1
|
Ma X, Han Y, Zhang YS, Geng Y, Majumdar A, Lagerwall JPF. Tunable templating of photonic microparticles via liquid crystal order-guided adsorption of amphiphilic polymers in emulsions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1404. [PMID: 38360960 PMCID: PMC10869789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple emulsions are usually stabilized by amphiphilic molecules that combine the chemical characteristics of the different phases in contact. When one phase is a liquid crystal (LC), the choice of stabilizer also determines its configuration, but conventional wisdom assumes that the orientational order of the LC has no impact on the stabilizer. Here we show that, for the case of amphiphilic polymer stabilizers, this impact can be considerable. The mode of interaction between stabilizer and LC changes if the latter is heated close to its isotropic state, initiating a feedback loop that reverberates on the LC in form of a complete structural rearrangement. We utilize this phenomenon to dynamically tune the configuration of cholesteric LC shells from one with radial helix and spherically symmetric Bragg diffraction to a focal conic domain configuration with highly complex optics. Moreover, we template photonic microparticles from the LC shells by photopolymerizing them into solids, retaining any selected LC-derived structure. Our study places LC emulsions in a new light, calling for a reevaluation of the behavior of stabilizer molecules in contact with long-range ordered phases, while also enabling highly interesting photonic elements with application opportunities across vast fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ma
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yucen Han
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yan-Song Zhang
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yong Geng
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Apala Majumdar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics & Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park S, Lee SS, Yang S, Kim SH. Asymmetric Pairing of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Droplets for Programmable Photonic Cross-Communication. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303728. [PMID: 37293688 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photonic cross-communication between photonic droplets has provided complex color patterns through multiple reflections, potentially serving as novel optical codes. However, the cross-communication is mostly restricted to symmetric pairs of identical droplets. Here, a design rule is reported for the asymmetric pairing of two distinct droplets to provide bright color patterns through strong cross-communication and enrich a variety of optical codes. Cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) droplets with different stopband positions and sizes are paired. The brightness of corresponding color patterns is maximized when the pairs are selected to effectively guide light along the double reflection path by stopbands of two droplets. The experimental results are in good agreement with a geometric model where the blueshift of stopbands is better described by the angles of refraction rather than reflection. The model predicts the effectiveness of pairing quantitatively, which serves as a design rule for programming the asymmetric photonic cross-communication. Moreover, three distinct droplets can be paired in triangular arrays, where all three cross-communication paths yield bright color patterns when three droplets are selected to simultaneously satisfy the rule. It is believed that asymmetric pairing of distinct CLC droplets opens new opportunities for programmable optical encoding in security and anti-counterfeiting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 34141, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang Seok Lee
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, KIST, 55324, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sehee Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 34141, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 34141, Daejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Concellón A. Liquid Crystal Emulsions: A Versatile Platform for Photonics, Sensing, and Active Matter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202308857. [PMID: 37694542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of liquid crystals (LCs) is a fascinating method for controlling the organization of discrete molecules into nanostructured functional materials. Although LCs are traditionally processed in thin films, their confinement within micrometre-sized droplets has recently revealed new properties and functions, paving the way for next-generation soft responsive materials. These recent findings have unlocked a wealth of unprecedented applications in photonics (e.g. reflectors, lasing materials), sensing (e.g. biomolecule and pathogen detection), soft robotics (e.g. micropumps, artificial muscles), and beyond. This Minireview focuses on recent developments in LC emulsion designs and highlights a variety of novel potential applications. Perspectives on the opportunities and new directions for implementing LC emulsions in future innovative technologies are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Concellón
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Froyen AAF, Schenning APHJ. A multifunctional structural coloured electronic skin monitoring body motion and temperature. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:361-365. [PMID: 36625272 PMCID: PMC9846708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01503j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional e-skins provide information on physiological and environmental parameters. However, the development and fabrication of such devices is challenging. Here, structural coloured electronic skins are presented, which are prepared via scalable methods that can simultaneously monitor the skin temperature and body motion when patched onto the human skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne A F Froyen
