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Budroni MA, Rossi F, Marchettini N, Wodlei F, Lo Nostro P, Rustici M. Hofmeister Effect in Self-Organized Chemical Systems. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9658-9667. [PMID: 32989990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of spectator ions in the prototype of far-from-equilibrium self-organized chemical systems, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. In particular, we investigated the specific ion effect of alkali metal cations, connoted for their kosmotropic and chaotropic properties. By means of combined experimental and numerical approaches, we could show a neat and robust evidence for the Hofmeister effect in this system. Spectator cations induce a marked increment of the induction period that preludes regular oscillations and decrease the oscillation amplitude following the sequence Li+ < Na+ ≪ K+ ∼ Cs+. These ions affect the system kinetics by interfering in the interaction between the oxidized form of the catalyst and the organic substrate, responsible for resetting the BZ system to pre-autocatalytic (reduced) conditions. The specific ion effect on these key reactive steps is systematically characterized and correlated with different parameters which describe the interaction of the cations with the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello A Budroni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari (SS) 07100, Italy
| | - Federico Rossi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences-DEEP Sciences, University of Siena, Siena (SI) 53100, Italy
| | - Nadia Marchettini
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences-DEEP Sciences, University of Siena, Siena (SI) 53100, Italy
| | - Florian Wodlei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari (SS) 07100, Italy
| | - Pierandrea Lo Nostro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Mauro Rustici
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari (SS) 07100, Italy
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Collu M, Carucci C, Salis A. Specific Anion Effects on Lipase Adsorption and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel in Nonaqueous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9465-9471. [PMID: 32640792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (Pfl) was adsorbed on macroporous polypropylene to obtain a heterogeneous biocatalyst. The effect of NaCl concentration and of different 100 mm sodium salts on the Pfl loading and catalytic performance toward biodiesel synthesis via the solvent-free methanolysis of triglycerides was studied. Although lipase adsorption onto polypropylene is governed by hydrophobic interactions, both salt concentration and anion type affect lipase loading. Protein loading decreased along the series: Cl- > SO42- ≈ no salt > Br- > I- > SCN- > F- > AcO-. This nonmonotonic ion-specific trend can be the result of opposite mechanisms occurring during the adsorption step. A similar trend is observed also for triglyceride conversion and biodiesel yield. It is likely that ions affect the microenvironment of the adsorbed lipase by interacting specifically with the hydration water and polypeptide chains, thus affecting enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Collu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554 bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Cristina Carucci
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554 bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Salis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554 bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
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Dondapati SK, Lübberding H, Zemella A, Thoring L, Wüstenhagen DA, Kubick S. Functional Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins Derived From Eukaryotic Cell-Free Systems. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:917. [PMID: 31543813 PMCID: PMC6728924 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) based on eukaryotic Sf21 lysate is gaining interest among researchers due to its ability to handle the synthesis of complex human membrane proteins (MPs). Additionally Sf21 cell-free systems contain endogenous microsomal vesicles originally derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After CFPS, MPs will be translocated into the microsomal vesicles membranes present in the lysates. Thus microsomal membranes offer a natural environment for de novo synthesized MPs. Despite the advantage of synthesizing complex MPs with post translational modifications directly into the microsomal membranes without any additional solubilization supplements, batch based Sf21 cell-free synthesis suffers from low yields. The bottleneck for MPs in particular after the synthesis and incorporation into the microsomal membranes is to analyze their functionality. Apart from low yields of the synthesized MPs with batch based cell-free synthesis, the challenges arise in the form of cytoskeleton elements and peripheral endogenous proteins surrounding the microsomes which may impede the functional analysis of the synthesized proteins. So careful sample processing after the synthesis is particularly important for developing the appropriate functional assays. Here we demonstrate how MPs (native and batch synthesized) from ER derived microsomes can be processed for functional analysis by electrophysiology and radioactive uptake assay methods. Treatment of the microsomal membranes either with a sucrose washing step in the case of human serotonin transporter (hSERT) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+/ATPase (SERCA) pump or with mild detergents followed by the preparation of proteoliposomes in the case of the human voltage dependent anionic channel (hVDAC1) helps to analyze the functional properties of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Kumar Dondapati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Henning Lübberding
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lena Thoring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Doreen A Wüstenhagen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Smeazzetto S, Armanious GP, Moncelli MR, Bak JJ, Lemieux MJ, Young HS, Tadini-Buoninsegni F. Conformational memory in the association of the transmembrane protein phospholamban with the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump SERCA. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21330-21339. [PMID: 29081402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase SERCA promotes muscle relaxation by pumping calcium ions from the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. SERCA activity is regulated by a variety of small transmembrane peptides, most notably by phospholamban in cardiac muscle and sarcolipin in skeletal muscle. However, how phospholamban and sarcolipin regulate SERCA is not fully understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of phospholamban and sarcolipin on calcium translocation and ATP hydrolysis by SERCA under conditions that mimic environments in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. For pre-steady-state current measurements, proteoliposomes containing SERCA and phospholamban or sarcolipin were adsorbed to a solid-supported membrane and activated by substrate concentration jumps. We observed that phospholamban altered ATP-dependent calcium translocation by SERCA within the first transport cycle, whereas sarcolipin did not. Using pre-steady-state charge (calcium) translocation and steady-state ATPase activity under substrate conditions (various calcium and/or ATP concentrations) promoting particular conformational states of SERCA, we found that the effect of phospholamban on SERCA depends on substrate preincubation conditions. Our results also indicated that phospholamban can establish an inhibitory interaction with multiple SERCA conformational states with distinct effects on SERCA's kinetic properties. Moreover, we noted multiple modes of interaction between SERCA and phospholamban and observed that once a particular mode of association is engaged it persists throughout the SERCA transport cycle and multiple turnover events. These observations are consistent with conformational memory in the interaction between SERCA and phospholamban, thus providing insights into the physiological role of phospholamban and its regulatory effect on SERCA transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Smeazzetto
- From the Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff," University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy and
| | - Gareth P Armanious
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Maria Rosa Moncelli
- From the Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff," University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy and
| | - Jessi J Bak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Howard S Young
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Ninham BW, Larsson K, Lo Nostro P. Two sides of the coin. Part 2. Colloid and surface science meets real biointerfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:394-404. [PMID: 28822288 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Part 1 revisited developments in lipid and surfactant self assembly over the past 40 years [1]. New concepts emerged. Here we explore how these developments can be used to make sense of and bring order to a range of complex biological phenomena. Together with Part 1, this contribution is a fundamental revision of intuition at the boundaries of Colloid Science and Biological interfaces from a perspective of nearly 50 years. We offer new insights on a unified treatment of self assembly of lipids, surfactants and proteins in the light of developments presented in Part 1. These were in the enabling disciplines in molecular forces, hydration, oil and electrolyte specificity; and in the role of non Euclidean geometries-across the whole gammut of physical, colloid and surface chemistry, biophysics and membrane biology and medicine. It is where the early founders of the cell theory of biology and the physiologists expected advances to occur as D'Arcy Thompson predicted us 100 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Ninham
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Kåre Larsson
- Camurus Lipid Research Foundation, Ideon Science Park, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pierandrea Lo Nostro
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Fondazione Prof. Enzo Ferroni-Onlus, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Abstract
Functional characterization of transport proteins using conventional electrophysiology can be challenging, especially for low turnover transporters or transporters from bacteria and intracellular compartments. Solid-supported membrane (SSM)-based electrophysiology is a sensitive and cell-free assay technique for the characterization of electrogenic membrane proteins. Purified proteins reconstituted into proteoliposomes or membrane vesicles from cell culture or native tissues are adsorbed to the sensor holding an SSM. A substrate or a ligand is applied via rapid solution exchange. The electrogenic transporter activity charges the sensor, which is recorded as a transient current. The high stability of the SSM allows cumulative measurements on the same sensor using different experimental conditions. This allows the determination of kinetic properties including EC50, IC50, Km, KD, and rate constants of electrogenic reactions. About 100 different transporters have been measured so far using this technique, among them symporters, exchangers, uniporters, ATP-, redox-, and light-driven ion pumps, as well as receptors and ion channels. Different instruments apply this technique: the laboratory setups use a closed flow-through arrangement, while the commercially available SURFE2R N1 resembles a pipetting robot. For drug screening purposes high-throughput systems, such as the SURFE2R 96SE enable the simultaneous measurement of up to 96 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Bazzone
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Fendler
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Razavi AM, Delemotte L, Berlin JR, Carnevale V, Voelz VA. Molecular simulations and free-energy calculations suggest conformation-dependent anion binding to a cytoplasmic site as a mechanism for Na +/K +-ATPase ion selectivity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12412-12423. [PMID: 28588025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase transports Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane via an ion-binding site becoming alternatively accessible to the intra- and extracellular milieu by conformational transitions that confer marked changes in ion-binding stoichiometry and selectivity. To probe the mechanism of these changes, we used molecular simulation and free-energy perturbation approaches to identify probable protonation states of Na+- and K+-coordinating residues in E1P and E2P conformations of Na+/K+-ATPase. Analysis of these simulations revealed a molecular mechanism responsible for the change in protonation state: the conformation-dependent binding of an anion (a chloride ion in our simulations) to a previously unrecognized cytoplasmic site in the loop between transmembrane helices 8 and 9, which influences the electrostatic potential of the crucial Na+-coordinating residue Asp926 This mechanistic model is consistent with experimental observations and provides a molecular-level picture of how E1P to E2P enzyme conformational transitions are coupled to changes in ion-binding stoichiometry and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar M Razavi
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Lucie Delemotte
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Theoretical Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 11428, Sweden
| | - Joshua R Berlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Vincenzo Carnevale
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122; Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122.
| | - Vincent A Voelz
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122; Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122.
