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Cao LW, Wu C, Bhattacharyya R, Zhang R, Allen MT. MilliKelvin microwave impedance microscopy in a dry dilution refrigerator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:093705. [PMID: 37772948 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) is a near-field imaging technique that has been used to visualize the local conductivity of materials with nanoscale resolution across the GHz regime. In recent years, MIM has shown great promise for the investigation of topological states of matter, correlated electronic states, and emergent phenomena in quantum materials. To explore these low-energy phenomena, many of which are only detectable in the milliKelvin regime, we have developed a novel low-temperature MIM incorporated into a dilution refrigerator. This setup, which consists of a tuning-fork-based atomic force microscope with microwave reflectometry capabilities, is capable of reaching temperatures down to 70 mK during imaging and magnetic fields up to 9 T. To test the performance of this microscope, we demonstrate microwave imaging of the conductivity contrast between graphite and silicon dioxide at cryogenic temperatures and discuss the resolution and noise observed in these results. We extend this methodology to visualize edge conduction in Dirac semi-metal cadmium arsenide in the quantum Hall regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Weihao Cao
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Ruolun Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Monica T Allen
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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Jiang Z, Chong SK, Zhang P, Deng P, Chu S, Jahanbani S, Wang KL, Lai K. Implementing microwave impedance microscopy in a dilution refrigerator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2887606. [PMID: 37125853 DOI: 10.1063/5.0138831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the implementation of a dilution refrigerator-based scanning microwave impedance microscope with a base temperature of ∼100 mK. The vibration noise of our apparatus with tuning-fork feedback control is as low as 1 nm. Using this setup, we have demonstrated the imaging of quantum anomalous Hall states in magnetically (Cr and V) doped (Bi, Sb)2Te3 thin films grown on mica substrates. Both the conductive edge modes and topological phase transitions near the coercive fields of Cr- and V-doped layers are visualized in the field-dependent results. Our study establishes the experimental platform for investigating nanoscale quantum phenomena at ultralow temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanzhi Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Su Kong Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peng Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Shizai Chu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Shahin Jahanbani
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Keji Lai
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Çiftçi HT, Verhage M, Cromwijk T, Pham Van L, Koopmans B, Flipse K, Kurnosikov O. Enhancing sensitivity in atomic force microscopy for planar tip-on-chip probes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:51. [PMID: 35586140 PMCID: PMC9108095 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach to tuning-fork-based atomic force microscopy for utilizing advanced "tip-on-chip" probes with high sensitivity and broad compatibility. Usually, such chip-like probes with a size reaching 2 × 2 mm2 drastically perturb the oscillation of the tuning fork, resulting in poor performance in its intrinsic force sensing. Therefore, restoring initial oscillatory characteristics is necessary for regaining high sensitivity. To this end, we developed a new approach consisting of three basic steps: tuning-fork rebalancing, revamping holder-sensor fixation, and electrode reconfiguration. Mass rebalancing allows the tuning fork to recover the frequency and regain high Q-factor values up to 104 in air and up to 4 × 104 in ultra-high vacuum conditions. The floating-like holder-fixation using soft wires significantly reduces energy dissipation from the mounting elements. Combined with the soft wires, reconfigured electrodes provide electrical access to the chip-like probe without intervening in the force-sensing signal. Finally, our easy-to-implement approach allows converting the atomic force microscopy tip from a passive tool to a dedicated microdevice with extended functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Tunç Çiftçi
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Verhage
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tamar Cromwijk
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent Pham Van
- DRF/IRAMIS/SPEC-LEPO, Centre CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bert Koopmans
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Flipse
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Oleg Kurnosikov
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513,, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institut Jean Lamour, Lorraine University, 54000 Nancy, France
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Wang Y, Wei Z, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Gong Y, Zeng B, Wu Z. An approach to determine solution properties in micro pipes by near-field microwave microscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:054001. [PMID: 34695817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a quantitative, non-destructive and noninvasive approach to obtain electromagnetic properties of liquid specimens utilizing a home-designed near-field microwave microscopy. The responses of aqueous solutions can be acquired with varying concentrations, types (CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl and NaCl) and tip-sample distances. An electromagnetic simulation model also successfully predicts the behaviors of saline samples. For a certain type of solutions with varying concentrations, the results are concaves with different bottoms, and the symmetric graphs of concave extractions can clearly identify different specimens. Moreover, we obtain electromagnetic images of capillaries with various saline solutions, as well as a Photinia × fraseri Dress leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqian Wei
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxin Zhou
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Gong
- School of Electronics Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqing Zeng
- School of Electronics Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
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de Graaf SE, Faoro L, Ioffe LB, Mahashabde S, Burnett JJ, Lindström T, Kubatkin SE, Danilov AV, Tzalenchuk AY. Two-level systems in superconducting quantum devices due to trapped quasiparticles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc5055. [PMID: 33355127 PMCID: PMC11206451 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A major issue for the implementation of large-scale superconducting quantum circuits is the interaction with interfacial two-level system (TLS) defects that lead to qubit parameter fluctuations and relaxation. Another major challenge comes from nonequilibrium quasiparticles (QPs) that result in qubit relaxation and dephasing. Here, we reveal a previously unexplored decoherence mechanism in the form of a new type of TLS originating from trapped QPs, which can induce qubit relaxation. Using spectral, temporal, thermal, and magnetic field mapping of TLS-induced fluctuations in frequency tunable resonators, we identify a highly coherent subset of the general TLS population with a low reconfiguration temperature ∼300 mK and a nonuniform density of states. These properties can be understood if the TLS are formed by QPs trapped in shallow subgap states formed by spatial fluctutations of the superconducting order parameter. This implies that even very rare QP bursts will affect coherence over exponentially long time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E de Graaf
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - L Faoro
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Énergies, UMR 7589 CNRS, Tour 13, 5eme Etage, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - L B Ioffe
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Google Inc., Venice, CA 90291, USA
| | - S Mahashabde
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - J J Burnett
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - T Lindström
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - S E Kubatkin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - A V Danilov
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - A Ya Tzalenchuk
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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Geaney S, Cox D, Hönigl-Decrinis T, Shaikhaidarov R, Kubatkin SE, Lindström T, Danilov AV, de Graaf SE. Near-Field Scanning Microwave Microscopy in the Single Photon Regime. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12539. [PMID: 31467310 PMCID: PMC6715798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The microwave properties of nano-scale structures are important in a wide variety of applications in quantum technology. Here we describe a low-power cryogenic near-field scanning microwave microscope (NSMM) which maintains nano-scale dielectric contrast down to the single microwave photon regime, up to 109 times lower power than in typical NSMMs. We discuss the remaining challenges towards developing nano-scale NSMM for quantum coherent interaction with two-level systems as an enabling tool for the development of quantum technologies in the microwave regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geaney
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - D Cox
- Advanced Technology Institute, The University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - T Hönigl-Decrinis
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | - S E Kubatkin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - T Lindström
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - A V Danilov
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - S E de Graaf
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
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