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agha H, Geng Y, Ma X, Avşar DI, Kizhakidathazhath R, Zhang YS, Tourani A, Bavle H, Sanchez-Lopez JL, Voos H, Schwartz M, Lagerwall JPF. Unclonable human-invisible machine vision markers leveraging the omnidirectional chiral Bragg diffraction of cholesteric spherical reflectors. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:309. [PMID: 36284089 PMCID: PMC9592545 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The seemingly simple step of molding a cholesteric liquid crystal into spherical shape, yielding a Cholesteric Spherical Reflector (CSR), has profound optical consequences that open a range of opportunities for potentially transformative technologies. The chiral Bragg diffraction resulting from the helical self-assembly of cholesterics becomes omnidirectional in CSRs. This turns them into selective retroreflectors that are exceptionally easy to distinguish-regardless of background-by simple and low-cost machine vision, while at the same time they can be made largely imperceptible to human vision. This allows them to be distributed in human-populated environments, laid out in the form of QR-code-like markers that help robots and Augmented Reality (AR) devices to operate reliably, and to identify items in their surroundings. At the scale of individual CSRs, unpredictable features within each marker turn them into Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), of great value for secure authentication. Via the machines reading them, CSR markers can thus act as trustworthy yet unobtrusive links between the physical world (buildings, vehicles, packaging,…) and its digital twin computer representation. This opens opportunities to address pressing challenges in logistics and supply chain management, recycling and the circular economy, sustainable construction of the built environment, and many other fields of individual, societal and commercial importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakam Agha
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yong Geng
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Xu Ma
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Deniz Işınsu Avşar
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Yan-Song Zhang
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ali Tourani
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hriday Bavle
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jose-Luis Sanchez-Lopez
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Holger Voos
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg,University of Luxembourg, Department of Engineering, L-1359, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mathew Schwartz
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, College of Architecture and Design, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim YG, Park S, Kim SH. Designing photonic microparticles with droplet microfluidics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10303-10328. [PMID: 36043863 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03629k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photonic materials with a periodic change of refractive index show unique optical properties through wavelength-selective diffraction and modulation of the optical density of state, which is promising for various optical applications. In particular, photonic structures have been produced in the format of microparticles using emulsion templates to achieve advanced properties and applications beyond those of a conventional film format. Photonic microparticles can be used as a building block to construct macroscopic photonic materials, and the individual microparticles can serve as miniaturized photonic devices. Droplet microfluidics enables the production of emulsion drops with a controlled size, composition, and configuration that serve as the optimal confining geometry for designing photonic microparticles. This feature article reviews the recent progress and current state of the art in the field of photonic microparticles, covering all aspects of microfluidic production methods, microparticle geometries, optical properties, and applications. Two distinct bottom-up approaches based on colloidal assembly and liquid crystals are, respectively, discussed and compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Geon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sihun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rudyak VY, Krakhalev MN, Gardymova AP, Abdullaev AS, Alekseev AA, Zyryanov VY. Effect of elastic constants on electrically induced transition in twisted radial cholesteric droplets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9565. [PMID: 35688866 PMCID: PMC9187752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the behavior of cholesteric droplets with homeotropic boundary conditions experimentally and by computer simulations. Small droplets forming twisted radial structures were studied. We obtained two different paths of structural transformations under electric field in such droplets. The choice between these paths has probabilistic nature. The ratio between the two transition types was found to be sensitive to the elastic constants of LC forming the droplet. We suggest the principal approach for in situ estimation of ratios between elastic constants in cholesteric LCs deposited in polymer-dispersed LC material and discuss its strong and weak sides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Yu Rudyak
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Mikhail N Krakhalev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660036.,Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660041
| | - Anna P Gardymova
- Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660041
| | - Abylgazy S Abdullaev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660036.,Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660041
| | - Andrey A Alekseev
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Victor Ya Zyryanov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660036
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khoeini D, Scott TF, Neild A. Microfluidic enhancement of self-assembly systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1661-1675. [PMID: 33949588 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic, kinetically-controlled, self-assembly processes are commonly observed in nature and are capable of creating intricate, functional architectures from simple precursors. However, notably, much of the research into molecular self-assembly has been performed using conventional bulk techniques where the resultant species are dictated by thermodynamic stability to yield relatively simple assemblies. Whereas, the environmental control offered by microfluidic systems offers methods to achieve non-equilibrium reaction conditions capable of increasingly sophisticated self-assembled structures. Alterations to the immediate microenvironment during the assembly of the molecules is possible, providing the basis for kinetically-controlled assembly. This review examines the key mechanism offered by microfluidic systems and the architectures required to access them. The mechanisms include diffusion-led mixing, shear gradient alignment, spatial and temporal confinement, and structural templates in multiphase systems. The works are selected and categorised in terms of the microfluidic approaches taken rather than the chemical constructs which are formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davood Khoeini
- Laboratory for Micro Systems, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Timothy F Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Adrian Neild
