1
|
Fohmann I, Weinmann A, Schumacher F, Peters S, Prell A, Weigel C, Spiegel S, Kleuser B, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis is essential for cellular uptake of Neisseria meningitidis in brain endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011842. [PMID: 38033162 PMCID: PMC10715668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of brain endothelial cells (BECs) is central to the pathogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Here, we established a key role for the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptor (S1PR) 2 in the uptake process. Quantitative sphingolipidome analyses of BECs infected with N. meningitidis revealed elevated S1P levels, which could be attributed to enhanced expression of the enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 and its activity. Increased activity was dependent on the interaction of meningococcal type IV pilus with the endothelial receptor CD147. Concurrently, infection led to increased expression of the S1PR2. Blocking S1PR2 signaling impaired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, which has been shown to be involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and bacterial endocytosis. Strikingly, targeting S1PR1 or S1PR3 also interfered with bacterial uptake. Collectively, our data support a critical role of the SphK/S1P/S1PR axis in the invasion of N. meningitidis into BECs, defining a potential target for adjuvant therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Fohmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alina Weinmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agata Prell
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weigel C, Bellaci J, Spiegel S. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in vascular endothelial and lymphatic barrier function. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104775. [PMID: 37142226 PMCID: PMC10220486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular and lymphatic systems both comprise a series of structurally distinct vessels lined with an inner layer of endothelial cells that function to provide a semipermeable barrier to blood and lymph. Regulation of the endothelial barrier is critical for maintaining vascular and lymphatic barrier homeostasis. One of the regulators of endothelial barrier function and integrity is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite secreted into the blood by erythrocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells and into the lymph by lymph endothelial cells. Binding of S1P to its G protein-coupled receptors, known as S1PR1-5, regulates its pleiotropic functions. This review outlines the structural and functional differences between vascular and lymphatic endothelium and describes current understanding of the importance of S1P/S1PR signaling in regulation of barrier functions. Most studies thus far have been primarily focused on the role of the S1P/S1PR1 axis in vasculature and have been summarized in several excellent reviews, and thus, we will only discuss new perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of action of S1P and its receptors. Much less is known about the responses of the lymphatic endothelium to S1P and the functions of S1PRs in lymph endothelial cells, and this is the major focus of this review. We also discuss current knowledge related to signaling pathways and factors regulated by the S1P/S1PR axis that control lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity. Gaps and limitations in current knowledge are highlighted together with the need to further understand the role of S1P receptors in the lymphatic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bellaci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spurling D, Anchan A, Hucklesby J, Finlay G, Angel CE, Graham ES. Melanoma Cells Produce Large Vesicular-Bodies That Cause Rapid Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier-Integrity and Disassembly of Junctional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076082. [PMID: 37047054 PMCID: PMC10093843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that many cells produce extracellular vesicles, and this includes a range of different cancer cell types. Here we demonstrate the profound effects of large vesicular-like bodies produced by melanoma cells on the barrier integrity of human brain endothelial cells. These vesicular-bodies have not been fully characterised but range in size from ~500 nm to >10 µm, are surrounded by membrane and are enzymatically active based on cell-tracker incorporation. Their size is consistent with previously reported large oncosomes and apoptotic bodies. We demonstrate that these melanoma-derived vesicular-bodies rapidly affect brain endothelial barrier integrity, measured using ECIS biosensor technology, where the disruption is evident within ~60 min. This disruption involves acquisition of the vesicles through transcellular uptake into the endothelial cells. We also observed extensive actin-rearrangement, actin removal from the paracellular boundary of the endothelial cells and envelopment of the vesicular-bodies by actin. This was concordant with widespread changes in CD144 localisation, which was consistent with the loss of junctional strength. High-resolution confocal imaging revealed proximity of the melanoma vesicular-bodies juxtaposed to the endothelial nucleus, often containing fragmented DNA themselves, raising speculation over this association and potential delivery of nuclear material into the brain endothelial cells. The disruption of the endothelial cells occurs in a manner that is faster and completely distinct to that of invasion by intact melanoma cells. Given the clinical observation of large vesicles in the circulation of melanoma patients by others, we hypothesize their involvement in weakening or priming the brain vasculature for melanoma invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Spurling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Akshata Anchan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - James Hucklesby
