1
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Judd EJ, Tierney JE, Huber BT, Wing SL, Lunt DJ, Ford HL, Inglis GN, McClymont EL, O'Brien CL, Rattanasriampaipong R, Si W, Staitis ML, Thirumalai K, Anagnostou E, Cramwinckel MJ, Dawson RR, Evans D, Gray WR, Grossman EL, Henehan MJ, Hupp BN, MacLeod KG, O'Connor LK, Sánchez Montes ML, Song H, Zhang YG. The PhanSST global database of Phanerozoic sea surface temperature proxy data. Sci Data 2022; 9:753. [PMID: 36473868 PMCID: PMC9726822 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleotemperature proxy data form the cornerstone of paleoclimate research and are integral to understanding the evolution of the Earth system across the Phanerozoic Eon. Here, we present PhanSST, a database containing over 150,000 data points from five proxy systems that can be used to estimate past sea surface temperature. The geochemical data have a near-global spatial distribution and temporally span most of the Phanerozoic. Each proxy value is associated with consistent and queryable metadata fields, including information about the location, age, and taxonomy of the organism from which the data derive. To promote transparency and reproducibility, we include all available published data, regardless of interpreted preservation state or vital effects. However, we also provide expert-assigned diagenetic assessments, ecological and environmental flags, and other proxy-specific fields, which facilitate informed and responsible reuse of the database. The data are quality control checked and the foraminiferal taxonomy has been updated. PhanSST will serve as a valuable resource to the paleoclimate community and has myriad applications, including evolutionary, geochemical, diagenetic, and proxy calibration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Judd
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA.
| | - Jessica E Tierney
- University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tuscon, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brian T Huber
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Scott L Wing
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Heather L Ford
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Geography, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gordon N Inglis
- University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Weimin Si
- Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Matthew L Staitis
- University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | | | - Eleni Anagnostou
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlow Julius Cramwinckel
- University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
- Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Robin R Dawson
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Geosciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - David Evans
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - William R Gray
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ethan L Grossman
- Texas A&M University, Department of Geology and Geophysics, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Michael J Henehan
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 3.3 Earth Surface Geochemistry, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Brittany N Hupp
- Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kenneth G MacLeod
- University of Missouri, Department of Geological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lauren K O'Connor
- University of Manchester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Haijun Song
- China University of Geosciences, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yi Ge Zhang
- Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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2
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del Rey Á, Rasmussen CMØ, Calner M, Wu R, Asael D, Dahl TW. Stable ocean redox during the main phase of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 3:220. [PMID: 36186548 PMCID: PMC9510202 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) represents the greatest increase in marine animal biodiversity ever recorded. What caused this transformation is heavily debated. One hypothesis states that rising atmospheric oxygen levels drove the biodiversification based on the premise that animals require oxygen for their metabolism. Here, we present uranium isotope data from a Middle Ordovician marine carbonate succession that shows the steepest rise in generic richness occurred with global marine redox stability. Ocean oxygenation ensued later and could not have driven the biodiversification. Stable marine anoxic zones prevailed during the maximum increase in biodiversity (Dapingian-early Darriwilian) when the life expectancy of evolving genera greatly increased. Subsequently, unstable ocean redox conditions occurred together with a marine carbon cycle disturbance and a decrease in relative diversification rates. Therefore, we propose that oceanic redox stability was a factor in facilitating the establishment of more resilient ecosystems allowing marine animal life to radiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro del Rey
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | - Mikael Calner
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rongchang Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Dan Asael
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Tais W. Dahl
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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3
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Oxygen Isotopes from Apatite of Middle and Late Ordovician Conodonts in Peri-Baltica (The Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) and Their Climatic Implications. GEOSCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This report provides oxygen isotopes from apatite of late Middle and Late Ordovician conodonts from the southern Holy Cross Mountains in south-eastern Poland. It was a unique time interval characterised by a significant change in the Ordovician climate, tectonic, and ocean chemistry. In the Middle and early Late Ordovician, the Holy Cross Mountains were located in the mid-latitude climatic zone at the southwestern periphery of Baltica; therefore, the δ18Oapatite values from this region provide new data on the 18O/16O budget in the Ordovician seawater reconstructed mainly from the tropical and subtropical realms. Oxygen isotopes from mixed conodont samples were measured using the SHRIMP IIe/MC ion microprobe in the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw. The δ18Oapatite values range from 16.75‰VSMOW to 20.66‰VSMOW with an average of 18.48‰VSMOW. The oxygen isotopes from bioapatite of the studied section display an increasing trend, suggesting a progressive decrease in sea-surface temperature roughly consistent with an overall cooling of the Ordovician climate. Two distinctive positive excursions of δ18Oapatite have been reported in the upper Sandbian and middle Katian of the studied section and correlated with cooling events recognised in Baltica. They are interpreted as an isotope temperature proxy of climate changes triggered by a growing continental polar ice cap, but increased δ18Oapatite in the late Sandbian contradicts recently postulated climate warming during that time in subtropical Laurentia.