- Laboratory for Micro Systems, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen HQ, Wang XY, Bisoyi HK, Chen LJ, Li Q. Liquid Crystals in Curved Confined Geometries: Microfluidics Bring New Capabilities for Photonic Applications and Beyond. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3789-3807. [PMID: 33775094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The quest for interesting properties and phenomena in liquid crystals toward their employment in nondisplay application is an intense and vibrant endeavor. Remarkable progress has recently been achieved with regard to liquid crystals in curved confined geometries, typically represented as enclosed spherical geometries and cylindrical geometries with an infinitely extended axial-symmetrical space. Liquid-crystal emulsion droplets and fibers are intriguing examples from these fields and have attracted considerable attention. It is especially noteworthy that the rapid development of microfluidics brings about new capabilities to generate complex soft microstructures composed of both thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals. This review attempts to outline the recent developments related to the liquid crystals in curved confined geometries by focusing on microfluidics-mediated approaches. We highlight a wealth of novel photonic applications and beyond and also offer perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and new directions for future development in this emerging research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qing Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Xi-Yuan Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Lu-Jian Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, China
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Urbas AM, Li Q. Nature-Inspired Emerging Chiral Liquid Crystal Nanostructures: From Molecular Self-Assembly to DNA Mesophase and Nanocolloids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1801335. [PMID: 30160812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs) are omnipresent in living matter, whose chirality is an elegant and distinct feature in certain plant tissues, the cuticles of crabs, beetles, arthropods, and beyond. Taking inspiration from nature, researchers have recently devoted extensive efforts toward developing chiral liquid crystalline materials with self-organized nanostructures and exploring their potential applications in diverse fields ranging from dynamic photonics to energy and safety issues. In this review, an account on the state of the art of emerging chiral liquid crystalline nanostructured materials and their technological applications is provided. First, an overview on the significance of chiral liquid crystalline architectures in various living systems is given. Then, the recent significant progress in different chiral liquid crystalline systems including thermotropic LCs (cholesteric LCs, cubic blue phases, achiral bent-core LCs, etc.) and lyotropic LCs (DNA LCs, nanocellulose LCs, and graphene oxide LCs) is showcased. The review concludes with a perspective on the future scope, opportunities, and challenges in these truly advanced functional soft materials and their promising applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Augustine M Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sadati M, Martinez-Gonzalez JA, Zhou Y, Qazvini NT, Kurtenbach K, Li X, Bukusoglu E, Zhang R, Abbott NL, Hernandez-Ortiz JP, de Pablo JJ. Prolate and oblate chiral liquid crystal spheroids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba6728. [PMID: 32832603 PMCID: PMC7439570 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals are known to exhibit intriguing textures and color patterns, with applications in display and optical technologies. This work focuses on chiral materials and examines the palette of morphologies that arises when microdroplets are deformed into nonspherical shapes in a controllable manner. Specifically, geometrical confinement and mechanical strain are used to manipulate orientational order, phase transitions, and topological defects that arise in chiral liquid crystal droplets. Inspired by processes encountered in nature, where insects and animals often rely on strain and temperature to alter the optical appearance of dispersed liquid crystalline elements, chiral droplets are dispersed in polymer films and deformation induced by uniaxial or biaxial stretching. Our measurements are interpreted by resorting to simulations of the corresponding systems, thereby providing an in-depth understanding of the morphologies that arise in these materials. The reported structures and assemblies offer potential for applications in smart coatings, smart fabrics, and wearable sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monirosadat Sadati
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swearingen Engineering Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jose A. Martinez-Gonzalez
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Parque Chapultepec 1570, San Luis Potosí 78295, SLP, México
| | - Ye Zhou
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nader Taheri Qazvini
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swearingen Engineering Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Khia Kurtenbach
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Chemical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Rui Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Ortiz
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Calle 75 # 79A-51, Bloque M17, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rizzuto F, Nitschke JR. Narcissistic, Integrative, and Kinetic Self-Sorting within a System of Coordination Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7749-7753. [PMID: 32275828 PMCID: PMC7304868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many useful principles of self-assembly have been elucidated through studies of systems where multiple components combine to create a single structure. More complex systems, where multiple product structures self-assemble in parallel from a shared set of precursors, are also of great interest, as biological systems exhibit this behavior. The greater complexity of such systems leads to an increased likelihood that discrete species will not be formed, however. Here we show how the kinetics of self-assembly govern the formation of multiple metal-organic architectures from a mixture of five building blocks, preventing the formation of a discrete structure of intermediate size. By varying ligand symmetry, denticity, and orientation, we explore how five distinct polyhedra-a tetrahedron, an octahedron, a cube, a cuboctahedron, and a triangular prism-assemble in concert around CoII template ions. The underlying rules dictating the organization of assemblies into specific shapes are deciphered, explaining the formation of only three discrete entities when five could form in principle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix.