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Graeme Finlay
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Levesque MV, Hla T. Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation in the Endothelium. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:cshperspect.a041153. [PMID: 35667710 PMCID: PMC9722983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signals act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate homeostasis and adapt to stress. This involves rapid intracellular post-translational responses and long-lasting gene-expression changes that ultimately determine cellular phenotype and fate changes. The lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1PRs) are examples of well-studied GPCR signaling axis essential for vascular development, homeostasis, and diseases. The biochemical cascades involved in rapid S1P signaling are well understood. However, gene-expression regulation by S1PRs are less understood. In this review, we focus our attention to how S1PRs regulate nuclear chromatin changes and gene transcription to modulate vascular and lymphatic endothelial phenotypic changes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Because S1PR-targeted drugs approved for use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases cause substantial vascular-related adverse events, these findings are critical not only for general understanding of stimulus-evoked gene regulation in the vascular endothelium, but also for therapeutic development of drugs for autoimmune and perhaps vascular diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao Q, Wu ZE, Li B, Li F. Recent advances in metabolism and toxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
Uhl FE, Vanherle L, Matthes F, Meissner A. Therapeutic CFTR Correction Normalizes Systemic and Lung-Specific S1P Level Alterations Associated with Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:866. [PMID: 35055052 PMCID: PMC8777932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is among the main causes of death worldwide. Alterations of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling have been linked to HF as well as to target organ damage that is often associated with HF. S1P's availability is controlled by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), which acts as a critical bottleneck for intracellular S1P degradation. HF induces CFTR downregulation in cells, tissues and organs, including the lung. Whether CFTR alterations during HF also affect systemic and tissue-specific S1P concentrations has not been investigated. Here, we set out to study the relationship between S1P and CFTR expression in the HF lung. Mice with HF, induced by myocardial infarction, were treated with the CFTR corrector compound C18 starting ten weeks post-myocardial infarction for two consecutive weeks. CFTR expression, S1P concentrations, and immune cell frequencies were determined in vehicle- and C18-treated HF mice and sham controls using Western blotting, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, and qPCR. HF led to decreased pulmonary CFTR expression, which was accompanied by elevated S1P concentrations and a pro-inflammatory state in the lungs. Systemically, HF associated with higher S1P plasma levels compared to sham-operated controls and presented with higher S1P receptor 1-positive immune cells in the spleen. CFTR correction with C18 attenuated the HF-associated alterations in pulmonary CFTR expression and, hence, led to lower pulmonary S1P levels, which was accompanied by reduced lung inflammation. Collectively, these data suggest an important role for the CFTR-S1P axis in HF-mediated systemic and pulmonary inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska E. Uhl
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (F.E.U.); (L.V.); (F.M.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotte Vanherle
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (F.E.U.); (L.V.); (F.M.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank Matthes
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (F.E.U.); (L.V.); (F.M.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (F.E.U.); (L.V.); (F.M.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Can ECIS Biosensor Technology Be Used to Measure the Cellular Responses of Glioblastoma Stem Cells? BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120498. [PMID: 34940255 PMCID: PMC8699647 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is considered the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer. Glioblastoma tumours are complex, comprising a spectrum of oncogenically transformed cells displaying distinct phenotypes. These can be generated in culture and are called differentiated-glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma stem cells. These cells are phenotypically and functionally distinct, where the stem-like glioblastoma cells give rise to and perpetuate the tumour. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a real-time, label-free, impedance-based method for the analysis of cellular behaviour, based on cellular adhesion. Therefore, we asked the question of whether ECIS was suitable for, and capable of measuring the adhesion of glioblastoma cells. The goal was to identify whether ECIS was capable of measuring glioblastoma cell adhesion, with a particular focus on the glioblastoma stem cells. We reveal that ECIS reliably measures adhesion of the differentiated glioblastoma cells on various array types. We also demonstrate the ability of ECIS to measure the migratory behaviour of differentiated glioblastoma cells onto ECIS electrodes post-ablation. Although the glioblastoma stem cells are adherent, ECIS is substantially less capable at reliably measuring their adhesion, compared with the differentiated counterparts. This means that ECIS has applicability for some glioblastoma cultures but much less utility for weakly adherent stem cell counterparts.
