaction analyses were conducted to understand this mutation's role in the pathogenesis of VWS. Using LC-MS/MS, we found that this mutation led to a reduction in the binding of IRF6 to histone modification-associated proteins (NAA10, SNRPN, NAP1L1). Furthermore, RNA-seq results show that the mutation resulted in a downregulation of TGFβ2-AS1 expression. The findings highlight the mutation's influence on TGFβ2-AS1 and its subsequent effects on the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, which are critical in maxillofacial development, particularly the palate. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of VWS's molecular underpinnings and might inform future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhao
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Cui
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoshu Chi
- Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Disease Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Wan
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hong JW, Yu Y, Wang LS, Li Z, Zhang R, Wang Q, Ding Z, Zhang JP, Zhang MR, Xu LC. BMP4 Regulates EMT to be Involved in non-Syndromic Cleft lip With or Without Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:1462-1473. [PMID: 35702016 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the previous study, we identified bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) responsible for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). We aimed to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of BMP4 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through Smad1 signaling pathway to be involved in NSCL/P. METHODS The human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells (KBs) were transfected with plasmids or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to build the models. The migration of the cells was evaluated by transwell assay. Western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expressions of BMP4, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, EMT-related transcription factors snal1 and snal2, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, Smad1, and phosphorylated Smad1. RESULTS In the overexpression group, the migration number of cells was increased significantly. The protein expression of E-cadherin was decreased significantly, while the protein expression level of the N-cadherin was increased significantly. The protein and mRNA expressions of MMP2, MMP9, snal1, and snal2 were significantly higher. The expression level of Smad1 was not significantly changed, while the phosphorylation of Smad1 was significantly increased. In the BMP4-siRNA group, the migrating number cells was significantly decreased. The protein expression of E-cadherin was increased significantly, while the expression of N-cadherin was significantly decreased. The protein and mRNA expressions of MMP2, MMP9, snal1, and snal2 were significantly lower than that of the control group. The expressions of Smad1 and phosphorylation of Smad1 were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS BMP4 enhances cell migration and promotes cell EMT through Smad1 signaling pathway. Abnormal BMP4 mediates migration and EMT through other relevant signaling pathways resulting in NSCL/P. The study provides new insight into the mechanisms of NSCL/P associated with BMP4.n.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Hong
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-Shan Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Peng Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Rong Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Chun Xu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Liu W, Luo X, Zheng Q, Shi B, Liu R, Li C. Mesenchymal β-catenin signaling affects palatogenesis by regulating α-actinin-4 and F-actin. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3493-3502. [PMID: 36251469 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous research have found that mesenchymal β-catenin may be involved in palatal shelf (PS) elevation by regulating F-actin. Here, we further investigated the exact mechanism of β-catenin/F-actin in the PS mesenchyme to regulate palatal reorientation. MATERIALS AND METHODS (1) Firstly, Ctnnb1ex3f (β-catenin) mice were conditionally overexpressed in the palatal mesenchyme by crossing with the Sox9-creERT2 mice (induced by Tamoxifen injections); (2) Subsequently, histology and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize the variations of PS morphology and expression of key molecules associated with developmental process; (3) Finally, experiments in vivo and ex vivo were employed to identify the critical mechanisms in β-catenin silenced and overexpressed models. RESULTS We found that the Sox9CreER; Ctnnb1ex3f mice exhibited failed palatal elevation and visible cleft palate, and overexpression of β-catenin disturbed the F-actin responsible for cytoskeletal remodeling in palatal mesenchymal cells. qRT-PCR results showed mRNA levels of α-actinin4, a gene involved in F-actin cross-linking, were associated with knockdown or overexpression of β-catenin in ex vivo, respectively. Experiments in vivo revealed that mesenchymal specific inactivation or overexpression of β-catenin exhibited decreased or increased α-actinin-4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal β-catenin/F-actin plays an essential role in PS reorientation, which mediate α-actinin-4 to regulate F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park H. Unraveling the Molecular Puzzle: Exploring Gene Networks across Diverse EMT Status of Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12784. [PMID: 37628965 PMCID: PMC10454379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding complex disease mechanisms requires a comprehensive understanding of the gene regulatory networks, as complex diseases are often characterized by the dysregulation and dysfunction of molecular networks, rather than abnormalities in single genes. Specifically, the exploration of cell line-specific gene networks can provide essential clues for precision medicine, as this methodology can uncover molecular interplays specific to particular cell line statuses, such as drug sensitivity, cancer progression, etc. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of computational strategies for cell line-specific gene network analysis: (1) cell line-specific gene regulatory network estimation and analysis of gene networks under varying epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) statuses of cell lines; and (2) an explainable artificial intelligence approach for interpreting the estimated massive multiple EMT-status-specific gene networks. The objective of this review is to help readers grasp the concept of computational network biology, which holds significant implications for precision medicine by offering crucial clues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Park