J. Rizzuto
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Belmonte A, Ussembayev YY, Bus T, Nys I, Neyts K, Schenning APHJ. Dual Light and Temperature Responsive Micrometer-Sized Structural Color Actuators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905219. [PMID: 31793728 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Externally induced color- and shape-changes in micrometer-sized objects are of great interest in novel application fields such as optofluidics and microrobotics. In this work, light and temperature responsive micrometer-sized structural color actuators based on cholesteric liquid-crystalline (CLC) polymer particles are presented. The particles are synthesized by suspension polymerization using a reactive CLC monomer mixture having a light responsive azobenzene dye. The particles exhibit anisotropic spot-like and arc-like reflective colored domains ranging from red to blue. Electron microscopy reveals a multidirectional asymmetric arrangement of the cholesteric layers in the particles and numerical simulations elucidate the anisotropic optical properties. Upon light exposure, the particles show reversible asymmetric shape deformations combined with structural color changes. When the temperature is increased above the liquid crystal-isotropic phase transition temperature of the particles, the deformation is followed by a reduction or disappearance of the reflection. Such dual light and temperature responsive structural color actuators are interesting for a variety of micrometer-sized devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Belmonte
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yera Ye Ussembayev
- Liquid Crystals and Photonics Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park - Campus A 126, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Bus
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Inge Nys
- Liquid Crystals and Photonics Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park - Campus A 126, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- Liquid Crystals and Photonics Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park - Campus A 126, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Albertus P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krakhalev MN, Rudyak VY, Prishchepa OO, Gardymova AP, Emelyanenko AV, Liu JH, Zyryanov VY. Orientational structures in cholesteric droplets with homeotropic surface anchoring. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5554-5561. [PMID: 31243424 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dependency of orientational structures in cholesteric droplets with homeotropic surface anchoring on the helicity parameter has been studied by experiment and simulations. We have observed a sequence of structures, in which the director configurations and topological defects were identified by comparison of polarized microscopy pictures with simulated textures. A toron-like and low-symmetry intermediate layer-like structures have been revealed and studied in detail. The ranges of stability of the observed structures have been summarized in a general diagram and explained by the helicity parameter dependence of the free energy terms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N Krakhalev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center - Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia and Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Vladimir Yu Rudyak
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Oxana O Prishchepa
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center - Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia and Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Anna P Gardymova
- Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | | | | | - Victor Ya Zyryanov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center - Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Belmonte A, Bus T, Broer DJ, Schenning AP. Patterned Full-Color Reflective Coatings Based on Photonic Cholesteric Liquid-Crystalline Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14376-14382. [PMID: 30916920 PMCID: PMC6473483 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An easy approach to pattern angular-independent, multicolor reflective coatings based on cholesteric liquid-crystalline (CLC) particles is presented. CLC particles are fabricated by emulsification, which is a scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly synthesis process. The photonic particles can be easily dispersed in a binder to produce reflective coatings. Furthermore, a simple strategy to remove the photonic cross-communication between the particles has been developed. By incorporating a reactive blue/green absorbing dye into the network structure of the CLC particles the cross-communication is absorbed by the dye, leading to well-defined structural colors. Moreover, we demonstrate the possibility of producing patterned multicolor images by controlled swelling of the particles by the binder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Belmonte
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Bus
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Broer
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE
Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM),
Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P.H.J. Schenning
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE
Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM),
Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ryabchun A, Li Q, Lancia F, Aprahamian I, Katsonis N. Shape-Persistent Actuators from Hydrazone Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1196-1200. [PMID: 30624915 PMCID: PMC6346373 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interfacing molecular photoswitches with liquid crystal polymers enables the amplification of their nanoscale motion into macroscopic shape transformations. Typically, the mechanism responsible for actuation involves light-induced molecular disorder. Here, we demonstrate that bistable hydrazones can drive (chiral) shape transformations in liquid crystal polymer networks, with photogenerated polymer shapes displaying a long-term stability that mirrors that of the switches. The mechanism involves a photoinduced buildup of tension in the polymer, with a negligible influence on the liquid crystalline order. Hydrazone-doped liquid crystal systems thus diversify the toolbox available to the field of light-adaptive molecular actuators and hold promise in terms of soft robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ryabchun
