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Park J, Bae Y, Eom S, Choi Y, Lee G, Kang S. Development of recombinant secondary antibody mimics (rSAMs) for immunoassays through genetic fusion of monomeric alkaline phosphatase with antibody binders. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126299. [PMID: 37573903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In conventional immunoassays, a secondary antibody is used to amplify the signal generated by the binding of the primary antibody to the target analyte. Due to concerns regarding animal use and cost-inefficiency of secondary antibody productions, there is a significant demand for the development of recombinant secondary antibody mimics (rSAMs). Here, we developed rSAMs using a signal-generating enzyme, monomeric alkaline phosphatase (mALP), and antibody-binders, including monomeric streptavidin (mSA2) and mouse IgG1- or rabbit IgG-binding nanobodies (MG1Nb or RNb). The mALP-MG1Nb, mALP-RNb, and mALP-mSA2 were genetically constructed and produced in large quantities using bacterial overexpression systems, which reduced manufacturing costs and time without the use of animals. Each rSAM exhibited high and selective binding to its respective primary antibody, generating linear band signals corresponding to the amounts of target analytes in western blots. The rSAMs also successfully generated sigmoidal signal curves that increased as the sample concentration increased. Moreover, they generated stronger signals than conventional ALP-conjugated secondary antibodies and SA, particularly in the medium to high sample concentration range, in both indirect and sandwich-type indirect ELISAs at the same sample concentration. The rSAMs we developed here may provide new insights to develop novel immunoassay-based analytical and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuha Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Giwook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebyung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Gal J, Katsumata Y, Zhu H, Srinivasan S, Chen J, Johnson LA, Wang WX, Golden LR, Wilcock DM, Jicha GA, Cykowski MD, Nelson PT. Apolipoprotein E Proteinopathy Is a Major Dementia-Associated Pathologic Biomarker in Individuals with or without the APOE Epsilon 4 Allele. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:564-578. [PMID: 34954207 PMCID: PMC8895423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is vulnerable to multiple or "mixed" mis-aggregated proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions that can manifest clinically with amnestic dementia; the amygdala region is often affected even at earliest disease stages. With the original intent of identifying novel dementia-associated proteins, the detergent-insoluble proteome was characterized from the amygdalae of 40 participants from the University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center autopsy cohort. These individuals encompassed a spectrum of clinical conditions (cognitively normal to severe amnestic dementia). Polypeptides from the detergent-insoluble fraction were interrogated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. As anticipated, portions of peptides previously associated with neurologic diseases were enriched from subjects with dementia. Among all detected peptides, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) stood out: even more than the expected Tau, APP/Aβ, and α-Synuclein peptides, ApoE peptides were strongly enriched in dementia cases, including from individuals lacking the APOE ε4 genotype. The amount of ApoE protein detected in detergent-insoluble fractions was robustly associated with levels of complement proteins C3 and C4. Immunohistochemical staining of APOE ε3/ε3 subjects' amygdalae confirmed ApoE co-localization with C4 in amyloid plaques. Thus, analyses of human amygdala proteomics indicate that rather than being only an "upstream" genetic risk factor, ApoE is an aberrantly aggregated protein in its own right, and show that the ApoE protein may play active disease-driving mechanistic roles in persons lacking the APOE ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Gal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Research & Development, Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sukanya Srinivasan
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lance Allen Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gregory A. Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Peter Tobias Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
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Li JF, Zhang YJ, Ding SY, Panneerselvam R, Tian ZQ. Core-Shell Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5002-5069. [PMID: 28271881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell nanoparticles are at the leading edge of the hot research topics and offer a wide range of applications in optics, biomedicine, environmental science, materials, catalysis, energy, and so forth, due to their excellent properties such as versatility, tunability, and stability. They have attracted enormous interest attributed to their dramatically tunable physicochemical features. Plasmonic core-shell nanomaterials are extensively used in surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies, in particular, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), due to the unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property. This review provides a comprehensive overview of core-shell nanoparticles in the context of fundamental and application aspects of SERS and discusses numerous classes of core-shell nanoparticles with their unique strategies and functions. Further, herein we also introduce the concept of shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) in detail because it overcomes the long-standing limitations of material and morphology generality encountered in traditional SERS. We then explain the SERS-enhancement mechanism with core-shell nanoparticles, as well as three generations of SERS hotspots for surface analysis of materials. To provide a clear view for readers, we summarize various approaches for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles and their applications in SERS, such as electrochemistry, bioanalysis, food safety, environmental safety, cultural heritage, materials, catalysis, and energy storage and conversion. Finally, we exemplify about the future developments in new core-shell nanomaterials with different functionalities for SERS and other surface-enhanced spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.,Department of Physics, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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