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Data Science, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 02844, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Babai A, Irving M. Orofacial Clefts: Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1603. [PMID: 37628654 PMCID: PMC10454293 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefting is considered one of the commonest birth defects worldwide. It presents as cleft lip only, isolated cleft palate or cleft lip and palate. The condition has a diverse genetic background influenced by gene-gene and gene-environment interaction, resulting in two main types, syndromic and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. Orofacial clefts lead to significant physiological difficulties that affect feeding, speech and language development and other developmental aspects, which results in an increased social and financial burden on the affected individuals and their families. The management of cleft lip and palate is solely based on following a multidisciplinary team approach. In this narrative review article, we briefly summarize the different genetic causes of orofacial clefts and discuss some of the common syndromes and the approach to the management of orofacial clefts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Babai
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Won HJ, Kim JW, Won HS, Shin JO. Gene Regulatory Networks and Signaling Pathways in Palatogenesis and Cleft Palate: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2023; 12:1954. [PMID: 37566033 PMCID: PMC10416829 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatogenesis is a complex and intricate process involving the formation of the palate through various morphogenetic events highly dependent on the surrounding context. These events comprise outgrowth of palatal shelves from embryonic maxillary prominences, their elevation from a vertical to a horizontal position above the tongue, and their subsequent adhesion and fusion at the midline to separate oral and nasal cavities. Disruptions in any of these processes can result in cleft palate, a common congenital abnormality that significantly affects patient's quality of life, despite surgical intervention. Although many genes involved in palatogenesis have been identified through studies on genetically modified mice and human genetics, the precise roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks that regulate palatogenesis remain elusive. Recent investigations have revealed that palatal shelf growth, patterning, adhesion, and fusion are intricately regulated by numerous transcription factors and signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), transforming growth factor beta (Tgf-β), Wnt signaling, and others. These studies have also identified a significant number of genes that are essential for palate development. Integrated information from these studies offers novel insights into gene regulatory networks and dynamic cellular processes underlying palatal shelf elevation, contact, and fusion, deepening our understanding of palatogenesis, and facilitating the development of more efficacious treatments for cleft palate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Won
- Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Jesaeng-Euise Clinical Anatomy Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou J, Zhang M, Zhang M, Tan M, Ji Y, Shu S, Liang Y. MiRNA-470-5p suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of embryonic palatal shelf epithelial cells by targeting Fgfr1 during palatogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1124-1133. [PMID: 37526347 PMCID: PMC10583750 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231182215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as crucial modulators of gene expression and to play a role in palatogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore the potential role and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs during palatogenesis. RNA-sequencing was performed to compare the RNA expression profiles of mouse embryonic palatal shelf (MEPS) tissue between an all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced group and control group, followed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for validation, demonstrating upregulated expression of miRNA-470-5p and downregulated expression of Fgfr1 in the ATRA-induced group. The specific binding sites of miRNA-470-5p that potentially govern Fgfr1 expression were predicted by miRanda and TargetScan. The relationship between miRNA-470-5p and Fgfr1 was validated in HEK293T cells by luciferase reporter assays, confirming that miR-470-5p acts directly on the Fgfr1 3'-untranslated region. Fgfr1 mRNA and FGFR1 protein levels were markedly downregulated in MEPS epithelial cells over-expressing miRNA-470-5p. Functional experiments in vitro with CCK-8, cell colony formation, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining assays revealed that upregulated miRNA-470-5p expression could inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MEPS epithelial cells by targeting Fgfr1. These findings provide a new molecular mechanism of cleft palate formation, which can inform the development of new treatment and/or prevention targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyan Zhou
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mengxia Tan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yingwen Ji
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Créton M, Wagener F, Massink M, Fennis W, Bloemen M, Schols J, Aarts M, van der Molen AM, van Haaften G, van den Boogaard MJ. Concurrent de novo ZFHX4 variant and 16q24.1 deletion in a patient with orofacial clefting; a potential role of ZFHX4 and USP10. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1083-1088. [PMID: 36595458 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A girl with a unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate, tooth agenesis, and mild dysmorphic features, without a specific underlying syndrome diagnosis, was genotypically characterized and phenotypically described. Cleft gene panel analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, whole genome sequencing (WGS), whole exome sequencing, and quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) analysis were used as diagnostic tests. SNP array revealed a maternal deletion at 16q24.1, encompassing the cleft candidate gene USP10. WES revealed an additional de novo Loss-of-Function variant (p.(Asn838fs)) in the Zinc-Finger-Homeobox-4 (ZFHX4) gene. Q-PCR was performed to explore the effect of the ZFHX4 variant and the deletion in 16q24.1. The mRNA expression of a selection of putative target genes involved in orofacial clefting showed a lowered expression of USP10 (52%), CRISPLD2 (31%), and CRISPLD1 (1%) compared to the control. IRF6 showed no difference in gene expression. This case supports ZFHX4 as a novel cleft gene and suggests USP10 may contribute to the etiology of orofacial clefts in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Créton
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Wagener
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Massink
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Fennis
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Bloemen
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Schols
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Aarts
