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Waeterschoot J, Gosselé W, Lemež Š, Casadevall I Solvas X. Artificial cells for in vivo biomedical applications through red blood cell biomimicry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2504. [PMID: 38509073 PMCID: PMC10954685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research in artificial cell production holds promise for the development of delivery agents with therapeutic effects akin to real cells. To succeed in these applications, these systems need to survive the circulatory conditions. In this review we present strategies that, inspired by the endurance of red blood cells, have enhanced the viability of large, cell-like vehicles for in vivo therapeutic use, particularly focusing on giant unilamellar vesicles. Insights from red blood cells can guide modifications that could transform these platforms into advanced drug delivery vehicles, showcasing biomimicry's potential in shaping the future of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorik Waeterschoot
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Willemien Gosselé
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Špela Lemež
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Amirifar L, Besanjideh M, Nasiri R, Shamloo A, Nasrollahi F, de Barros NR, Davoodi E, Erdem A, Mahmoodi M, Hosseini V, Montazerian H, Jahangiry J, Darabi MA, Haghniaz R, Dokmeci MR, Annabi N, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Droplet-based microfluidics in biomedical applications. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34781274 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac39a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems have been employed to manipulate discrete fluid volumes with immiscible phases. Creating the fluid droplets at microscale has led to a paradigm shift in mixing, sorting, encapsulation, sensing, and designing high throughput devices for biomedical applications. Droplet microfluidics has opened many opportunities in microparticle synthesis, molecular detection, diagnostics, drug delivery, and cell biology. In the present review, we first introduce standard methods for droplet generation (i.e., passive and active methods) and discuss the latest examples of emulsification and particle synthesis approaches enabled by microfluidic platforms. Then, the applications of droplet-based microfluidics in different biomedical applications are detailed. Finally, a general overview of the latest trends along with the perspectives and future potentials in the field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Amirifar
- Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohsen Besanjideh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | | | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Ahmet Erdem
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Vahid Hosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Jamileh Jahangiry
- University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Chemical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
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Goswami K, Chakrabarti R. Stochastic resetting and first arrival subjected to Gaussian noise and Poisson white noise. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:034113. [PMID: 34654068 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.034113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of an overdamped Brownian particle subjected to Poissonian stochastic resetting in a nonthermal bath, characterized by a Poisson white noise and a Gaussian noise. Applying the renewal theory we find an exact analytical expression for the spatial distribution at the steady state. Unlike the single exponential distribution as observed in the case of a purely thermal bath, the distribution is double exponential. Relaxation of the transient spatial distributions to the stationary one, for the limiting cases of Poissonian rate, is investigated carefully. In addition, we study the first-arrival properties of the system in the presence of a delta-function sink with strength κ, where κ=0 and κ=∞ correspond to fully nonreactive and fully reactive sinks, respectively. We explore the effect of two competitive mechanisms: the diffusive spread in the presence of two noises and the increase in probability density around the initial position due to stochastic resetting. We show that there exists an optimal resetting rate, which minimizes the mean first-arrival time (MFAT) to the sink for a given value of the sink strength. We also explore the effect of the strength of the Poissonian noise on MFAT, in addition to sink strength. Our formalism generalizes the diffusion-limited reaction under resetting in a nonequilibrium bath and provides an efficient search strategy for a reactant to find a target site, relevant in a range of biophysical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Powai 400076, India
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Powai 400076, India
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Waizumi T, Sakuta H, Hayashi M, Tsumoto K, Takiguchi K, Yoshikawa K. Polymerization/depolymerization of actin cooperates with the morphology and stability of cell-sized droplets generated in a polymer solution under a depletion effect. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:075101. [PMID: 34418942 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular fluids in living organisms contain high concentrations of macromolecules such as nucleic acid and protein. Over the past few decades, several studies have examined membraneless organelles in terms of liquid-liquid phase separation. These studies have investigated aggregation/attraction among a rich variety of biomolecules. Here, we studied the association between the polymerization/depolymerization of actin, interconversion between monomeric (G-actin) and filamentous states (F-actin), and water/water phase separation in a binary polymer solution using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran (DEX). We found that actin, which is a representative cytoskeleton, changes its distribution in a PEG/DEX binary solution depending on its polymerization state: monomeric G-actin is distributed homogeneously throughout the solution, whereas polymerized F-actin is localized only within the DEX-rich phase. We extended our study by using fragmin, which is a representative actin-severing and -depolymerizing factor. It took hours to restore a homogeneous actin distribution from localization within the DEX-rich phase, even with the addition of fragmin in an amount that causes complete depolymerization. In contrast, when actin that had been depolymerized by fragmin in advance was added to a solution with microphase-separation, F-actin was found in DEX-rich phase droplets. The micro-droplets tended to deform into a non-spherical morphology under conditions where they contained F-actin. These findings suggest that microphase-separation is associated with the dynamics of polymerization and localization of the actin cytoskeleton. We discuss our observations by taking into consideration the polymer depletion effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Waizumi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakuta
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Masahito Hayashi
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Kanta Tsumoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Kurimamachiya-cho 1577, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kingo Takiguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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Zorrilla S, Monterroso B, Robles-Ramos MÁ, Margolin W, Rivas G. FtsZ Interactions and Biomolecular Condensates as Potential Targets for New Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030254. [PMID: 33806332 PMCID: PMC7999717 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is an essential and central protein for cell division in most bacteria. Because of its ability to organize into dynamic polymers at the cell membrane and recruit other protein partners to form a “divisome”, FtsZ is a leading target in the quest for new antibacterial compounds. Strategies to potentially arrest the essential and tightly regulated cell division process include perturbing FtsZ’s ability to interact with itself and other divisome proteins. Here, we discuss the available methodologies to screen for and characterize those interactions. In addition to assays that measure protein-ligand interactions in solution, we also discuss the use of minimal membrane systems and cell-like compartments to better approximate the native bacterial cell environment and hence provide a more accurate assessment of a candidate compound’s potential in vivo effect. We particularly focus on ways to measure and inhibit under-explored interactions between FtsZ and partner proteins. Finally, we discuss recent evidence that FtsZ forms biomolecular condensates in vitro, and the potential implications of these assemblies in bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zorrilla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.-Á.R.-R.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (B.M.); Tel.: +34-91-837-3112 (S.Z. & B.M.)