Collapse
|
8
|
Decaris ML, Schaub JR, Chen C, Cha J, Lee GG, Rexhepaj M, Ho SS, Rao V, Marlow MM, Kotak P, Budi EH, Hooi L, Wu J, Fridlib M, Martin SP, Huang S, Chen M, Muñoz M, Hom TF, Wolters PJ, Desai TJ, Rock F, Leftheris K, Morgans DJ, Lepist EI, Andre P, Lefebvre EA, Turner SM. Dual inhibition of α vβ 6 and α vβ 1 reduces fibrogenesis in lung tissue explants from patients with IPF. Respir Res 2021; 22:265. [PMID: 34666752 PMCID: PMC8524858 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE αv integrins, key regulators of transforming growth factor-β activation and fibrogenesis in in vivo models of pulmonary fibrosis, are expressed on abnormal epithelial cells (αvβ6) and fibroblasts (αvβ1) in fibrotic lungs. OBJECTIVES We evaluated multiple αv integrin inhibition strategies to assess which most effectively reduced fibrogenesis in explanted lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Selective αvβ6 and αvβ1, dual αvβ6/αvβ1, and multi-αv integrin inhibitors were characterized for potency, selectivity, and functional activity by ligand binding, cell adhesion, and transforming growth factor-β cell activation assays. Precision-cut lung slices generated from lung explants from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or bleomycin-challenged mouse lungs were treated with integrin inhibitors or standard-of-care drugs (nintedanib or pirfenidone) and analyzed for changes in fibrotic gene expression or TGF-β signaling. Bleomycin-challenged mice treated with dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor, PLN-74809, were assessed for changes in pulmonary collagen deposition and Smad3 phosphorylation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Inhibition of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 was additive in reducing type I collagen gene expression in explanted lung tissue slices from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. These data were replicated in fibrotic mouse lung tissue, with no added benefit observed from inhibition of additional αv integrins. Antifibrotic efficacy of dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor PLN-74809 was confirmed in vivo, where dose-dependent inhibition of pulmonary Smad3 phosphorylation and collagen deposition was observed. PLN-74809 also, more potently, reduced collagen gene expression in fibrotic human and mouse lung slices than clinically relevant concentrations of nintedanib or pirfenidone. CONCLUSIONS In the fibrotic lung, dual inhibition of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 offers the optimal approach for blocking fibrogenesis resulting from integrin-mediated activation of transforming growth factor-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Chen
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Cha
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gail G Lee
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Steve S Ho
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vikram Rao
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Prerna Kotak
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Hooi
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Shaoyi Huang
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Muñoz
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David J Morgans
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Maze Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Andre
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Acceleron Pharma, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Amplifies the Development of Neuroinflammation: Understanding of Cellular Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prevention and Treatment of BBB Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661838. [PMID: 34588955 PMCID: PMC8475767 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or exogenous pathogens. Activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) is widely recognized as a hallmark of neuroinflammation and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction. Another feature associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB, which is composed of brain endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, maintains brain homeostasis and protects neurons. Impairment of this barrier allows trafficking of immune cells or plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma and subsequent inflammatory processes in the brain. Besides neurons, activated glial cells also affect BBB integrity. Therefore, BBB dysfunction can amplify neuroinflammation and act as a key process in the development of neuroinflammation. BBB integrity is determined by the integration of multiple signaling pathways within brain endothelial cells through intercellular communication between brain endothelial cells and brain perivascular cells (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). For prevention of BBB disruption, both cellular components, such as signaling molecules in brain endothelial cells, and non-cellular components, such as inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells, should be considered. Thus, understanding of intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt the BBB can provide novel treatments for neurological diseases associated with neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in BBB impairment by inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen W, Li C, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Jin D, Zhang M, Bo M, Li G. A Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveals Novel Biomarkers and Mechanistic Insights on Lorlatinib Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722627. [PMID: 34497521 PMCID: PMC8419651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Of late, lorlatinib has played an increasingly pivotal role in the treatment of brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer. However, its pharmacokinetics in the brain and the mechanism of entry are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms of brain penetration by lorlatinib and identify potential biomarkers for the prediction of lorlatinib concentration in the brain. Detection of lorlatinib in lorlatinib-administered mice and control mice was performed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were combined to investigate the pathway and relationships between metabolites and genes. Multilayer perceptron was applied to construct an artificial neural network model for prediction of the distribution of lorlatinib in the brain. Nine biomarkers related to lorlatinib concentration in the brain were identified. A metabolite-reaction-enzyme-gene interaction network was built to reveal the mechanism of lorlatinib. A multilayer perceptron model based on the identified biomarkers provides a prediction accuracy rate of greater than 85%. The identified biomarkers and the neural network constructed with these metabolites will be valuable for predicting the concentration of drugs in the brain. The model provides a lorlatinib to treat tumor brain metastases in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dujia Jin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Bo