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aebele Mink van der Molen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nasroen SL, Maskoen AM, Soedjana H, Hilmanto D, Gani BA. The IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism relate to the severity of non-syndromic orofacial cleft of Indonesian patients. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2023; 72:8-15. [PMID: 36847740 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.21.04572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism is known as IRF6 rs642961. It has been associated with a nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (NS OFC). This study aimed to determine the IRF6 rs642961 as a risk factor associated with NS OFC and its phenotypes. METHODS The case-control design used for 264 subjects consists of 158 NS CLP subjects (42 CU CLP, 34 CB CLP, 33 CLO, 49 CPOs) and 106 healthy controls. The DNA is extracted from venous blood. The segment of IRF6 rs642961 amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length of polymorphisms (RFLPs) used the MspI digestion enzyme. The qPCR method to identify the mRNA expression levels of the IRF6 gene rs642961 was analyzed by the Livak method. RESULTS The study results show that in NS CB CLP phenotype as the most severe phenotype of NS OFC, the Odds Ratio (OR) of A mutant allele was 5.094 (CI=1.456-17.820; P=0.011) and the OR of AA homozygous mutant genotype was 13.481 (CI=2.648-68.635; P=0.001). There are different levels of mRNA expression changes from NS OFC and its phenotypes. It is substantial among the 2-ΔΔCt and the group of AA, GA, and GG genotypes (P<0.05); in the NS CPO phenotype, it shows IRF6 mRNA under-expression in GA, AA genotypes while in other phenotypes it shows IRF6 mRNA overexpression. CONCLUSIONS The IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism is strongly associated with the severity of NS OFC, and this polymorphism has a functional role in affecting IRF6 mRNA expression that is variable in each phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Nasroen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi, Bandung, Indonesia -
| | - Ani M Maskoen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hardisiswo Soedjana
- Division of Plastic Surgery Reconstruction and Esthetic, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dany Hilmanto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Basri A Gani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hou Y, Xu Y, Fu D, Ren Z, Tao Y, Zhao H. Quantitative proteomic analysis of nonsyndromic orofacial cleft patient serum. Oral Dis 2023; 29:206-210. [PMID: 34170602 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yizhu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Danrong Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhanping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongwei Tao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huaxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parisi L, Mockenhaupt C, Rihs S, Mansour F, Katsaros C, Degen M. Consistent downregulation of the cleft lip/palate-associated genes IRF6 and GRHL3 in carcinomas. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1023072. [PMID: 36457487 PMCID: PMC9706198 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) and Grainyhead Like Transcription Factor 3 (GRHL3) are transcription factors that orchestrate gene regulatory networks required for the balance between keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. Absence of either protein results in the lack of a normal stratified epidermis with keratinocytes failing to stop proliferating and to terminally differentiate. Numerous pathological variants within IRF6 and GRHL3 have been identified in orofacial cleft-affected individuals and expression of the two transcription factors has been found to be often dysregulated in cancers. However, whether orofacial cleft-associated IRF6 and GRHL3 variants in patients might also affect their cancer risk later in life, is not clear yet. The fact that the role of IRF6 and GRHL3 in cancer remains controversial makes this question even more challenging. Some studies identified IRF6 and GRHL3 as oncogenes, while others could attribute tumor suppressive functions to them. Trying to solve this apparent conundrum, we herein aimed to characterize IRF6 and GRHL3 function in various types of carcinomas. We screened multiple cancer and normal cell lines for their expression, and subsequently proceeded with functional assays in cancer cell lines. Our data uncovered consistent downregulation of IRF6 and GRHL3 in all types of carcinomas analyzed. Reduced levels of IRF6 and GRHL3 were found to be associated with several tumorigenic properties, such as enhanced cell proliferation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, migration and reduced differentiation capacity. Based on our findings, IRF6 and GRHL3 can be considered as tumor suppressor genes in various carcinomas, which makes them potential common etiological factors for cancer and CLP in a fraction of CLP-affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Girousi E, Muerner L, Parisi L, Rihs S, von Gunten S, Katsaros C, Degen M. Lack of IRF6 Disrupts Human Epithelial Homeostasis by Altering Colony Morphology, Migration Pattern, and Differentiation Potential of Keratinocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718066. [PMID: 34660580 PMCID: PMC8514984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants within the gene encoding for the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) are associated with syndromic and non-syndromic Cleft Lip/Palate (CLP) cases. IRF6 plays a vital role in the regulation of the proliferation/differentiation balance in keratinocytes and is involved in wound healing and migration. Since a fraction of CLP patients undergoing corrective cleft surgery experience wound healing complications, IRF6 represents an interesting candidate gene linking the two processes. However, Irf6 function has been mainly studied in mice and knowledge on IRF6 in human cells remains sparse. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of IRF6 in human postnatal skin- and oral mucosa-derived keratinocytes. To do so, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 to ablate IRF6 in two TERT-immortalized keratinocyte cultures, which we used as model cell lines. We show that IRF6 controls the appearance of single cells and colonies, with the latter being less cohesive in its absence. Consequently, IRF6 knockout keratinocytes often moved as single cells instead of a collective epithelial sheet migration but maintained their epithelial character. Lack of IRF6 triggered severe keratinocyte differentiation defects, which were already apparent in the stratum spinosum and extended to the stratum corneum in 3D organotypic skin cultures, while it did not alter their growth rate. Finally, proteomics revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins in the absence of IRF6 could be associated with differentiation, cell-cell adhesion as well as immune response. Our data expand the knowledge on IRF6 in human postnatal keratinocytes, which will help to better understand IRF6-related pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Girousi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Muerner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Rihs
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christos Katsaros
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deshmukh AP, Vasaikar SV, Tomczak K, Tripathi S, den Hollander P, Arslan E, Chakraborty P, Soundararajan R, Jolly MK, Rai K, Levine H, Mani SA. Identification of EMT signaling cross-talk and gene regulatory networks by single-cell RNA sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102050118. [PMID: 33941680 PMCID: PMC8126782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role during normal development and in cancer progression. EMT is induced by various signaling pathways, including TGF-β, BMP, Wnt-β-catenin, NOTCH, Shh, and receptor tyrosine kinases. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on MCF10A cells undergoing EMT by TGF-β1 stimulation. Our comprehensive analysis revealed that cells progress through EMT at different paces. Using pseudotime clustering reconstruction of gene-expression profiles during EMT, we found sequential and parallel activation of EMT signaling pathways. We also observed various transitional cellular states during EMT. We identified regulatory signaling nodes that drive EMT with the expression of important microRNAs and transcription factors. Using a random circuit perturbation methodology, we demonstrate that the NOTCH signaling pathway acts as a key driver of TGF-β-induced EMT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the gene signatures of pseudotime clusters corresponding to the intermediate hybrid EMT state are associated with poor patient outcome. Overall, this study provides insight into context-specific drivers of cancer progression and highlights the complexities of the EMT process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet P Deshmukh