| | - Begoña Monterroso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.-Á.R.-R.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (B.M.); Tel.: +34-91-837-3112 (S.Z. & B.M.)
| | - Miguel-Ángel Robles-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.-Á.R.-R.); (G.R.)
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.-Á.R.-R.); (G.R.)
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Le Goff T, Liebchen B, Marenduzzo D. Actomyosin Contraction Induces In-Bulk Motility of Cells and Droplets. Biophys J 2020; 119:1025-1032. [PMID: 32795395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell crawling on two-dimensional surfaces is a relatively well-understood phenomenon that is based on actin polymerization at a cell's front edge and anchoring on a substrate, allowing the cell to pull itself forward. However, some cells, such as cancer cells invading a three-dimensional matrigel, can also swim in the bulk, where surface adhesion is impossible. Although there is strong evidence that the self-organized engine that drives cells forward in the bulk involves myosin, the specific propulsion mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we propose a minimal model for in-bulk self-motility of a droplet containing an isotropic and compressible contractile gel, representing a cell extract containing a disordered actomyosin network. In our model, contraction mediates a feedback loop between myosin-induced flow and advection-induced myosin accumulation, which leads to clustering and locally enhanced flow. The symmetry of such flow is then spontaneously broken through actomyosin-membrane interactions, leading to self-organized droplet motility relative to the underlying solvent. Depending on the balance between contraction, diffusion, detachment rate of myosin, and effective surface tension, this motion can be either straight or circular. Our simulations and analytical results shed new light on in-bulk myosin-driven cell motility in living cells and provide a framework to design a novel type of synthetic active matter droplet potentially resembling the motility mechanism of biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Davide Marenduzzo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Tan Y, Hu B, Song J, Chu Z, Wu W. Bioinspired Multiscale Wrinkling Patterns on Curved Substrates: An Overview. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:101. [PMID: 34138101 PMCID: PMC7770713 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The surface wrinkling of biological tissues is ubiquitous in nature. Accumulating evidence suggests that the mechanical force plays a significant role in shaping the biological morphologies. Controlled wrinkling has been demonstrated to be able to spontaneously form rich multiscale patterns, on either planar or curved surfaces. The surface wrinkling on planar substrates has been investigated thoroughly during the past decades. However, most wrinkling morphologies in nature are based on the curved biological surfaces and the research of controllable patterning on curved substrates still remains weak. The study of wrinkling on curved substrates is critical for understanding the biological growth, developing three-dimensional (3D) or four-dimensional (4D) fabrication techniques, and creating novel topographic patterns. In this review, fundamental wrinkling mechanics and recent advances in both fabrications and applications of the wrinkling patterns on curved substrates are summarized. The mechanics behind the wrinkles is compared between the planar and the curved cases. Beyond the film thickness, modulus ratio, and mismatch strain, the substrate curvature is one more significant parameter controlling the surface wrinkling. Curved substrates can be both solid and hollow with various 3D geometries across multiple length scales. Up to date, the wrinkling morphologies on solid/hollow core-shell spheres and cylinders have been simulated and selectively produced. Emerging applications of the curved topographic patterns have been found in smart wetting surfaces, cell culture interfaces, healthcare materials, and actuators, which may accelerate the development of artificial organs, stimuli-responsive devices, and micro/nano fabrications with higher dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlong Tan
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Biru Hu
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Song
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengyong Chu
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjian Wu
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China.