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Saleh F, Guenser P, Gibert C, Balseiro D, Serra F, Waisfeld BG, Antcliffe JB, Daley AC, Mángano MG, Buatois LA, Ma X, Vizcaïno D, Lefebvre B. Contrasting Early Ordovician assembly patterns highlight the complex initial stages of the Ordovician Radiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3852. [PMID: 35264650 PMCID: PMC8907272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Ordovician is a key interval for our understanding of the evolution of life on Earth as it lays at the transition between the Cambrian Explosion and the Ordovician Radiation and because the fossil record of the late Cambrian is scarce. In this study, assembly processes of Early Ordovician trilobite and echinoderm communities from the Central Anti-Atlas (Morocco), the Montagne Noire (France), and the Cordillera Oriental (Argentina) are explored. The results show that dispersal increased diachronically in trilobite communities during the Early Ordovician. Dispersal did not increase for echinoderms. Dispersal was most probably proximally triggered by the planktic revolution, the fall in seawater temperatures, changes in oceanic circulation, with an overall control by tectonic frameworks and phylogenetic constraints. The diachronous increase in dispersal within trilobite communities in the Early Ordovician highlights the complexity of ecosystem structuring during the early stages of the Ordovician Radiation. As Early Ordovician regional dispersal was followed by well-documented continental dispersal in the Middle/Late Ordovician, it is possible to consider that alongside a global increase in taxonomic richness, the Ordovician Radiation is also characterized by a gradual increase in dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Saleh
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China. .,MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Pauline Guenser
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5023, LEHNA, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corentin Gibert
- Laboratoire de la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA, UMR 5199 CNRS, INEE), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Diego Balseiro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, CP X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Serra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, CP X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Beatriz G Waisfeld
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, CP X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jonathan B Antcliffe
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Allison C Daley
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Gabriela Mángano
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Luis A Buatois
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China. .,MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China. .,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.
| | | | - Bertrand Lefebvre
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5276, LGL-TPE, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Rasmussen JA, Thibault N, Mac Ørum Rasmussen C. Middle Ordovician astrochronology decouples asteroid breakup from glacially-induced biotic radiations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6430. [PMID: 34741034 PMCID: PMC8571325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meso-Cenozoic evidence suggests links between changes in the expression of orbital changes and millennia-scale climatic- and biotic variations, but proof for such shifts in orbital cyclicity farther back in geological time is lacking. Here, we report a 469-million-year-old Palaeozoic energy transfer from precession to 405 kyr eccentricity cycles that coincides with the start of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). Based on an early Middle Ordovician astronomically calibrated cyclostratigraphic framework we find this orbital change to succeed the onset of icehouse conditions by 200,000 years, suggesting a climatic origin. Recently, this icehouse was postulated to be facilitated by extra-terrestrial dust associated with an asteroid breakup. Our timescale, however, shows the meteor bombardment to post-date the icehouse by 800,000 years, instead pausing the GOBE 600,000 years after its initiation. Resolving Milankovitch cyclicity in deep time thus suggests universal orbital control in modulating climate, and maybe even biodiversity accumulation, through geological time. The Middle Ordovician icehouse has been suggested to be sparked by extra-terrestrial dust associated with an asteroid break-up. Here, the authors use an astronomically calibrated timescale to decouple millennia-scale climate and biodiversity change from the meteorite shower 468.4 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Audun Rasmussen
- Museum Mors, Skarrehagevej 8, DK-7900, Nykøbing Mors, Denmark.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Thibault
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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6