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao Q, Hernandes MS. Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Inflammation 2021; 44:2143-2150. [PMID: 34291398 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening clinical condition caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common but poorly understood neurological complication of sepsis, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. SAE clinical presentation may range from mild confusion and delirium to severe cognitive impairment and deep coma. Important mechanisms associated with SAE include excessive microglial activation, impaired endothelial barrier function, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Endotoxemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines produced systemically during sepsis lead to microglial and brain endothelial cell activation, tight junction downregulation, and increased leukocyte recruitment. The resulting neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction exacerbate SAE pathology and aggravate sepsis-induced brain dysfunction. In this mini-review, recent literature surrounding some of the mediators of BBB dysfunction during sepsis is summarized. Modulation of microglial activation, endothelial cell dysfunction, and the consequent prevention of BBB permeability represent relevant therapeutic targets that may significantly impact SAE outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzeng Gao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 308, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Marina Sorrentino Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 308, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li T, Shen K, Li J, Leung SWS, Zhu T, Shi Y. Glomerular Endothelial Cells Are the Coordinator in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655639. [PMID: 34222276 PMCID: PMC8249723 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is consistently rising worldwide. Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of chronic renal failure. The present study aimed to explore the crosstalk among the different cell types inside diabetic glomeruli, including glomerular endothelial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes, and immune cells, by analyzing an online single-cell RNA profile (GSE131882) of patients with diabetic nephropathy. Differentially expressed genes in the glomeruli were processed by gene enrichment and protein-protein interactions analysis. Glomerular endothelial cells, as well as podocytes, play a critical role in diabetic nephropathy. A subgroup of glomerular endothelial cells possesses characteristic angiogenesis genes, indicating that angiogenesis takes place in the progress of diabetic nephropathy. Immune cells such as macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells also contribute to the disease progression. By using iTALK, the present study reports complicated cellular crosstalk inside glomeruli. Dysfunction of glomerular endothelial cells and immature angiogenesis result from the activation of both paracrine and autocrine signals. The present study reinforces the importance of glomerular endothelial cells in the development of diabetic nephropathy. The exploration of the signaling pathways involved in aberrant angiogenesis reported in the present study shed light on potential therapeutic target(s) for diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyuan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan W S Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iwakura T, Marschner JA, Zhao ZB, Świderska MK, Anders HJ. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing in kidney research. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:216-223. [PMID: 31598727 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a quantitative, label-free, non-invasive analytical method allowing continuous monitoring of the behaviour of adherent cells by online recording of transcellular impedance. ECIS offers a wide range of practical applications to study cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, toxicity and monolayer barrier integrity. All of these applications are relevant for basic kidney research, e.g. on endothelial cells, tubular and glomerular epithelial cells. This review gives an overview on the fundamental principles of the ECIS technology. We name strengths and remaining hurdles for practical applications, present an ECIS array reuse protocol, and review its past, present and potential future contributions to preclinical kidney research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Iwakura
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Zhi Bo Zhao
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Monika Katarzyna Świderska
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiang P, Chew WS, Seow WL, Lam BWS, Ong WY, Herr DR. The S1P 2 receptor regulates blood-brain barrier integrity and leukocyte extravasation with implications for neurodegenerative disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105018. [PMID: 33727061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid which modulates vascular integrity through its receptors, S1P1-S1P5. Notably, S1P2 has been shown to mediate the disruption of cerebrovascular integrity in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism underlying this process has not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the role of S1P2 in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated systemic inflammation and found that BBB disruption and neutrophil infiltration were significantly attenuated in S1pr2-/- mice relative to S1pr2+/- littermates. This is concomitant with attenuation of LPS-induced transcriptional activation of IL-6 and downregulation of occludin. Furthermore, S1pr2-/- mice had significantly reduced expression of genes essential for neutrophil infiltration: Sele, Cxcl1, and Cxcl2. Conversely, pharmacological agonism of S1P2 induced transcriptional activation of E-selectin in vitro and in vivo. Although S1P2 does not appear to be required for activation of microglia, stimulation of microglial cells with the S1P2 potentiated the response of endothelial cells to LPS. These results demonstrate that S1P2 promotes LPS-induced neutrophil extravasation by inducing expression of endothelial adhesion molecule gene, Sele, and potentiating microglial inflammation of endothelial cells. It is likely that S1P2 is a mediator of cerebrovascular inflammation and represents a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease such as vascular cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Siong Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Lun Seow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brenda Wan Shing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; American University of Health Sciences, Long Beach, CA, 90755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang Y, Torbey MT. Angiogenesis and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Vascular Remodeling