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Kusters R, Simon C, Lopes Dos Santos R, Caorsi V, Wu S, Joanny JF, Sens P, Sykes C. Actin shells control buckling and wrinkling of biomembranes. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9647-9653. [PMID: 31701987 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global changes of cell shape under mechanical or osmotic external stresses are mostly controlled by the mechanics of the cortical actin cytoskeleton underlying the cell membrane. Some aspects of this process can be recapitulated in vitro on reconstituted actin-and-membrane systems. In this paper, we investigate how the mechanical properties of a branched actin network shell, polymerized at the surface of a liposome, control membrane shape when the volume is reduced. We observe a variety of membrane shapes depending on the actin thickness. Thin shells undergo buckling, characterized by a cup-shape deformation of the membrane that coincides with the one of the actin network. Thick shells produce membrane wrinkles, but do not deform their outer layer. For intermediate micrometer-thick shells, wrinkling of the membrane is observed, and the actin layer is slightly deformed. Confronting our experimental results with a theoretical description, we determine the transition between buckling and wrinkling, which depends on the thickness of the actin shell and the size of the liposome. We thus unveil the generic mechanism by which biomembranes are able to accommodate their shape against mechanical compression, through thickness adaptation of their cortical cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Kusters
- University Paris Descartes, Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), 8bis Rue Charles V, Paris, France
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Bashirzadeh Y, Liu AP. Encapsulation of the cytoskeleton: towards mimicking the mechanics of a cell. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8425-8436. [PMID: 31621750 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01669d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of a cell controls all the aspects of cell shape changes and motility from its physiological functions for survival to reproduction to death. The structure and dynamics of the cytoskeletal components: actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins - recently regarded as the fourth member of the cytoskeleton family - are conserved during evolution. Such conserved and effective control over the mechanics of the cell makes the cytoskeletal components great candidates for in vitro reconstitution and bottom-up synthetic biology studies. Here, we review the recent efforts in reconstitution of the cytoskeleton in and on membrane-enclosed biomimetic systems and argue that co-reconstitution and synergistic interplay between cytoskeletal filaments might be indispensable for efficient mechanical functionality of active minimal cells. Further, mechanical equilibrium in adherent eukaryotic cells is achieved by the formation of integrin-based focal contacts with extracellular matrix (ECM) and the transmission of stresses generated by actomyosin contraction to ECM. Therefore, a minimal mimic of such balance of forces and quasi-static kinetics of the cell by bottom-up reconstitution requires a careful construction of contractile machineries and their link with adhesive contacts. In this review, in addition to cytoskeletal crosstalk, we provide a perspective on reconstruction of cell mechanical equilibrium by reconstitution of cortical actomyosin networks in lipid membrane vesicles adhered on compliant substrates and also discuss future perspectives of this active research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Abstract
How do the cells in our body reconfigure their shape to achieve complex tasks like migration and mitosis, yet maintain their shape in response to forces exerted by, for instance, blood flow and muscle action? Cell shape control is defined by a delicate mechanical balance between active force generation and passive material properties of the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton forms a space-spanning fibrous network comprising three subsystems: actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Bottom-up reconstitution of minimal synthetic cells where these cytoskeletal subsystems are encapsulated inside a lipid vesicle provides a powerful avenue to dissect the force balance that governs cell shape control. Although encapsulation is technically demanding, a steady stream of advances in this technique has made the reconstitution of shape-changing minimal cells increasingly feasible. In this topical review we provide a route-map of the recent advances in cytoskeletal encapsulation techniques and outline recent reports that demonstrate shape change phenomena in simple biomimetic vesicle systems. We end with an outlook toward the next steps required to achieve more complex shape changes with the ultimate aim of building a fully functional synthetic cell with the capability to autonomously grow, divide and move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Mulla
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Ito H, Higuchi Y, Shimokawa N. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation of binary charged lipid membranes: Phase separation and morphological dynamics. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:042611. [PMID: 27841477 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.042611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomembranes, which are mainly composed of neutral and charged lipids, exhibit a large variety of functional structures and dynamics. Here, we report a coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the phase separation and morphological dynamics in charged lipid bilayer vesicles. The screened long-range electrostatic repulsion among charged head groups delays or inhibits the lateral phase separation in charged vesicles compared with neutral vesicles, suggesting the transition of the phase-separation mechanism from spinodal decomposition to nucleation or homogeneous dispersion. Moreover, the electrostatic repulsion causes morphological changes, such as pore formation, and further transformations into disk, string, and bicelle structures, which are spatiotemporally coupled to the lateral segregation of charged lipids. Based on our coarse-grained MD simulation, we propose a plausible mechanism of pore formation at the molecular level. The pore formation in a charged-lipid-rich domain is initiated by the prior disturbance of the local molecular orientation in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Higuchi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shimokawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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12
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Pismen LM. Comment on "Cortical Flow-Driven Shapes of Nonadherent Cells". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:139801. [PMID: 27715120 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.139801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Pismen
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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