Reversibly Switching Silver Hierarchical Structures via Reaction Kinetics

A study on the performance of enhancing environmental protection from molecular iodine using granular impregnated activated carbon

Environmentally hazardous radioactive isotopes of iodine may be released from a nuclear power plant as a by-product of uranium fission. The efficient and safe capture of volatile radioiodine is of great significance in the history of nuclear power plants. Due to its high volatility and carcinogenic characteristics, elimination of iodine gas (I2) from air is the need of the hour from an environmental and health point of view. In this work, the trapping of molecular iodine has been studied using porous adsorbents such as activated carbon (AC) and activated carbon impregnated with metals or triethylenediamine (TEDA). Impregnated activated carbons (IACs) chemically react with iodine through SN2 mechanism. The physicochemical and structural characterization of raw activated carbon (RAC) and impregnated activated carbons (IACs) was done by AAS, SEM, EDX, BET, and XRD. The finding of the breakthrough experimental adsorption showed that the gaseous iodine (50 ppm) equilibrium adsorption capacity of the raw AC before and after impregnation increased from 180 to 1044 mg/g mL at a condition of 60 °C. Furthermore, metal IAC was highly adsorbent at high temperatures (80 °C) due to its stability, and it adsorbed up to 576 mg/g mL iodine at a maximum. The breakthrough study examined that the adsorption capacity of iodine enhanced up to 19% for metal and 26% for metal-TEDA IAC as compared to RAC. Adsorption equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir model, and the kinetics study was demonstrated by the second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that this is an exothermic and spontaneous reaction. This study explored the parameters of a filter such as adsorption capacity and saturation time at which no more pollutant gas can be captured. Finally, the findings demonstrate that these adsorbents may be capable of adsorbing large amounts of gaseous iodine.

Eco-Friendly Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles by Scutellaria multicaulis Leaf Extract and Its Biological Activities

Scutellaria multicaulis is a medicinal plant indigenous to Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. It has been widely used as a prominent herb in traditional medicine for thousands of years. This plant is reported to contain baicalein, wogonin, and chrysin flavonoids, which are a significant group of chemical ingredients which can cure different diseases, such as breast cancer. S. multicaulis leaf extract was used for the bioreduction of silver nanoparticles (SmL-Ag-NPs), and their phytochemical contents and antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic activity were evaluated. Optimal physicochemical properties of SmL-Ag-NPs were obtained by mixing 5% of leaf extract and 2 mM of aqueous AgNO₃ solution and confirmed by characterization studies including UV-visible spectrophotometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X-ray crystallography (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. SmL-Ag-NPs exhibited a higher content of total phenol and total flavonoid and potential antioxidant activity. SmL-Ag-NPs also demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231 cell multiplication with an IC₅₀ value of 37.62 μg/mL through inducing cell apoptosis. Results show that SmL-Ag-NPs is effective at inhibiting the proliferation of MDA-MB231 cells compared to tamoxifen. This demonstrates that SmL-Ag-NPs could be a bio-friendly and safe strategy to develop new cancer therapies with a reduction in the adverse effects of chemotherapy in the near future.

In Situ Investigation of Dynamic Silver Crystallization Driven by Chemical Reaction and Diffusion

Rational synthesis of materials is a long-term challenging issue due to the poor understanding on the formation mechanism of material structure and the limited capability in controlling nanoscale crystallization. The emergent in situ electron microscope provides an insight to this issue. By employing an in situ scanning electron microscope, silver crystallization is investigated in real time, in which a reversible crystallization is observed. To disclose this reversible crystallization, the radicals generated by the irradiation of electron beam are calculated. It is found that the concentrations of radicals are spatiotemporally variable in the liquid cell due to the diffusion and reaction of radicals. The fluctuation of the reductive hydrated electrons and the oxidative hydroxyl radicals in the cell leads to the alternative dominance of the reduction and oxidation reactions. The reduction leads to the growth of silver crystals while the oxidation leads to their dissolution, which results in the reversible silver crystallization. A regulation of radical distribution by electron dose rates leads to the formation of diverse silver structures, confirming the dominant role of local chemical concentration in the structure evolution of materials.