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Suhas V Vasaikar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Katarzyna Tomczak
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shubham Tripathi
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Petra den Hollander
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Emre Arslan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Kunal Rai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030;
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pilmane M, Jain N, Vitenberga-Verza Z. Expression Analysis of FGF/FGFR and FOX Family Proteins in Mucosal Tissue Obtained from Orofacial Cleft-Affected Children. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:423. [PMID: 34068496 PMCID: PMC8151933 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts affect hundreds of thousands of children worldwide annually and are usually corrected by a series of surgeries extending to childhood. The underlying mechanisms that lead to clefts are still unknown, mainly because of the multifactorial etiology and the myriad of interactions between genes and environmental factors. In the present study, we investigated the role and expression of candidate genes belonging to the FGF/FGFR signaling pathway and FOX family in tissue material obtained from 12 pediatric patients undergoing cleft correction surgery. The expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in-situ hybridization (CISH) in three cell/tissue types-epithelial cells, connective tissue, and endothelial cells. We found elevated expression of FGFR1 in epithelial cells while no expression was observed in endothelial cells. Further, our results elucidate the potential pathogenetic role of FGFR1 in cellular proliferation, local site inflammation, and fibrosis in cleft patients. Along with bFGF (also called FGF2), FGFR1 could play a pro-inflammatory role in clefts. Over-amplification of FGFR2 in some patients, along with bFGF, could potentially suggest roles for these genes in angiogenesis. Additionally, increased expression of FOXE1 (also called TTF2) contributes to local site inflammation. Finally, zero to low amplification of FOXO1 could suggest its potential role in inducing oxidative stress in the endothelium along with reduced epithelial apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradinš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.P.); (Z.V.-V.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park H, Maruhashi K, Yamaguchi R, Imoto S, Miyano S. Global gene network exploration based on explainable artificial intelligence approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241508. [PMID: 33156825 PMCID: PMC7647077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, personalized gene regulatory networks have received significant attention, and interpretation of the multilayer networks has been a critical issue for a comprehensive understanding of gene regulatory systems. Although several statistical and machine learning approaches have been developed and applied to reveal sample-specific regulatory pathways, integrative understanding of the massive multilayer networks remains a challenge. To resolve this problem, we propose a novel artificial intelligence (AI) strategy for comprehensive gene regulatory network analysis. In our strategy, personalized gene networks corresponding specific clinical characteristic are constructed and the constructed network is considered as a second-order tensor. Then, an explainable AI method based on deep learning is applied to decompose the multilayer networks, thus we can reveal all-encompassing gene regulatory systems characterized by clinical features of patients. To evaluate the proposed methodology, we apply our method to the multilayer gene networks under varying conditions of an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. From the comprehensive analysis of multilayer networks, we identified novel markers, and the biological mechanisms of the identified genes and their reciprocal mechanisms are verified through the literature. Although any biological knowledge about the identified genes was not incorporated in our analysis, our data-driven approach based on AI approach provides biologically reliable results. Furthermore, the results provide crucial evidences to reveal biological mechanism related to various diseases, e.g., keratinocyte proliferation. The use of explainable AI method based on the tensor decomposition enables us to reveal global and novel mechanisms of gene regulatory system from the massive multiple networks, which cannot be demonstrated by existing methods. We expect that the proposed method provides a new insight into network biology and it will be a useful tool to integrative gene network analysis related complex architectures of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Park
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Division of Cancer Systems Biology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu J, Liu F, Xiong Z, Huo J, Li W, Jiang B, Mao W, He B, Wang X, Li G. The cleft palate candidate gene BAG6 supports FoxO1 acetylation to promote FasL-mediated apoptosis during palate fusion. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112310. [PMID: 32991875 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft palate is a common craniofacial defect, which occurs when the palate fails to fuse during development. During fusion, the palatal shelves migrate towards the embryonic midline to form a seam. Apoptotic elimination of medial edge epithelium (MEE) cells along this seam is required for the completion of palate fusion. METHODS Whole exome sequencing (WES) of six Chinese cleft palate families was applied to identify novel cleft palate-associated gene variants. Palatal fusion and immunofluorescence studies were performed in a murine palatal shelf organ culture model. Gene and protein expression were analyzed by qPCR and immunoblotting in murine MEE cells during seam formation in vivo. Mechanistic immunoprecipitation studies were performed in murine MEE cells in vitro. RESULTS WES identified Bcl-2 associated anthanogene 6 (BAG6) as a novel cleft palate-associated gene. In murine MEE cells, we discovered upregulation of Bag6 and the transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) during seam formation in vivo. Using a palatal shelf organ culture model, we demonstrate that nuclear-localized Bag6 enhances MEE cell apoptosis by promoting p300's acetylation of FoxO1, thereby promoting transcription of the pro-apoptotic Fas ligand (FasL). Subsequent gain- and loss-of-function studies in the organ culture model demonstrated that FasL is required for Bag6/acFoxO1-mediated activation of pro-apoptotic Bax/caspase-3 signaling, MEE apoptosis, and palate fusion. Palatal shelf contact was shown to enhance Bag6 nuclear localization and upregulate nuclear acFoxO1 in MEE cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that nuclear-localized Bag6 and p300 co-operatively enhance FoxO1 acetylation to promote FasL-mediated MEE apoptosis during palate fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, China; The Molecular diagnostic center, The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhuyou Xiong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jiwu Huo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Banghong Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wu Mao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, China; The Molecular diagnostic center, The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| | - Guangzao Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oboli G, Chukwuma D, Fagbule O, Abe E, Adisa A. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF CLEFT LIP AND PALATE: A REVIEW. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2020; 18:S16-S21. [PMID: 33071691 PMCID: PMC7513377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G.O. Oboli
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
| | - D.I. Chukwuma
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - O.F. Fagbule
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - E.O. Abe
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - A.O. Adisa
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hall EG, Wenger LW, Wilson NR, Undurty-Akella SS, Standley J, Augustine-Akpan EA, Kousa YA, Acevedo DS, Goering JP, Pitstick L, Natsume N, Paroya SM, Busch TD, Ito M, Mori A, Imura H, Schultz-Rogers LE, Klee EW, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Kroc SA, Adeyemo WL, Eshete MA, Bjork BC, Suzuki S, Murray JC, Schutte BC, Butali A, Saadi I. SPECC1L regulates palate development downstream of IRF6. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:845-858. [PMID: 31943082 PMCID: PMC7104672 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SPECC1L mutations have been identified in patients with rare atypical orofacial clefts and with syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). These mutations cluster in the second coiled-coil and calponin homology domains of SPECC1L and severely affect the ability of SPECC1L to associate with microtubules. We previously showed that gene-trap knockout of Specc1l in mouse results in early embryonic lethality. We now present a truncation mutant mouse allele, Specc1lΔC510, that results in perinatal lethality. Specc1lΔC510/ΔC510 homozygotes showed abnormal palate rugae but did not show cleft palate. However, when crossed with a gene-trap allele, Specc1lcGT/ΔC510 compound heterozygotes showed a palate elevation delay with incompletely penetrant cleft palate. Specc1lcGT/ΔC510 embryos exhibit transient oral epithelial adhesions at E13.5, which may delay shelf elevation. Consistent with oral adhesions, we show periderm layer abnormalities, including ectopic apical expression of adherens junction markers, similar to Irf6 hypomorphic mutants and Arhgap29 heterozygotes. Indeed, SPECC1L expression is drastically reduced in Irf6 mutant palatal shelves. Finally, we wanted to determine if SPECC1L deficiency also contributed to non-syndromic (ns) CL/P. We sequenced 62 Caucasian, 89 Filipino, 90 Ethiopian, 90 Nigerian and 95 Japanese patients with nsCL/P and identified three rare coding variants (p.Ala86Thr, p.Met91Iso and p.Arg546Gln) in six individuals. These variants reside outside of SPECC1L coiled-coil domains and result in milder functional defects than variants associated with syndromic clefting. Together, our data indicate that palate elevation is sensitive to deficiency of SPECC1L dosage and function and that SPECC1L cytoskeletal protein functions downstream of IRF6 in palatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everett G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Luke W Wenger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nathan R Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sraavya S Undurty-Akella
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Standley
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eno-Abasi Augustine-Akpan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine/Dow Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Youssef A Kousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Diana S Acevedo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jeremy P Goering
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Shahnawaz M Paroya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tamara D Busch
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Hideto Imura
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | | | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Sarah A Kroc
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wasiu L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, PMB 12003, Nigeria
| | - Mekonen A Eshete
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, PO Box 26493, Ethiopia
| | - Bryan C Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine/Dow Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xiao WL, Yu G, Zhao N. Development and gene expression of C57BL/6 mouse embryo palate shelves in rotary organ culture. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1235-1242. [PMID: 32010294 PMCID: PMC6966210 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to improve methods for the suspension culture of mouse palatal shelves by comparing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α in palatal shelves in vivo, to that in vitro. The palatal shelves of C57BL/6 mouse embryos were obtained on gestation days (GDs) 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5 for in vivo experiments. The palatal shelves were removed and observed under a stereomicroscope to investigate palatal development. For in vitro experiments, the palatal shelves were dissected under a stereomicroscope on GD 13.5 and then subjected to rotary culture for 0, 24, 36 or 48 h. The expression of PDGFR-α at different time points was detected by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Both methods of analysis displayed PDGFR-α expression in mesenchymal and epithelial cells at GD 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5, in vivo and in vitro. The level of PDGFR-α expression peaked on GD 14.5. The expression of PDGFR-α in palatal shelves in in vitro rotary culture was consistent with that in vivo. Therefore, the novel technique of palatal rotary organ culture presented in the current study could provide a good model for studying the mechanism of pathological palatal fusion in vitro. Additionally, the present study further confirmed that PDGFR-α gene expression was associated with the development of palatal shelves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ke CY, Mei HH, Wong FH, Lo LJ. IRF6 and TAK1 coordinately promote the activation of HIPK2 to stimulate apoptosis during palate fusion. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/593/eaav7666. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common craniofacial defect caused by a failure in palate fusion. The palatal shelves migrate toward one another and meet at the embryonic midline, creating a seam. Transforming growth factor–β3 (TGF-β3)–induced apoptosis of the medial edge epithelium (MEE), the cells located along the seam, is required for completion of palate fusion. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) promotes TGF-β3–induced MEE cell apoptosis by stimulating the degradation of the transcription factor ΔNp63 and promoting the expression of the gene encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Because homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) functions downstream of IRF6 in human cancer cells and is required for ΔNp63 protein degradation in keratinocytes, we investigated whether HIPK2 played a role in IRF6-induced ΔNp63 degradation in palate fusion. HIPK2 was present in the MEE cells of mouse palatal shelves during seam formation in vivo, and ectopic expression of IRF6 in palatal shelves cultured ex vivo stimulated the expression of Hipk2 and the accumulation of phosphorylated HIPK2. Knockdown and ectopic expression experiments in organ culture demonstrated that p21 was required for HIPK2- and IRF6-dependent activation of caspase 3, MEE apoptosis, and palate fusion. Contact between palatal shelves enhanced the phosphorylation of TGF-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which promoted the phosphorylation of HIPK2 and palate fusion. Our findings demonstrate that HIPK2 promotes seam cell apoptosis and palate fusion downstream of IRF6 and that IRF6 and TAK1 appear to coordinately enhance the abundance and activation of HIPK2 during palate fusion.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cho KY, Kelley BP, Monier D, Lee B, Szabo-Rogers H, Napierala D. Trps1 Regulates Development of Craniofacial Skeleton and Is Required for the Initiation of Palatal Shelves Fusion. Front Physiol 2019; 10:513. [PMID: 31130868 PMCID: PMC6509243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from heterozygous mutations of the TRPS1 gene. Common craniofacial abnormalities in TRPS patients include micrognathia, hypoplastic zygomatic arch, high-arched palate, and, occasionally, cleft palate. Studies have demonstrated that mice with a heterozygous Trps1 mutation (Trps1+/- mice) have similar features to patients with TRPS, including high-arched palates. However, mice with a homozygous Trps1 mutation (Trps1-/- mice) exhibit similar but more severe abnormalities, including cleft palate. Our study aimed to characterize the craniofacial phenotype to understand the role of Trps1 in craniofacial development and gain insight on the cleft palate pathogenesis in Trps1 deficiency. Whole-mount skeletal staining revealed hypoplastic skeletal and cartilaginous elements, steep nasal slope, and missing presphenoid in Trps1-/- mice. Although several craniofacial skeleton elements were abnormal in Trps1-/- mice, the Trps1 deficiency did not appear to disrupt cranial vault development. All Trps1-/- mice presented with cleft palate. Analyses of Trps1 expression during palatogenesis detected Trps1 mRNA and protein in palatal mesenchyme and in specific regions of palatal epithelium, which suggested that Trps1 is involved in palatal fusion. Ex vivo culture experiments demonstrated that Trps1-/- palatal shelves were unable to initiate the fusion process. On the molecular level, Trps1 deficiency resulted in decreased epithelial expression of proteins involved in palatal fusion, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-beta 3, Twist1, and beta-catenin. Mesenchymal expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression was unaffected, indicating a cell type-specific mechanism of Trps1 regulation on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Trps1 is involved in the development of craniofacial skeletal elements and in the initiation of the palatal shelves fusion. Furthermore, our studies uncovered that Trps1 is required for epithelial expression of several proteins involved in the palatal shelves fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yan Cho
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian P. Kelley
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daisy Monier
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Heather Szabo-Rogers
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dobrawa Napierala
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maternal folic acid supplementation reduces the severity of cleft palate in Tgf-β 3 null mutant mice. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:566-573. [PMID: 30683931 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft palate (CP) constitutes the most frequently seen orofacial cleft and is often associated with low folate status. Folate plays an essential role in the human body as a major coenzyme in one-carbon metabolism, including DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. Whether the administration of isolated folic acid (FA) supplements prevents the CP caused by genetic mutations is unknown, as is its effect on the mechanisms leading to palate fusion. METHODS FA was administered to females from two different strains of transforming growth factor β3 heterozygous mice. Null mutant progeny of these mice exhibit CP in 100% of cases of varying severity. We measured cleft length, height of palatal shelf adhesion, and the number of proliferating mesenchymal cells. Immunohistochemistry was also carried for collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin, cytokeratin-17, and EGF. RESULTS FA supplementation significantly reduced CP severity and improved palatal shelf adhesion in both strains both in vivo and in vitro. Medial edge epithelium proliferation increased, and its differentiation was normalized as indicated by the presence and disposition of collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin, and cytokeratin-17. CONCLUSIONS A maternal FA supplementation reduces the CP appearance by improving the mechanisms leading to palatal shelf adhesion.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li R, Chen Z, Yu Q, Weng M, Chen Z. The Function and Regulatory Network of Pax9 Gene in Palate Development. J Dent Res 2018; 98:277-287. [PMID: 30583699 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518811861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, a common congenital deformity, can arise from disruptions in any stage of palatogenesis, including palatal shelf growth, elevation, adhesion, and fusion. Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) is recognized as a vital regulator of palatogenesis with great relevance to cleft palate in humans and mice. Pax9-deficient murine palatal shelves displayed deficient elongation, postponed elevation, failed contact, and fusion. Pax9 is expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme, exhibiting a dynamic expression pattern that changes according to the proceeding of palatogenesis. Recent studies highlighted the Pax9-related genetic interactions and their critical roles during palatogenesis. During palate growth, PAX9 interacts with numerous molecules and members of pathways (e.g., OSR2, FGF10, SHOS2, MSX1, BARX1, TGFβ3, LDB1, BMP, WNT β-catenin dependent, and EDA) in the mesenchyme and functions as a key mediator in epithelial-mesenchymal communications with FGF8, TBX1, and the SHH pathway. During palate elevation, PAX9 is hypothesized to mediate the time point of the elevation event in the anterior and posterior parts of the palatal shelves. The delayed elevation of Pax9 mutant palatal shelves probably results from abnormal expressions of a series of genes ( Osr2 and Bmpr1a) leading to deficient palate growth, abnormal tongue morphology, and altered hyaluronic acid distribution. The interactions between PAX9 and genes encoding the OSR2, TGFβ3, and WNT β-catenin-dependent pathways provide evidence that PAX9 might participate in the regulation of palate fusion. This review summarizes the current understanding of PAX9’s functions and emphasizes the interactions between PAX9 and vital genes during palatogenesis. We hope to provide some clues for further exploration of the function and mechanism of PAX9, especially during palate elevation and fusion events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M. Weng