- Bio-inspired and
Smart Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Quan Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Federico Lancia
- Bio-inspired and
Smart Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Bio-inspired and
Smart Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee SS, Kim SH. Controlled Encapsulation of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Using Emulsion Templates. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Schwartz M, Lenzini G, Geng Y, Rønne PB, Ryan PYA, Lagerwall JPF. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Shells as Enabling Material for Information-Rich Design and Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707382. [PMID: 29756303 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The responsive and dynamic character of liquid crystals (LCs), arising from their ability to self-organize into long-range ordered structures while maintaining fluidity, has given them a role as key enabling materials in the information technology that surrounds us today. Ongoing research hints at future LC-based technologies of entirely different types, for instance by taking advantage of the peculiar behavior of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) subject to curvature. Spherical shells of CLC reflect light omnidirectionally with specific polarization and wavelength, tunable from the UV to the infrared (IR) range, with complex patterns arising when many of them are brought together. Here, these properties are analyzed and explained, and future application opportunities from an interdisciplinary standpoint are discussed. By incorporating arrangements of CLC shells in smart facades or vehicle coatings, or in objects of high value subject to counterfeiting, game-changing future uses might arise in fields spanning information security, design, and architecture. The focus here is on the challenges of a digitized and information-rich future society where humans increasingly rely on technology and share their space with autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Schwartz
- College of Architecture and Design, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 154 Summit Street, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Gabriele Lenzini
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 29 Avenue J. F. Kennedy, L-1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yong Geng
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Peter B Rønne
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 29 Avenue J. F. Kennedy, L-1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Peter Y A Ryan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 29 Avenue J. F. Kennedy, L-1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bisoyi HK, Bunning TJ, Li Q. Stimuli-Driven Control of the Helical Axis of Self-Organized Soft Helical Superstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706512. [PMID: 29603448 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular and macromolecular functional helical superstructures are ubiquitous in nature and display an impressive catalog of intriguing and elegant properties and performances. In materials science, self-organized soft helical superstructures, i.e., cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs), serve as model systems toward the understanding of morphology- and orientation-dependent properties of supramolecular dynamic helical architectures and their potential for technological applications. Moreover, most of the fascinating device applications of CLCs are primarily determined by different orientations of the helical axis. Here, the control of the helical axis orientation of CLCs and its dynamic switching in two and three dimensions using different external stimuli are summarized. Electric-field-, magnetic-field-, and light-irradiation-driven orientation control and reorientation of the helical axis of CLCs are described and highlighted. Different techniques and strategies developed to achieve a uniform lying helix structure are explored. Helical axis control in recently developed heliconical cholesteric systems is examined. The control of the helical axis orientation in spherical geometries such as microdroplets and microshells fabricated from these enticing photonic fluids is also explored. Future challenges and opportunities in this exciting area involving anisotropic chiral liquids are then discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, OH, 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Light-activated helical inversion in cholesteric liquid crystal microdroplets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4334-4339. [PMID: 29626129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720742115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) droplets exhibit nontrivial topological features, which are controlled by the ratio between the cholesteric pitch and the droplet radius. The radial spherical structure (RSS) is of particular interest, as it reveals an onion-like concentric organization of the cholesteric helices, leading to the expression of spherical Bragg microcavities. Using an overcrowded alkene-based unidirectional molecular motor as a dopant, we show that the topological defect structure in the droplet can be activated by illumination. By using appropriate molecular motor concentrations, light can either break the symmetry of topological defects (as observed for the bent-twisted bipolar structure), or it can induce inversion of handedness in an onion-like organization (in the case of RSS). This latter feature may pave the way toward alternative activation modes of lasers based on cholesteric droplets. By also studying CLC droplets once they have reached full photoconversion at photostationary state (PSS), we highlight that the strong influence of confinement on the droplets structure occurs to the same extent after the helix inversion event. Our results are interpreted in terms of numerical simulations of the droplets' structure, which shed light on the major role played by curvature close to the droplets' center, this latter one becoming dominant when the droplet radius is small.