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Global Analysis of Type Three Secretion System and Quorum Sensing Inhibition of Pseudomonas savastanoi by Polyphenols Extracts from Vegetable Residues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163357. [PMID: 27668874 PMCID: PMC5036890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of plants against bacterial diseases still mainly relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which in Europe correspond essentially to copper-based compounds. However, recently plant diseases control is oriented towards a rational use of molecules and extracts, generally with natural origin, with lower intrinsic toxicity and a reduced negative environmental impact. In this work, polyphenolic extracts from vegetable no food/feed residues of typical Mediterranean crops, as Olea europaea, Cynara scolymus, and Vitis vinifera were obtained and their inhibitory activity on the Type Three Secretion System (TTSS) and the Quorum Sensing (QS) of the Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii strain Psn23 was assessed. Extract from green tea (Camellia sinensis) was used as a positive control. Collectively, the data obtained through gfp-promoter fusion system and real-time PCR show that all the polyphenolic extracts here studied have a high inhibitory activity on both the TTSS and QS of Psn23, without any depressing effect on bacterial viability. Extracts from green tea and grape seeds were shown to be the most active. Such activity was confirmed in planta by a strong reduction in the ability of Psn23 to develop hyperplastic galls on explants from adult oleander plants, as well as to elicit hypersensitive response on tobacco. By using a newly developed Congo red assay and an ELISA test, we demonstrated that the TTSS-targeted activity of these polyphenolic extracts also affects the TTSS pilus assembly. In consideration of the potential application of polyphenolic extracts in plant protection, the absence of any toxicity of these polyphenolic compounds was also assessed. A widely and evolutionary conserved molecular target such as Ca2+-ATPase, essential for the survival of any living organism, was used for the toxicity assessment.
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Dipole-Potential-Mediated Effects on Ion Pump Kinetics. Biophys J 2016; 109:1513-20. [PMID: 26488640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of conformational changes of P-type ATPases necessary for the occlusion or deocclusion of transported ions are known to be sensitive to the composition of the surrounding membrane, e.g., phospholipid content, mole percentage of cholesterol, and the presence of lipid-bound anions. Research has shown that many membrane components modify the dipole potential of the lipid head-group region. Based on the observation that occlusion/deocclusion reactions of ion pumps perturb the membrane surrounding the protein, a mechanism is suggested whereby dipole potential modifiers induce preferential stabilization or destabilization of occluded or nonoccluded states of the protein, leading to changes in the forward and backward rate constants for the transition. The mechanism relies on the assumption that conformational changes of the protein are associated with changes in its hydrophobic thickness that requires a change in local lipid packing density to allow hydrophobic matching with the membrane. The changes in lipid packing density cause changes in local lipid dipole potential that are responsible for the dependence of conformational kinetics on dipole potential modifiers. The proposed mechanism has the potential to explain effects of lipid composition on the kinetics of any membrane protein undergoing significant changes in its membrane cross-sectional area during its activity.
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Násztor Z, Bogár F, Dér A. The interfacial tension concept, as revealed by fluctuations. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Salis A, Monduzzi M. Not only pH. Specific buffer effects in biological systems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lo Nostro P, Mazzini V, Ninham BW, Ambrosi M, Dei L, Baglioni P. Specific Anion Effects on the Kinetics of Iodination of Acetone. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2567-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierandrea Lo Nostro
- Department of Chemistry & CSGI; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
| | - Virginia Mazzini
- Department of Chemistry & CSGI; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
- Department of Applied Mathematics; Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering; Institute of Advanced Studies; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Barry W. Ninham
- Department of Applied Mathematics; Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering; Institute of Advanced Studies; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Moira Ambrosi
- Department of Chemistry & CSGI; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
| | - Luigi Dei
- Department of Chemistry & CSGI; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry & CSGI; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
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Cugia F, Sedda S, Pitzalis F, Parsons DF, Monduzzi M, Salis A. Are specific buffer effects the new frontier of Hofmeister phenomena? Insights from lysozyme adsorption on ordered mesoporous silica. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17356j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Different 10 mM buffers at the same nominal pH affect specifically the adsorption of lysozyme on ordered mesoporous silica. It emerges that specific buffer effects should be considered within ‘Hofmeister phenomena’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cugia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042-Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Silvia Sedda
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042-Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Federica Pitzalis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042-Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Drew F. Parsons
- School of Engineering and Information Technology
- Murdoch University
- Australia
| | - Maura Monduzzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042-Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Andrea Salis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- University of Cagliari-CSGI and CNBS
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042-Monserrato
- Italy
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