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Neves LT, Dionísio TJ, Garbieri TF, Parisi VA, Oliveira FV, Oliveira TM, Santos CF. Novel rare variations in
IRF6
in subjects with non‐syndromic cleft lip and palate and dental agenesis. Oral Dis 2018; 25:223-233. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara T. Neves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
- Post‐Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
| | - Thiago J. Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
| | - Thais F. Garbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
| | - Viviane A. Parisi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
| | - Fernanda V. Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
| | - Thais M. Oliveira
- Post‐Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
| | - Carlos F. Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
- Post‐Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies University of São Paulo Bauru Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Y, Deng Y, Deng C, Xie L, Yu L, Liu L, Yuan Y, Liu H, Dai L. Association of long interspersed nucleotide element-1 and interferon regulatory factor 6 methylation changes with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Oral Dis 2018; 25:215-222. [PMID: 30153397 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the possible associations between methylation changes in the promoter regions of long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) and interferon regulatory factor 6 gene (IRF6) and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). METHODS A case-control investigation was performed to compare 37 infants affected by NSCL/Ps with 60 babies without cleft malformations. Their genomic DNA samples were obtained, and the LINE-1 and IRF6 methylation levels were measured by using Sequenom MassArray. Unconditional logistic regression was adopted to estimate the odds ratio. RESULTS Infants with NSCL/Ps had a higher methylation level at LINE-1 and IRF6 promoter regions than controls. High levels of LINE-1 (≥64.07%) and IRF6 (≥6.46%) methylation were associated with an increased risk of NSCL/P (LINE-1, OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.07-6.57; IRF6, OR = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.10-13.07), and the associations remained to be significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Similar associations were also found for cleft lip only, cleft lip, and palate. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that aberrant methylation of LINE-1 and IRF6 might contribute to the development of NSCL/Ps. Further studies are needed to replicate the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Obstetric and Gynecologic Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Deng
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changfei Deng
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Pediatric Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Pediatric Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumei Yuan
- Hengyang Women and Children Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Pediatric Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Dai
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhao H, Zhang M, Zhong W, Zhang J, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li W, Jia P, Zhang T, Liu Z, Lin J, Chen F. A novel IRF6 mutation causing non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a pedigree. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:195-202. [PMID: 30053123 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jieni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peizeng Jia
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Taowen Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Yantai Stomatology Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Yantai Stomatology Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nobeyama Y, Nakagawa H. Silencing of interferon regulatory factor gene 6 in melanoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184444. [PMID: 28877249 PMCID: PMC5587289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation of a CpG island (CGI; a dense cluster of CpGs) located in the 5' region of a gene suppresses transcription of that gene. Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) is associated with the expression of interferon, which is used as an effective adjuvant therapy for melanoma, and is regarded as a tumor suppressor. However, little is known about the methylation status of the IRF6 gene in melanoma. OBJECTIVE The purpose was to determine the methylation status of the CGI located in the 5' region of IRF6 (5' IRF6 CGI) in melanoma. METHODS Quantitative real-time methylation-specific PCR (RT-MSP) and bisulfite sequencing were performed to examine IRF6 gene methylation status. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to examine IRF6 expression. RESULTS The methylation level of the 5' IRF6 CGI was completely inversely correlated with cell sensitivity to interferon-β in eight examined melanoma cell lines. These methylation levels were high in the melanoma cell lines with suppression of IRF6 expression and were low in the cell lines with IRF6 expression. The methylation levels of the 5' IRF6 CGI ranged widely from 0.0% to 65.4% in 21 clinical melanoma samples but showed a narrow range of low levels between 0.0% to 7.2% in 24 clinical melanocytic nevus samples. These methylation levels were not associated with clinical parameters except for melanoma subtypes. CONCLUSION IRF6 is aberrantly silenced by DNA methylation of the 5' IRF6 CGI in melanoma. The methylation status of IRF6 is potentially associated with the sensitivity of melanoma to interferon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Nobeyama
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lough KJ, Byrd KM, Spitzer DC, Williams SE. Closing the Gap: Mouse Models to Study Adhesion in Secondary Palatogenesis. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1210-1220. [PMID: 28817360 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517726284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary palatogenesis occurs when the bilateral palatal shelves (PS), arising from maxillary prominences, fuse at the midline, forming the hard and soft palate. This embryonic phenomenon involves a complex array of morphogenetic events that require coordinated proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and adhesion in the PS epithelia and underlying mesenchyme. When the delicate process of craniofacial morphogenesis is disrupted, the result is orofacial clefting, including cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/P). Through human genetic and animal studies, there are now hundreds of known genetic alternations associated with orofacial clefts; so, it is not surprising that CL/P is among the most common of all birth defects. In recent years, in vitro cell-based assays, ex vivo palate cultures, and genetically engineered animal models have advanced our understanding of the developmental and cell biological pathways that contribute to palate closure. This is particularly true for the areas of PS patterning and growth as well as medial epithelial seam dissolution during palatal fusion. Here, we focus on epithelial cell-cell adhesion, a critical but understudied process in secondary palatogenesis, and provide a review of the available tools and mouse models to better understand this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Lough