Collapse
|
21
|
Punjani V, Mohiuddin G, Kaur S, Khan RK, Ghosh S, Pal SK. Observation of polar order and thermochromic behaviour in a chiral bent-core system exhibiting exotic mesophases due to superstructural frustration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3452-3455. [PMID: 29557481 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08885j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new approach accompanied by superstructural frustration is reported. By attaching a cholesterol moiety directly to the central bent-core system it displayed exotic BPIII, BPII/I, Ncyb*, TGBA, SmAPA, SmA and SmX phases as shown by X-ray scattering results. While higher homologues of the series exhibited spontaneous formation of polar order (Ps ∼ 61 nC cm-2) upon applied voltage, the lower homologues showed thermochromic behaviour which can also be trapped via temperature quenching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhika Punjani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Golam Mohiuddin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Raj Kumar Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| | - Sharmistha Ghosh
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin Y, Yang Y, Shan Y, Gong L, Chen J, Li S, Chen L. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Assisted Tunable Optical Patterns from Spherical Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Bragg Reflectors. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7110376. [PMID: 29117136 PMCID: PMC5707593 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) exhibit selective Bragg reflections of circularly polarized (CP) light owing to their spontaneous self-assembly abilities into periodic helical structures. Photonic cross-communication patterns could be generated toward potential security applications by spherical cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) structures. To endow these optical patterns with tunability, we fabricated spherical CLC Bragg reflectors in the shape of microshells by glass-capillary microfluidics. Water-soluble magnetofluid with Fe3O4 nanoparticles incorporated in the inner aqueous core of CLC shells is responsible for the non-invasive transportable capability. With the aid of an external magnetic field, the reflection interactions between neighboring microshells and microdroplets were identified by varying the mutual distance in a group of magnetically transportable and unmovable spherical CLC structures. The temperature-dependent optical reflection patterns were investigated in close-packed hexagonal arrangements of seven CLC microdroplets and microshells with inverse helicity handedness. Moreover, we demonstrated that the magnetic field-assisted assembly of microshells array into geometric figures of uppercase English letters “L” and “C” was successfully achieved. We hope that these findings can provide good application prospects for security pattern designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yuwei Shan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Lingli Gong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Jingzhi Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Sensen Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Lujian Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang L, Chen D, Gutierrez-Cuevas KG, Bisoyi HK, Fan J, Zola RS, Li G, Urbas AM, Bunning TJ, Weitz DA, Li Q. Optically Reconfigurable Chiral Microspheres of Self-Organized Helical Superstructures with Handedness Inversion. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2017; 4:1190-1195. [PMID: 29403644 PMCID: PMC5796552 DOI: 10.1039/c7mh00644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optically reconfigurable monodisperse chiral microspheres of self-organized helical superstructures with dynamic chirality were fabricated via a capillary-based microfluidic technique. Light-driven handedness-invertible transformations between different configurations of microspheres were vividly observed and optically tunable RGB photonic cross-communications among the microspheres were demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Dong Chen
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Karla G. Gutierrez-Cuevas
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Rafael S. Zola
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná-Apucarana, PR 86812-460, Brazil
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, United States
| | - Augustine M. Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Timothy J. Bunning
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - David A. Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Quan Li
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang H, Orlova T, Matt B, Katsonis N. Long‐Lived Supramolecular Helices Promoted by Fluorinated Photoswitches. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Bio‐inspired and Smart MaterialsMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Tetiana Orlova
- Bio‐inspired and Smart MaterialsMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Matt
- Bio‐inspired and Smart MaterialsMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Bio‐inspired and Smart MaterialsMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chu G, Vilensky R, Vasilyev G, Deng S, Qu D, Xu Y, Zussman E. Structural Transition in Liquid Crystal Bubbles Generated from Fluidic Nanocellulose Colloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Rita Vilensky
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Shengwei Deng
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Dan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chu G, Vilensky R, Vasilyev G, Deng S, Qu D, Xu Y, Zussman E. Structural Transition in Liquid Crystal Bubbles Generated from Fluidic Nanocellulose Colloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8751-8755. [PMID: 28570772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The structural transition in micrometer-sized liquid crystal bubbles (LCBs) derived from rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was studied. The CNC-based LCBs were suspended in nematic or chiral nematic liquid-crystalline CNCs, which generated topological defects and distinct birefringent textures around them. The ordering and structure of the LCBs shifted from a nematic to chiral nematic arrangement as water evaporation progressed. These packed LCBs exhibited a specific photonic cross-communication property that is due to a combination of Bragg reflection and bubble curvature and size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Rita Vilensky