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Zhang J, Li C, Zhang Y. Geological evidences and mechanisms for oceanic anoxic events during the Early Paleozoic. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2021. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Antell GT, Saupe EE. Bottom-up controls, ecological revolutions and diversification in the oceans through time. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1237-R1251. [PMID: 34637737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Animals originated in the oceans and evolved there for hundreds of millions of years before adapting to terrestrial environments. Today, oceans cover more than two-thirds of Earth and generate as much primary production as land. The path from the first macrobiota to modern marine biodiversity involved parallel increases in terrestrial nutrient input, marine primary production, species' abundance, metabolic rates, ecotypic diversity and taxonomic diversity. Bottom-up theories of ecosystem cascades arrange these changes in a causal sequence. At the base of marine food webs, nutrient fluxes and atmosphere-ocean chemistry interact with phytoplankton to regulate production. First-order consumers (e.g., zooplankton) might propagate changes in quantity and quality of phytoplankton to changes in abundance and diversity of larger predators (e.g., nekton). However, many uncertainties remain about the mechanisms and effect size of bottom-up control, particularly in oceans across the entire history of animal life. Here, we review modern and fossil evidence for hypothesized bottom-up pathways, and we assess the ramifications of these processes for four key intervals in marine ecosystems: the Ediacaran-Cambrian (635-485 million years ago), the Ordovician (485-444 million years ago), the Devonian (419-359 million years ago) and the Mesozoic (252-66 million years ago). We advocate for a clear articulation of bottom-up hypotheses to better understand causal relationships and proposed effects, combined with additional ecological experiments, paleontological documentation, isotope geochemistry and geophysical reconstructions. How small-scale ecological change transitions into large-scale evolutionary change remains an outstanding question for empirical and theoretical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gawain T Antell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK.
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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8
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Congreve CR, Patzkowsky ME, Wagner PJ. An early burst in brachiopod evolution corresponding with significant climatic shifts during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211450. [PMID: 34465239 PMCID: PMC8437024 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We employ modified tip-dating methods to date divergence times within the Strophomenoidea, one of the most abundant and species-rich brachiopod clades to radiate during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), to determine if significant environmental changes at this time correlate with the diversification of the clade. Models using origination, extinction and sampling rates to estimate prior probabilities of divergence times strongly support both high rates of anatomical change per million years and rapid divergences shortly before the clade first appears in the fossil record. These divergence times indicate much higher rates of cladogenesis than are typical of brachiopods during this interval. The correspondence of high speciation rates and high anatomical disparity suggests punctuated (speciational) change drove the high frequencies of early anatomical change, which in turn suggests increased ecological opportunities rather than shifting developmental constraints account for high rates of anatomical change. The pulse of rapid evolution began coincident with cooling temperatures, the start of major oscillations in sea level and increased levels of atmospheric oxygen. Our results suggest that these factors permitted major geographical and ecological expansion of strophomenoids with intervals of geographical isolation, resulting in elevated speciation rates and corresponding elevated frequencies of punctuated change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R Congreve
- Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Jordan Hall, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mark E Patzkowsky
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peter J Wagner
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68588, USA
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9
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Abstract
The spatial coverage and temporal resolution of the Early Paleozoic paleoclimate record are limited, primarily due to the paucity of well-preserved skeletal material commonly used for oxygen-isotope paleothermometry. Bulk-rock [Formula: see text] datasets can provide broader coverage and higher resolution, but are prone to burial alteration. We assess the diagenetic character of two thick Cambro-Ordovician carbonate platforms with minimal to moderate burial by pairing clumped and bulk isotope analyses of micritic carbonates. Despite resetting of the clumped-isotope thermometer at both sites, our samples indicate relatively little change to their bulk [Formula: see text] due to low fluid exchange. Consequently, both sequences preserve temporal trends in [Formula: see text] Motivated by this result, we compile a global suite of bulk rock [Formula: see text] data, stacking overlapping regional records to minimize diagenetic influences on overall trends. We find good agreement of bulk rock [Formula: see text] with brachiopod and conodont [Formula: see text] trends through time. Given evidence that the [Formula: see text] value of seawater has not evolved substantially through the Phanerozoic, we interpret this record as primarily reflecting changes in tropical, nearshore seawater temperatures and only moderately modified by diagenesis. Focusing on the samples with the most enriched, and thus likely least-altered, [Formula: see text] values, we reconstruct Late Cambrian warming, Early Ordovician extreme warmth, and cooling around the Early-Middle Ordovician boundary. Our record is consistent with models linking the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event to cooling of previously very warm tropical oceans. In addition, our high-temporal-resolution record suggests previously unresolved transient warming and climate instability potentially associated with Late Ordovician tectonic events.
