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Boschi A, Kovtun A, Liscio F, Xia Z, Kim KH, Avila SL, De Simone S, Mussi V, Barone C, Pagano S, Gobbi M, Samorì P, Affronte M, Candini A, Palermo V, Liscio A. Mesoscopic 3D Charge Transport in Solution-Processed Graphene-Based Thin Films: A Multiscale Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303238. [PMID: 37330652 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and related 2D material (GRM) thin films consist of 3D assembly of billions of 2D nanosheets randomly distributed and interacting via van der Waals forces. Their complexity and the multiscale nature yield a wide variety of electrical characteristics ranging from doped semiconductor to glassy metals depending on the crystalline quality of the nanosheets, their specific structural organization ant the operating temperature. Here, the charge transport (CT) mechanisms are studied that are occurring in GRM thin films near the metal-insulator transition (MIT) highlighting the role of defect density and local arrangement of the nanosheets. Two prototypical nanosheet types are compared, i.e., 2D reduced graphene oxide and few-layer-thick electrochemically exfoliated graphene flakes, forming thin films with comparable composition, morphology and room temperature conductivity, but different defect density and crystallinity. By investigating their structure, morphology, and the dependence of their electrical conductivity on temperature, noise and magnetic-field, a general model is developed describing the multiscale nature of CT in GRM thin films in terms of hopping among mesoscopic bricks, i.e., grains. The results suggest a general approach to describe disordered van der Waals thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT - CNI, Laboratorio NEST, piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Alessandro Kovtun
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Fabiola Liscio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, (CNR-IMM) - Bologna Unit, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Zhenyuan Xia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Kyung Ho Kim
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
- Physics Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Samuel Lara Avila
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Sara De Simone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, (CNR-IMM) - Roma Unit, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, (CNR-IMM) - Lecce Unit, SP Lecce-Monteroni km 1,200, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Valentina Mussi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, (CNR-IMM) - Roma Unit, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Carlo Barone
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, SA, 84084, Italy
- CNR-SPIN Salerno and INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, SA, 84084, Italy
| | - Sergio Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, SA, 84084, Italy
- CNR-SPIN Salerno and INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, SA, 84084, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- CIC nanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia - San Sebastian, E-20018, Spain
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Marco Affronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), via Giuseppe Campi 213/a, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Andrea Candini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Andrea Liscio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, (CNR-IMM) - Roma Unit, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
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Kovtun A, Candini A, Vianelli A, Boschi A, Dell'Elce S, Gobbi M, Kim KH, Lara Avila S, Samorì P, Affronte M, Liscio A, Palermo V. Multiscale Charge Transport in van der Waals Thin Films: Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Case Study. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2654-2667. [PMID: 33464821 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large area van der Waals (vdW) thin films are assembled materials consisting of a network of randomly stacked nanosheets. The multiscale structure and the two-dimensional (2D) nature of the building block mean that interfaces naturally play a crucial role in the charge transport of such thin films. While single or few stacked nanosheets (i.e., vdW heterostructures) have been the subject of intensive works, little is known about how charges travel through multilayered, more disordered networks. Here, we report a comprehensive study of a prototypical system given by networks of randomly stacked reduced graphene oxide 2D nanosheets, whose chemical and geometrical properties can be controlled independently, permitting to explore percolated networks ranging from a single nanosheet to some billions with room-temperature resistivity spanning from 10-5 to 10-1 Ω·m. We systematically observe a clear transition between two different regimes at a critical temperature T*: Efros-Shklovskii variable-range hopping (ES-VRH) below T* and power law behavior above. First, we demonstrate that the two regimes are strongly correlated with each other, both depending on the charge localization length ξ, calculated by the ES-VRH model, which corresponds to the characteristic size of overlapping sp2 domains belonging to different nanosheets. Thus, we propose a microscopic model describing the charge transport as a geometrical phase transition, given by the metal-insulator transition associated with the percolation of quasi-one-dimensional nanofillers with length ξ, showing that the charge transport behavior of the networks is valid for all geometries and defects of the nanosheets, ultimately suggesting a generalized description on vdW and disordered thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Kovtun
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Candini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Vianelli
- MISTER Smart Innovation, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alex Boschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marco Gobbi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kyung Ho Kim
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Physics Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Lara Avila