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Shengwei Deng
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Dan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee SS, Seo HJ, Kim YH, Kim SH. Structural Color Palettes of Core-Shell Photonic Ink Capsules Containing Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606894. [PMID: 28370481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photonic microcapsules with onion-like topology are microfluidically designed to have cholesteric liquid crystals with opposite handedness in their core and shell. The microcapsules exhibit structural colors caused by dual photonic bandgaps, resulting in a rich variety of color on the optical palette. Moreover, the microcapsules can switch the colors from either core or shell depending on the selection of light-handedness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Seok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Program), KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Seo
- Advanced Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Kim
- Advanced Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Program), KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kang JH, Kim SH, Fernandez-Nieves A, Reichmanis E. Amplified Photon Upconversion by Photonic Shell of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5708-5711. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Urbanski M, Reyes CG, Noh J, Sharma A, Geng Y, Subba Rao Jampani V, Lagerwall JPF. Liquid crystals in micron-scale droplets, shells and fibers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:133003. [PMID: 28199222 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa5706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary responsiveness and large diversity of self-assembled structures of liquid crystals are well documented and they have been extensively used in devices like displays. For long, this application route strongly influenced academic research, which frequently focused on the performance of liquid crystals in display-like geometries, typically between flat, rigid substrates of glass or similar solids. Today a new trend is clearly visible, where liquid crystals confined within curved, often soft and flexible, interfaces are in focus. Innovation in microfluidic technology has opened for high-throughput production of liquid crystal droplets or shells with exquisite monodispersity, and modern characterization methods allow detailed analysis of complex director arrangements. The introduction of electrospinning in liquid crystal research has enabled encapsulation in optically transparent polymeric cylinders with very small radius, allowing studies of confinement effects that were not easily accessible before. It also opened the prospect of functionalizing textile fibers with liquid crystals in the core, triggering activities that target wearable devices with true textile form factor for seamless integration in clothing. Together, these developments have brought issues center stage that might previously have been considered esoteric, like the interaction of topological defects on spherical surfaces, saddle-splay curvature-induced spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, or the non-trivial shape changes of curved liquid crystal elastomers with non-uniform director fields that undergo a phase transition to an isotropic state. The new research thrusts are motivated equally by the intriguing soft matter physics showcased by liquid crystals in these unconventional geometries, and by the many novel application opportunities that arise when we can reproducibly manufacture these systems on a commercial scale. This review attempts to summarize the current understanding of liquid crystals in spherical and cylindrical geometry, the state of the art of producing such samples, as well as the perspectives for innovative applications that have been put forward.
Collapse
|
30
|
Brzobohatý O, Hernández RJ, Simpson S, Mazzulla A, Cipparrone G, Zemánek P. Chiral particles in the dual-beam optical trap. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:26382-26391. [PMID: 27857373 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.026382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of chiral microparticles in a dual-beam optical trap. The chiral particles have the structure of spherical chiral microresonators, with a reflectance deriving from the supramolecular helicoidal arrangement. Due to the strong asymmetric response of the particles to light with a specific helicity and wavelength, their trapping position and rotational frequency can be controlled by proper combination of the polarization state of the two light beams. Here symmetric and asymmetric polarization configurations of dual- interfering beam traps have been investigated. Based on the polarization controlled asymmetric transmission of the chiral particles, a tunable wash-board potential is created enabling the control of the trapping position along the beams axis. Asymmetric configurations display polarization controlled rotation of the trapped particles. Optical binding of rotating particles exhibits a complex dynamics.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ryabchun A, Raguzin I, Stumpe J, Shibaev V, Bobrovsky A. Cholesteric Polymer Scaffolds Filled with Azobenzene-Containing Nematic Mixture with Phototunable Optical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27227-27235. [PMID: 27633069 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades witnessed tremendous progress in the field of creation of different types of responsive materials. Cholesteric polymer networks present a very promising class of smart materials due to the combination of the unique optical properties of cholesteric mesophase and high mechanical properties of polymer networks. In the present work we demonstrate the possibility of fast and reversible photocontrol of the optical properties of cholesteric polymer networks. Several cholesteric photopolymerizable mixtures are prepared, and porous cholesteric network films with different helix pitches are produced by polymerization of these mixtures. An effective and simple method of the introduction of photochromic azobenzene-containing nematic mixture capable of isothermal photoinducing the nematic-isotropic phase transition into the porous polymer matrix is developed. It is found that cross-linking density and degree of polymer network filling with a photochromic nematic mixture strongly influence the photo-optical behavior of the obtained composite films. In particular, the densely cross-linked films are characterized by a decrease in selective light reflection bandwidth, whereas weakly cross-linked systems display two processes: the shift of selective light reflection peak and decrease of its width. It is noteworthy that the obtained cholesteric materials are shown to be very promising for the variety applications in optoelectronics and photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ryabchun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research , Geiselbergstrasse 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University , Lenin Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Raguzin