- 1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K M Byrd
- 1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D C Spitzer
- 1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S E Williams
- 1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Development of the mammalian secondary palate involves highly dynamic morphogenetic processes, including outgrowth of palatal shelves from the oral side of the embryonic maxillary prominences, elevation of the initially vertically oriented palatal shelves to the horizontal position above the embryonic tongue, and subsequently adhesion and fusion of the paired palatal shelves at the midline to separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. Perturbation of any of these processes could cause cleft palate, a common birth defect that significantly affects patients' quality of life even after surgical treatment. In addition to identifying a large number of genes required for palate development, recent studies have begun to unravel the extensive cross-regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β, and Wnt signaling, and multiple transcription factors during palatal shelf growth and patterning. Multiple studies also provide new insights into the gene regulatory networks and/or dynamic cellular processes underlying palatal shelf elevation, adhesion, and fusion. Here we summarize major recent advances and integrate the genes and molecular pathways with the cellular and morphogenetic processes of palatal shelf growth, patterning, elevation, adhesion, and fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Y Lan
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Jiang
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alvizi L, Ke X, Brito LA, Seselgyte R, Moore GE, Stanier P, Passos-Bueno MR. Differential methylation is associated with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate and contributes to penetrance effects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2441. [PMID: 28550290 PMCID: PMC5446392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCLP) is a common congenital malformation with a multifactorial model of inheritance. Although several at-risk alleles have been identified, they do not completely explain the high heritability. We postulate that epigenetic factors as DNA methylation might contribute to this missing heritability. Using a Methylome-wide association study in a Brazilian cohort (67 NSCLP, 59 controls), we found 578 methylation variable positions (MVPs) that were significantly associated with NSCLP. MVPs were enriched in regulatory and active regions of the genome and in pathways already implicated in craniofacial development. In an independent UK cohort (171 NSCLP, 177 controls), we replicated 4 out of 11 tested MVPs. We demonstrated a significant positive correlation between blood and lip tissue DNA methylation, indicating blood as a suitable tissue for NSCLP methylation studies. Next, we quantified CDH1 promoter methylation levels in CDH1 mutation-positive families, including penetrants, non-penetrants or non-carriers for NSCLP. We found methylation levels to be significantly higher in the penetrant individuals. Taken together, our results demonstrated the association of methylation at specific genomic locations as contributing factors to both non-familial and familial NSCLP and altered DNA methylation may be a second hit contributing to penetrance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Alvizi
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xiayi Ke
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Luciano Abreu Brito
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rimante Seselgyte
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London, UK.
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Transcription Factor IRF6 Co-Represses PPARγ-Mediated Cytoprotection in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2150. [PMID: 28526834 PMCID: PMC5438409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the cerebrovascular endothelium is a key suppressor of post-stroke brain damage. However, the role of PPARγ’s co-regulators during cerebral ischemia remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the transcription factor IRF6 is a novel PPARγ co-regulator that directly binds to and suppresses PPARγ activity in murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Moreover, IRF6 was also revealed to be a transcriptional target of PPARγ suppression, with PPARγ silencing significantly promoting IRF6 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. In addition, IRF6 silencing significantly promoted pioglitazone’s cytoprotective effects in ischemic murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Mechanistically, IRF6 significantly suppressed PPARγ’s transcriptional inhibition of the ischemia-induced, pro-apoptotic microRNA miR-106a. In conclusion, we identified IRF6 as a novel PPARγ co-suppressor that serves a key role in suppressing PPARγ-mediated cerebrovascular endothelial cytoprotection following ischemia. Further investigation into IRF6 and other PPARγ co-regulators should provide additional insights into PPARγ’s cytoprotective role in the cerebrovascular endothelium following stroke.
Collapse
|
35
|
Farlie PG, Baker NL, Yap P, Tan TY. Frontonasal Dysplasia: Towards an Understanding of Molecular and Developmental Aetiology. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:312-321. [PMID: 27920634 DOI: 10.1159/000450533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex anatomy of the skull and face arises from the requirement to support multiple sensory and structural functions. During embryonic development, the diverse component elements of the neuro- and viscerocranium must be generated independently and subsequently united in a manner that sustains and promotes the growth of the brain and sensory organs, while achieving a level of structural integrity necessary for the individual to become a free-living organism. While each of these individual craniofacial components is essential, the cranial and facial midline lies at a structural nexus that unites these disparately derived elements, fusing them into a whole. Defects of the craniofacial midline can have a profound impact on both form and function, manifesting in a diverse array of phenotypes and clinical entities that can be broadly defined as frontonasal dysplasias (FNDs). Recent advances in the identification of the genetic basis of FNDs along with the analysis of developmental mechanisms impacted by these mutations have dramatically altered our understanding of this complex group of conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Farlie
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Naomi L Baker
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Patrick Yap
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Genetic Health Service New Zealand (Northern Hub), Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tiong Y Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Activation of Notch1 inhibits medial edge epithelium apoptosis in all-trans retinoic acid-induced cleft palate in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|