Precipitation of silver particles with controlled morphologies from aqueous solutions

Mono- and polycrystalline silver particles were formed with morphologies ranging from polyhedral, to hopper, dendritic and spherulitic particles with increasing supersaturation.

Rational synthesis of silver nanowires at an electrode interface by diffusion limitation

We report an approach to synthesize silver nanowires by diffusion limitation.

Synthesis of high melting point TiN mesocrystal powders by a metastable state strategy

Synthesis of high melting point non-oxide ceramic powders with mesocrystal structure is an important and challenging task.

A new route to gold nanoflowers

Catanionic vesicles spontaneously formed by mixing the anionic surfactant bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were used as a reducing medium to produce gold clusters, which are embedded and well-ordered into the template phase. The gold clusters can be used as seeds in the growth process that follows by adding ascorbic acid as a mild reducing component. When the ascorbic acid was added very slowly in an ice bath round-edged gold nanoflowers were produced. When the same experiments were performed at room temperature in the presence of Ag⁺ ions, sharp-edged nanoflowers could be synthesized. The mechanism of nanoparticle formation can be understood to be a non-diffusion-limited Ostwald ripening process of preordered gold nanoparticles embedded in catanionic vesicle fragments. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering experiments show an excellent enhancement factor of 1.7 · 10⁵ for the nanoflowers deposited on a silicon wafer.

Branched Ag nanoplates: synthesis dictated by suppressing surface diffusion and catalytic activity for nitrophenol reduction

Highly branched Ag nanoplates were achieved at extremely low Ag atoms surface diffusion rate, fulfilledviathe Cu under potential deposition.

TEMPO-Oxidized Nanocellulose Fiber-Directed Stable Aqueous Suspension of Plasmonic Flower-like Silver Nanoconstructs for Ultra-Trace Detection of Analytes

The synthesis of shape-tuned silver (Ag) nanostructures with high plasmon characteristics has become of significant importance in in vitro diagnostic applications. Herein, we report a simple aqueous synthetic route using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized nanocellulose fibers (T-NCFs) and trisodium citrate (TSC) that results in anisotropically grown flower-like Ag nanoconstructs (AgNFs). A detailed investigation of the concentration and sequence of the addition of reactants in the formation of these anisotropic Ag structures is presented. Our experimental results show that the mechanism underlying the formation of AgNFs is facilitated by the synergistic action of T-NCFs and TSC on the directional growth of Ag nuclei during the primary stage, which later develop into a flower-like structure by the ripening of larger particles consuming smaller Ag particles. As a result the final structure comprises flower-like morphology over which several smaller Ag particles (of size <10 nm) are adhered. The aqueous AgNF colloid exhibits high stability (ζ = -69.4 mV) and long shelf-life at neutral pH (>4 months) by the efficient capping action of T-NCFs. Further, an as-synthesized nanoconstructs shows excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity, which enables ultrasensitive detection of p-aminothiophenol with a concentration down to 10 aM (10^-17 M) in a reproducible way. This biosupported synthesis of stable aqueous colloids of AgNF may find potential applications as a biomedical sensing platform for the trace level detection of analyte molecules.

Observation of the formation of anisotropic silver microstructures by evanescent wave and electron microscopy

Using a well-known galvanic displacement reaction, ∼25-40 μm long silver ribbons grown after mixing ∼50 nm copper particles with AgNO3 solution were observed as a function of Ag(+) concentration and their growth was characterized in real-time and in situ by evanescent wave (EW) microscopy. At low Ag(+) concentration, chain-like structures consisting of both Ag and Cu were observed. When the sequence of mixing these two reactants was reversed, different Ag microstructures (platelets and dendrites) were formed and were also characterized by EW microscopy. Dependence of the morphology of all these microstructures on silver ion concentration was determined by EW microscopy in conjunction with scanning and transmission electron microscopy.