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10
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Zacaï A, Monnet C, Pohl A, Beaugrand G, Mullins G, Kroeck DM, Servais T. Truncated bimodal latitudinal diversity gradient in early Paleozoic phytoplankton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd6709. [PMID: 33827811 PMCID: PMC8026127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)-the decline in species richness from the equator to the poles-is classically considered as the most pervasive macroecological pattern on Earth, but the timing of its establishment, its ubiquity in the geological past, and explanatory mechanisms remain uncertain. By combining empirical and modeling approaches, we show that the first representatives of marine phytoplankton exhibited an LDG from the beginning of the Cambrian, when most major phyla appeared. However, this LDG showed a single peak of diversity centered on the Southern Hemisphere, in contrast to the equatorial peak classically observed for most modern taxa. We find that this LDG most likely corresponds to a truncated bimodal gradient, which probably results from an uneven sediment preservation, smaller sampling effort, and/or lower initial diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Variation of the documented LDG through time resulted primarily from fluctuations in annual sea-surface temperature and long-term climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Zacaï
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
- PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Monnet
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Pohl
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Grégory Beaugrand
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, UMR 8187, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - David M Kroeck
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Servais
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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11
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Schmitz B, Farley KA, Goderis S, Heck PR, Bergström SM, Boschi S, Claeys P, Debaille V, Dronov A, van Ginneken M, Harper DA, Iqbal F, Friberg J, Liao S, Martin E, Meier MMM, Peucker-Ehrenbrink B, Soens B, Wieler R, Terfelt F. An extraterrestrial trigger for the mid-Ordovician ice age: Dust from the breakup of the L-chondrite parent body. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax4184. [PMID: 31555741 PMCID: PMC6750910 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The breakup of the L-chondrite parent body in the asteroid belt 466 million years (Ma) ago still delivers almost a third of all meteorites falling on Earth. Our new extraterrestrial chromite and 3He data for Ordovician sediments show that the breakup took place just at the onset of a major, eustatic sea level fall previously attributed to an Ordovician ice age. Shortly after the breakup, the flux to Earth of the most fine-grained, extraterrestrial material increased by three to four orders of magnitude. In the present stratosphere, extraterrestrial dust represents 1% of all the dust and has no climatic significance. Extraordinary amounts of dust in the entire inner solar system during >2 Ma following the L-chondrite breakup cooled Earth and triggered Ordovician icehouse conditions, sea level fall, and major faunal turnovers related to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger Schmitz
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth A. Farley
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Steven Goderis
- Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philipp R. Heck
- Robert A. Pritzker Center for Meteoritics and Polar Studies, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stig M. Bergström
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuele Boschi
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philippe Claeys
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vinciane Debaille
- Laboratoire G-Time, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrei Dronov
- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Geology and Oil and Gas Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | | | - Faisal Iqbal
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Friberg
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shiyong Liao
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - Ellinor Martin
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias M. M. Meier
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Naturmuseum St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Bastien Soens
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rainer Wieler
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Terfelt
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Cascading trend of Early Paleozoic marine radiations paused by Late Ordovician extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7207-7213. [PMID: 30910963 PMCID: PMC6462056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The first 120 million years of Phanerozoic life witnessed significant changes in biodiversity levels. Attempts to correlate these changes to potential short-term environmental drivers have been hampered by the crude temporal resolution of current biodiversity estimates. We present a biodiversity curve for the Early Paleozoic with high temporal precision. It shows that once equatorial sea-surface temperatures fell to present-day levels during the early Mid Ordovician, marine biodiversity accumulation accelerated dramatically. However, this acceleration ceased as increased volcanism commenced during the mid-Late Ordovician. Since biodiversity levels were not restored for at least ∼35 million years, this finding redefines the nature of the end Ordovician mass extinctions and further reframes the Silurian as a prolonged recovery interval. The greatest relative changes in marine biodiversity accumulation occurred during the Early Paleozoic. The precision of temporal constraints on these changes is crude, hampering our understanding of their timing, duration, and links to causal mechanisms. We match fossil occurrence data to their lithostratigraphical ranges in the Paleobiology Database and correlate this inferred taxon range to a constructed set of biostratigraphically defined high-resolution time slices. In addition, we apply capture–recapture modeling approaches to calculate a biodiversity curve that also considers taphonomy and sampling biases with four times better resolution of previous estimates. Our method reveals a stepwise biodiversity increase with distinct Cambrian and Ordovician radiation events that are clearly separated by a 50-million-year-long period of slow biodiversity accumulation. The Ordovician Radiation is confined to a 15-million-year phase after which the Late Ordovician extinctions lowered generic richness and further delayed a biodiversity rebound by at least 35 million years. Based on a first-differences approach on potential abiotic drivers controlling richness, we find an overall correlation with oxygen levels, with temperature also exhibiting a coordinated trend once equatorial sea surface temperatures fell to present-day levels during the Middle Ordovician Darriwilian Age. Contrary to the traditional view of the Late Ordovician extinctions, our study suggests a protracted crisis interval linked to intense volcanism during the middle Late Ordovician Katian Age. As richness levels did not return to prior levels during the Silurian—a time of continental amalgamation—we further argue that plate tectonics exerted an overarching control on biodiversity accumulation.