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Affronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), via Giuseppe Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Liscio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, (CNR-ISOF), via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörsalvägen 7, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang J, Niu J, Shao B, Yang G, Lu C, Li M, Zhou Z, Chuai X, Chen J, Lu N, Huang B, Wang Y, Li L, Liu M. A tied Fermi liquid to Luttinger liquid model for nonlinear transport in conducting polymers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:58. [PMID: 33397910 PMCID: PMC7782818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic conjugated polymers demonstrate great potential in transistors, solar cells and light-emitting diodes, whose performances are fundamentally governed by charge transport. However, the morphology-property relationships and the underpinning charge transport mechanisms remain unclear. Particularly, whether the nonlinear charge transport in conducting polymers is appropriately formulated within non-Fermi liquids is not clear. In this work, via varying crystalline degrees of samples, we carry out systematic investigations on the charge transport nonlinearity in conducting polymers. Possible charge carriers' dimensionality is discussed when varying the molecular chain's crystalline orders. A heterogeneous-resistive-network (HRN) model is proposed based on the tied-link between Fermi liquids (FL) and Luttinger liquids (LL), related to the high-ordered crystalline zones and weak-coupled amorphous regions, respectively. The HRN model is supported by precise electrical and microstructural characterizations, together with theoretic evaluations, which well describes the nonlinear transport behaviors and provides new insights into the microstructure-correlated charge transport in organic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiebin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Shao
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guanhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Congyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xichen Chuai
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiezhi Chen
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Nianduan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Information and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Sobolev SL. Hyperbolic heat conduction, effective temperature, and third law for nonequilibrium systems with heat flux. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:022122. [PMID: 29548073 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.022122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Some analogies between different nonequilibrium heat conduction models, particularly random walk, the discrete variable model, and the Boltzmann transport equation with the single relaxation time approximation, have been discussed. We show that, under an assumption of a finite value of the heat carrier velocity, these models lead to the hyperbolic heat conduction equation and the modified Fourier law with relaxation term. Corresponding effective temperature and entropy have been introduced and analyzed. It has been demonstrated that the effective temperature, defined as a geometric mean of the kinetic temperatures of the heat carriers moving in opposite directions, acts as a criterion for thermalization and is a nonlinear function of the kinetic temperature and heat flux. It is shown that, under highly nonequilibrium conditions when the heat flux tends to its maximum possible value, the effective temperature, heat capacity, and local entropy go to zero even at a nonzero equilibrium temperature. This provides a possible generalization of the third law to nonequilibrium situations. Analogies and differences between the proposed effective temperature and some other definitions of a temperature in nonequilibrium state, particularly for active systems, disordered semiconductors under electric field, and adiabatic gas flow, have been shown and discussed. Illustrative examples of the behavior of the effective temperature and entropy during nonequilibrium heat conduction in a monatomic gas and a strong shockwave have been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Sobolev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of Russia, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432 Russia
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Polyaniline/Polystyrene Blends: In-Depth Analysis of the Effect of Sulfonic Acid Dopant Concentration on AC Conductivity Using Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1416531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents an in-depth analysis of the alternating current (AC) conductivity of polyaniline-polystyrene (PANI-PS) blends doped with camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) and prepared using an in situ dispersion polymerization technique. We prepared the blends using fixed ratios of PS to PANI while varying the concentration of the CSA dopant. The AC conductivity of the blends was investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Increasing CSA resulted in a decrease in the AC conductivity of the blends. This behaviour was explained in terms of the availability of a lone pair of electrons of the NH groups in the polyaniline, which are typically attacked by the electron-withdrawing sulfonic acid groups of CSA. The conductivity is discussed in terms of changes in the dielectric permittivity storage (ε′), loss (ε′′), and modulus (M′′) of the blends over a wide range of temperatures. This is linked to the glass transition temperature of the PANI. Dielectric spectra at low frequencies indicated the presence of pronounced Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) interfacial polarization, especially in samples with a low concentration of CSA. Electrical conduction activation energies for the blends were also calculated using the temperature dependence of the direct current (DC) conductivity at a low frequency (σdc), which exhibit an Arrhenius behaviour with respect to temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a fibrous morphology for the pure PANI, while the blends showed agglomeration with increasing CSA concentrations.
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Apparent Power Law Scaling of Variable Range Hopping Conduction in Carbonized Polymer Nanofibers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37783. [PMID: 27886233 PMCID: PMC5122886 DOI: 10.1038/srep37783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We induce dramatic changes in the structure of conducting polymer nanofibers by carbonization at 800 °C and compare charge transport properties between carbonized and pristine nanofibers. Despite the profound structural differences, both types of systems display power law dependence of current with voltage and temperature, and all measurements can be scaled into a single universal curve. We analyze our experimental data in the framework of variable range hopping and argue that this mechanism can explain transport properties of pristine polymer nanofibers as well.
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