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Stumpe
- University of Potsdam , Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Valery Shibaev
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University , Lenin Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Bobrovsky
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University , Lenin Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang PX, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Polymer and Mesoporous Silica Microspheres with Chiral Nematic Order from Cellulose Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Wadood Y. Hamad
- FPInnovations; 2665 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang PX, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Polymer and Mesoporous Silica Microspheres with Chiral Nematic Order from Cellulose Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12460-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Wadood Y. Hamad
- FPInnovations; 2665 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
High-fidelity spherical cholesteric liquid crystal Bragg reflectors generating unclonable patterns for secure authentication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26840. [PMID: 27230944 PMCID: PMC4882534 DOI: 10.1038/srep26840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monodisperse cholesteric liquid crystal microspheres exhibit spherically symmetric Bragg reflection, generating, via photonic cross communication, dynamically tuneable multi-coloured patterns. These patterns, uniquely defined by the particular sphere arrangement, could render cholesteric microspheres very useful in countless security applications, as tags to identify and authenticate their carriers, mainly physical objects or persons. However, the optical quality of the cholesteric droplets studied so far is unsatisfactory, especially after polymerisation, a step required for obtaining durable samples that can be used for object identification. We show that a transition from droplets to shells solves all key problems, giving rise to sharp patterns and excellent optical quality even after polymerisation, the polymerised shells sustaining considerable mechanical deformation. Moreover, we demonstrate that, counter to prior expectation, cross communication takes place even between non-identical shells. This opens additional communication channels that add significantly to the complexity and unique character of the generated patterns.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen LJ, Gong LL, Lin YL, Jin XY, Li HY, Li SS, Che KJ, Cai ZP, Yang CJ. Microfluidic fabrication of cholesteric liquid crystal core-shell structures toward magnetically transportable microlasers. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1206-13. [PMID: 26923221 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00070c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a magnetically transportable microlaser with cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) core-shell structure, operating in band-edge mode. The dye doped CLC shells as a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion were fabricated by microfluidics. Water-dispersible Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were incorporated in the inner aqueous phase by taking advantage of the immiscibility with the middle CLC oil phase. The influence of temperature and shell thickness on laser properties was discussed in detail. The non-invasive manipulation of microlasers was realized under a magnetic field. The dependence of velocity on the viscosity of the carrying fluid and size of the core-shell structure was theoretically analyzed and experimentally investigated using a prototype electromagnetic platform. We also discussed the design principles for this type of DDCLC core-shell structure. Such magnetically transportable microlasers offer promise in in-channel illumination applications requiring active control inside micro-channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Jian Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China. and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Ling-Li Gong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Ya-Li Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Xin-Yi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China and MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Han-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China and MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Sen-Sen Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Kai-Jun Che
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Recent progresses in bioadhesive microspheres via transmucosal administration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 140:361-372. [PMID: 26774569 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on the advantages of adhesion preparations and the application status of microspheres (MSs) in mucous delivery, this paper primarily reviews the bioadhesive MSs via transmucosal administration routes, including the mucosa in alimentary tract and other lumens. Particularly, the detailed researches about of celladhesive MSs and some new-style bioadhesive MSs are mentioned. Furthermore, this review attempts to reveal the advances of bioadhesive MSs as cell-selective bioadhesion systems and the stimuli-responsive MSs as location-specific drug delivery systems. Although these MSs show powerful strength, some far-sighted ideas should be brought on agendas. In the future, mechanisms should be put under tight scrutiny and more attention should be focused on the excellent bioadhesive materials and the 'second generation mucoadhesives'. Meaningful clinical applications of these novel MSs are also of current concerns and need more detailed researches.
Collapse
|