after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1250-1265. [PMID: 32691713 PMCID: PMC7770645 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200720173316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is a natural defense mechanism helping to restore oxygen and nutrient supply to the affected brain tissue following an ischemic stroke. By stimulating vessel growth, angiogenesis may stabilize brain perfusion, thereby promoting neuronal survival, brain plasticity, and neurologic recovery. However, therapeutic angiogenesis after stroke faces challenges: new angiogenesis-induced vessels have a higher than normal permeability, and treatment to promote angiogenesis may exacerbate outcomes in stroke patients. The development of therapies requires elucidation of the precise cellular and molecular basis of the disease. Microenvironment homeostasis of the central nervous system is essential for its normal function and is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junction proteins (TJP) form the tight junction (TJ) between vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and play a key role in regulating the BBB permeability. We demonstrated that after stroke, new angiogenesis-induced vessels in peri-infarct areas have abnormally high BBB permeability due to a lack of major TJPs in ECs. Therefore, promoting TJ formation and BBB integrity in the new vessels coupled with speedy angiogenesis will provide a promising and safer treatment strategy for improving recovery from stroke. Pericyte is a central neurovascular unite component in vascular barriergenesis and are vital to BBB integrity. We found that pericytes also play a key role in stroke-induced angiogenesis and TJ formation in the newly formed vessels. Based on these findings, in this article, we focus on regulation aspects of the BBB functions and describe cellular and molecular special features of TJ formation with an emphasis on role of pericytes in BBB integrity during angiogenesis after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, United States
| | - Michel T Torbey
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chua XY, Ho LTY, Xiang P, Chew WS, Lam BWS, Chen CP, Ong WY, Lai MKP, Herr DR. Preclinical and Clinical Evidence for the Involvement of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:47-67. [PMID: 33180310 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphates (S1Ps) are bioactive lipids that mediate a diverse range of effects through the activation of cognate receptors, S1P1-S1P5. Scrutiny of S1P-regulated pathways over the past three decades has identified important and occasionally counteracting functions in the brain and cerebrovascular system. For example, while S1P1 and S1P3 mediate proinflammatory effects on glial cells and directly promote endothelial cell barrier integrity, S1P2 is anti-inflammatory but disrupts barrier integrity. Cumulatively, there is significant preclinical evidence implicating critical roles for this pathway in regulating processes that drive cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia, both being part of the continuum of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). This is supported by clinical studies that have identified correlations between alterations of S1P and cognitive deficits. We review studies which proposed and evaluated potential mechanisms by which such alterations contribute to pathological S1P signaling that leads to VCI-associated chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Notably, S1P receptors have divergent but overlapping expression patterns and demonstrate complex interactions. Therefore, the net effect produced by S1P represents the cumulative contributions of S1P receptors acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically on the neural, vascular, and immune cells of the brain. Ultimately, an optimized therapeutic strategy that targets S1P signaling will have to consider these complex interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ying Chua
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leona T Y Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Siong Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brenda Wan Shing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- American University of Health Sciences, Long Beach, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vilà González M, Eleftheriadou M, Kelaini S, Naderi-Meshkin H, Flanagan S, Stewart S, Virgili G, Grieve DJ, Stitt AW, Lois N, Margariti A. Endothelial Cells Derived From Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema Recapitulate Clinical Evaluations of Anti-VEGF Responsiveness Through the Neuronal Pentraxin 2 Pathway. Diabetes 2020; 69:2170-2185. [PMID: 32796081 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains a leading cause of vision loss worldwide. DME is commonly treated with intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-neutralizing antibodies. VEGF inhibitors (anti-VEGFs) are effective, but not all patients fully respond to them. Given the potential side effects, inconvenience, and high cost of anti-VEGFs, identifying who may not respond appropriately to them and why is essential. Herein we determine first the response to anti-VEGFs, using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scans obtained from a cohort of patients with DME throughout the 1st year of treatment. We found that fluid fully cleared at some time during the 1st year in 28% of eyes ("full responders"); fluid cleared only partly in 66% ("partial responders"); and fluid remained unchanged in 6% ("nonresponders"). To understand this differential response, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from full responders and nonresponders, from subjects with diabetes but no DME, and from age-matched volunteers without diabetes. We differentiated these iPSCs into endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs). Monolayers of iPSC-ECs derived from patients with diabetes showed a marked and prolonged increase in permeability upon exposure to VEGF; the response was significantly exaggerated in iPSC-ECs from nonresponders. Moreover, phosphorylation of key cellular proteins in response to VEGF, including VEGFR2, and gene expression profiles, such as that of neuronal pentraxin 2, differed between full responders and nonresponders. In this study, iPSCs were used in order to predict patients' responses to anti-VEGFs and to identify key mechanisms that underpin the differential outcomes observed in the clinic. This approach identified NPTX2 as playing a significant role in patient-linked responses and as having potential as a new therapeutic target for DME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophia Kelaini
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, U.K
| | | | - Shonagh Flanagan
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, U.K
| | | | | | - David J Grieve
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, U.K
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, U.K
| | - Noemi Lois
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, U.K.