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Mann DH, Groves P, Gaglioti BV, Shapiro BA. Climate-driven ecological stability as a globally shared cause of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions: the Plaids and Stripes Hypothesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:328-352. [PMID: 30136433 PMCID: PMC7379602 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Controversy persists about why so many large-bodied mammal species went extinct around the end of the last ice age. Resolving this is important for understanding extinction processes in general, for assessing the ecological roles of humans, and for conserving remaining megafaunal species, many of which are endangered today. Here we explore an integrative hypothesis that asserts that an underlying cause of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions was a fundamental shift in the spatio-temporal fabric of ecosystems worldwide. This shift was triggered by the loss of the millennial-scale climate fluctuations that were characteristic of the ice age but ceased approximately 11700 years ago on most continents. Under ice-age conditions, which prevailed for much of the preceding 2.6 Ma, these radical and rapid climate changes prevented many ecosystems from fully equilibrating with their contemporary climates. Instead of today's 'striped' world in which species' ranges have equilibrated with gradients of temperature, moisture, and seasonality, the ice-age world was a disequilibrial 'plaid' in which species' ranges shifted rapidly and repeatedly over time and space, rarely catching up with contemporary climate. In the transient ecosystems that resulted, certain physiological, anatomical, and ecological attributes shared by megafaunal species pre-adapted them for success. These traits included greater metabolic and locomotory efficiency, increased resistance to starvation, longer life spans, greater sensory ranges, and the ability to be nomadic or migratory. When the plaid world of the ice age ended, many of the advantages of being large were either lost or became disadvantages. For instance in a striped world, the low population densities and slow reproductive rates associated with large body size reduced the resiliency of megafaunal species to population bottlenecks. As the ice age ended, the downsides of being large in striped environments lowered the extinction thresholds of megafauna worldwide, which then increased the vulnerability of individual species to a variety of proximate threats they had previously tolerated, such as human predation, competition with other species, and habitat loss. For many megafaunal species, the plaid-to-stripes transition may have been near the base of a hierarchy of extinction causes whose relative importances varied geographically, temporally, and taxonomically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Mann
- Department of Geosciences and Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of AlaskaFairbanksAK 99775USA
| | - Pamela Groves
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of AlaskaFairbanksAK 99775USA
| | | | - Beth A. Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCA 95064USA
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Refined Ordovician timescale reveals no link between asteroid breakup and biodiversification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14066. [PMID: 28117834 PMCID: PMC5286199 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The catastrophic disruption of the L chondrite parent body in the asteroid belt c. 470 Ma initiated a prolonged meteorite bombardment of Earth that started in the Ordovician and continues today. Abundant L chondrite meteorites in Middle Ordovician strata have been interpreted to be the consequence of the asteroid breakup event. Here we report a zircon U-Pb date of 467.50±0.28 Ma from a distinct bed within the meteorite-bearing interval of southern Sweden that, combined with published cosmic-ray exposure ages of co-occurring meteoritic material, provides a precise age for the L chondrite breakup at 468.0±0.3 Ma. The new zircon date requires significant revision of the Ordovician timescale that has implications for the understanding of the astrogeobiologic development during this period. It has been suggested that the Middle Ordovician meteorite bombardment played a crucial role in the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, but this study shows that the two phenomena were unrelated. The high amount of L-type chondrites discovered in Ordovician sediments has previously been linked with the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. But here, Lindskog et al. present new zircon ages that date the chondrite dispersion to 468.0±0.3 Ma, showing that the two events may be unrelated.
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