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Zuo W, Tian M, Qi J, Zhang G, Hu J, Wang S, Bao Y. The functions of EF-hand proteins from host and zoonotic pathogens. Microbes Infect 2023:105276. [PMID: 38072184 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
EF-hand proteins not only regulate biological processes, but also influence immunity and infection. In this review, we summarize EF-hand proteins' functions in host and zoonotic pathogens, with details in structures, Ca2+ affinity, downstream targets and functional mechanisms. Studies entitled as EF-hand-related but with less solid features were also discussed. We believe it could raise cautions and facilitate proper research strategy for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zuo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiangang Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis of Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China.
| | - Yanqing Bao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis of Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China.
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Trogocytosis in Unicellular Eukaryotes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112975. [PMID: 34831198 PMCID: PMC8616307 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a mode of internalization of a part of a live cell by nibbling and is mechanistically distinct from phagocytosis, which implies internalization of a whole cell or a particle. Trogocytosis has been demonstrated in a broad range of cell types in multicellular organisms and is also known to be involved in a plethora of functions. In immune cells, trogocytosis is involved in the "cross-dressing" between antigen presenting cells and T cells, and is thus considered to mediate intercellular communication. On the other hand, trogocytosis has also been reported in a variety of unicellular organisms including the protistan (protozoan) parasite Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica ingests human T cell line by trogocytosis and acquires complement resistance and cross-dresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the cell surface. Furthermore, trogocytosis and trogocytosis-like phenomena (nibbling of a live cell, not previously described as trogocytosis) have also been reported in other parasitic protists such as Trichomonas, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and free-living amoebae. Thus, trogocytosis is conserved in diverse eukaryotic supergroups as a means of intercellular communication. It is depicting the universality of trogocytosis among eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of trogocytosis in unicellular organisms, including the history of its discovery, taxonomical distribution, roles, and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
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Bharadwaj R, Bhattacharya A, Somlata. Coordinated activity of amoebic formin and profilin are essential for phagocytosis. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:974-995. [PMID: 34278607 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica, endocytic processes, such as phagocytosis, are essential for its survival in the human gut. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in the formation of pseudopods and phagosomal vesicles by incorporating a number of actin-binding and modulating proteins along with actin in a temporal manner. The actin dynamics, which comprises polymerization, branching, and depolymerization is very tightly regulated and takes place directionally at the sites of initiation of phagocytosis. Formin and profilin are two actin-binding proteins that are known to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics and thereby, endocytic processes. In this article, we report the participation of formin and profilin in E. histolytica phagocytosis and propose that these two proteins interact with each other and their sequential recruitment at the site is required for the successful completion of phagocytosis. The evidence is based on detailed microscopic, live imaging, interaction studies, and expression downregulation. The cells downregulated for expression of formin show absence of profilin at the site of phagocytosis, whereas downregulation of profilin does not affect formin localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- Department of Medicine, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Somlata
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Guillen N. Signals and signal transduction pathways in Entamoeba histolytica during the life cycle and when interacting with bacteria or human cells. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:901-915. [PMID: 33249684 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis in humans. This ameba parasite resides as a commensal in the intestine where it shares intestinal resources with the bacterial microbiome. In the intestinal ecosystem, the ameba encysts and eventually develops disease by invading the tissues. E. histolytica possesses cell surface receptors for the proper sensing of signals involved in encystation or sustaining parasite interaction with bacteria and human cells. Among those receptors are the Gal/GalNAc lectin, G protein-coupled receptors, and transmembrane kinases. In addition there are recently discovered, promising proteins, including orthologs of Toll-type receptors and β trefoil lectins. These proteins trigger a wide variety of signal transduction pathways; however, most of the players involved in the signaling pathways evoked in this parasite are unknown. This review provides an overview of amoebic receptors and their role in encystation, adherence to bacteria or human cells, as well as the reported intracellular signal transduction processes that they can trigger. This knowledge is essential for understanding the lifestyle of E. histolytica and its cytopathic effect on bacteria and human cells that are responsible for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-ERL9195, Paris, France
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Abstract
Calcium signaling plays a key role in many essential processes in almost all eukaryotic systems. It is believed that it may also be an important signaling system of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Motility, adhesion, cytolysis, and phagocytosis/trogocytosis are important steps in invasion and pathogenesis of E. histolytica, and Ca2+ signaling is thought to be associated with these processes leading to tissue invasion. There are a large number of Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) in E. histolytica, and a number of these proteins appear to be associated with different steps in pathogenesis. The genome encodes 27 EF-hand–containing CaBPs in addition to a number of other Ca2+-binding domain/motif-containing proteins, which suggest intricate calcium signaling network in this parasite. Unlike other eukaryotes, a typical calmodulin-like protein has not been seen in E. histolytica. Though none of the CaBPs display sequence similarity with a typical calmodulin, extensive structural similarity has been seen in spite of lack of significant functional overlap with that of typical calmodulins. One of the unique features observed in E. histolytica is the identification of CaBPs (EhCaBP1, EhCaBP3) that have the ability to directly bind actin and modulate actin dynamics. Direct interaction of CaBPs with actin has not been seen in any other system. Pseudopod formation and phagocytosis are some of the processes that require actin dynamics, and some of the amoebic CaBPs (EhC2Pk, EhCaBP1, EhCaBP3, EhCaBP5) participate in this process. None of these E. histolytica CaBPs have any homolog in organisms other than different species of Entamoeba, suggesting a novel Ca2+ signaling pathway that has evolved in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrigya Babuta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonepat, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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Babuta M, Kumar S, Gourinath S, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. Calcium-binding protein EhCaBP3 is recruited to the phagocytic complex of Entamoeba histolytica by interacting with Arp2/3 complex subunit 2. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12942. [PMID: 30133964 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is involved in invasive disease of the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Upon binding of red blood cells, there is a sequential recruitment of EhC2PK, EhCaBP1, EhAK1, and Arp2/3 complex during the initiation phase. In addition, EhCaBP3 is also recruited to the site and, along with myosin 1B, is thought to be involved in progression of phagocytic cups from initiation to phagosome formation. However, it is not clear how EhCaBP3 gets recruited to the rest of the phagocytic machinery. Here, we show that EhARPC2, a subunit of Arp2/3 complex, interacts with EhCaBP3 in a Ca2+ -dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro. Imaging and pull down experiments suggest that interaction with EhARPC2 is required for the closure of cups and formation of phagosomes. Moreover, downregulation of EhARPC2 prevents localisation of EhCaBP3 to phagocytic cups, suggesting that EhCaBP3 is part of EhC2PK-EhCaBP1-EhAK1-Arp2/3 complex (EhARPC1) pathway. In conclusion, these results suggest that the EhCaBP3-EhARPC2 interaction helps to recruit EhCaBP3 along with myosin 1B to the phagocytic machinery that plays an indispensable role in E. histolytica phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrigya Babuta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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