- The Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li F, Xu R, Lin CL, Low BE, Cai L, Li S, Ji P, Huang L, Wiles MV, Hannun YA, Obeid LM, Chen Y, Mao C. Maternal and fetal alkaline ceramidase 2 is required for placental vascular integrity in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:15252-15268. [PMID: 32959379 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001104r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids have been implicated in mammalian placental development and function, but their regulation in the placenta remains unclear. Herein we report that alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2) plays a key role in sustaining the integrity of the placental vasculature by regulating the homeostasis of sphingolipids in mice. The mouse alkaline ceramidase 2 gene (Acer2) is highly expressed in the placenta between embryonic day (E) 9.5 and E12.5. Acer2 deficiency in both the mother and fetus decreases the placental levels of sphingolipids, including sphingoid bases (sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine) and sphingoid base-1-phosphates (sphingosine-1-phosphate and dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate) and results in the in utero death of ≈50% of embryos at E12.5 whereas Acer2 deficiency in either the mother or fetus has no such effects. Acer2 deficiency causes hemorrhages from the maternal vasculature in the junctional and/or labyrinthine zones in E12.5 placentas. Moreover, hemorrhagic but not non-hemorrhagic Acer2-deficient placentas exhibit an expansion of parietal trophoblast giant cells with a concomitant decrease in the area of the fetal blood vessel network in the labyrinthine zone, suggesting that Acer2 deficiency results in embryonic lethality due to the atrophy of the fetal blood vessel network in the placenta. Taken together, these results suggest that ACER2 sustains the integrity of the placental vasculature by controlling the homeostasis of sphingolipids in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin E Low
- Technology Evaluation and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Louise Cai
- Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sally Li
- Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liqun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael V Wiles
- Technology Evaluation and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cungui Mao
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Cancer Center at State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Di Pardo A, Pepe G, Capocci L, Marracino F, Amico E, Del Vecchio L, Giova S, Jeong SK, Park BM, Park BD, Maglione V. Treatment with K6PC-5, a selective stimulator of SPHK1, ameliorates intestinal homeostasis in an animal model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:105009. [PMID: 32634578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that Huntington's disease (HD) may be described as multi-organ pathology. In this context, we and others have contributed to demonstrate that the disease is characterized by an impairment of the homeostasis of gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. Sphingolipids represent a class of molecules involved in the regulation and maintenance of different tissues and organs including GI system. In this study, we investigated whether the alteration of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) metabolism, previously described in human HD brains and animal models, is also detectable peripherally in R6/2 HD mice. Our findings indicate, for the first time, that sphingolipid metabolism is perturbed early in the disease in the intestinal tract of HD mice and, its modulation by K6PC-5, a selective activator of S1P synthesis, preserved intestinal integrity and homeostasis. These results further support the evidence that modulation of sphingolipid pathways may represent a potential therapeutic option in HD and suggest that it has also the potential to counteract the peripheral disturbances which may usually complicate the management of the disease and affect patient's quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - G Pepe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | | | - E Amico
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - L Del Vecchio
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Unità complessa di radiodiagnostica (U.O.C.) POS, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - S Giova
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - S K Jeong
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Seowon University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - B M Park
- NeoPharm USA Inc., Engelwood Cliffs, NJ, USA
| | - B D Park
- Dr. Raymond Laboratories, Inc, Englewood cliffs, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang W, Chen H, Tai Z, Li T, Luo L, Tong Z, Zhu W. Apigenin and Ethaverine Hydrochloride Enhance Retinal Vascular Barrier In Vitro and In Vivo. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:8. [PMID: 32821505 PMCID: PMC7409011 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to develop an impedance-based drug screening platform that will help identify drugs that can enhance the vascular barrier function by stabilizing vascular endothelial cell junctions. Methods Changes in permeability of cultured human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) monolayer were monitored in real-time with the xCELLigence RTCA system. Using this platform, we performed a primary screen of 2100 known drugs and confirmed hits using two additional secondary permeability assays: the transwell permeability assay and the XPerT assay. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of action and in vivo therapeutic efficacy were also assessed. Results Eleven compounds blocked interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) induced hyperpermeability in the primary screen. Two of 11 compounds, apigenin and ethaverine hydrochloride, reproducibly blocked multiple cytokines induced hyperpermeability. In addition to HRMEC monolayers, the two compounds stabilized three other types of primary vascular endothelial cell monolayers. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the two compounds stabilize the endothelium by blocking ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) activation, which results in enhanced VE-cadherin membrane localization. The two compounds showed in vivo efficacy in an animal model of retinal permeability. Conclusions We developed an impedance-based cellular phenotypic drug screening platform that can identify drugs that enhance vascular barrier function. We found apigenin and ethaverine hydrochloride stabilize endothelial cell junctions and enhance the vascular barrier by blocking ARF6 activation and increasing VE-cadherin membrane localization. Translational Relevance The drugs identified from the phenotypic screen would have potential therapeutic efficacy in retinal vascular diseases regardless of the underlying mechanisms that promote vascular leak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengfu Tai
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zongzhong Tong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Navigen Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nakagawa S, Aruga J. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling Is Involved in Impaired Blood-Brain Barrier Function in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1594-1606. [PMID: 31802363 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a major bioactive lipid mediator in the vascular and immune system. Here, we have shown that inhibition of S1P signaling prevents blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction after ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro BBB models, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) enhanced the expression of an S1P synthesizing enzyme (Sphk1) and S1P transporters (Abca1, Spns2), increasing S1P in culture media. Inhibitors of Sphk1 (SKI-II) or Abca1 (probucol) attenuated the decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance and the increase in permeability caused by OGD/R. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model of mice, probucol administration after MCAO operation reduced the infarction area and vascular leakage, preserving the integrity of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, MCAO/R caused activation of STAT3, a downstream mediator of S1P signaling, which was suppressed by postoperative probucol administration. Accordingly, S1P activated STAT3, both in cultured vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, and STAT3 signaling inhibitor (Stattic) protected BBB dysfunction in OGD/R-treated in vitro BBB models. These results suggest that inhibition of S1P signaling is a strategy to treat BBB impairment after cerebral ischemia and highlight the potential alternative use of probucol, a classical anti-hyperlipidemic drug, for emergency treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Jun Aruga
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P)/ S1P Receptor Signaling and Mechanotransduction: Implications for Intrinsic Tissue Repair/Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225545. [PMID: 31703256 PMCID: PMC6888058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage, irrespective from the underlying etiology, destroys tissue structure and, eventually, function. In attempt to achieve a morpho-functional recover of the damaged tissue, reparative/regenerative processes start in those tissues endowed with regenerative potential, mainly mediated by activated resident stem cells. These cells reside in a specialized niche that includes different components, cells and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), which, reciprocally interacting with stem cells, direct their cell behavior. Evidence suggests that ECM stiffness represents an instructive signal for the activation of stem cells sensing it by various mechanosensors, able to transduce mechanical cues into gene/protein expression responses. The actin cytoskeleton network dynamic acts as key mechanotransducer of ECM signal. The identification of signaling pathways influencing stem cell mechanobiology may offer therapeutic perspectives in the regenerative medicine field. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor (S1PR) signaling, acting as modulator of ECM, ECM-cytoskeleton linking proteins and cytoskeleton dynamics appears a promising candidate. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the contribution of S1P/S1PR signaling in the control of mechanotransduction in stem/progenitor cells. The potential contribution of S1P/S1PR signaling in the mechanobiology of skeletal muscle stem cells will be argued based on the intriguing findings on S1P/S1PR action in this mechanically dynamic tissue.
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi F, Steuer A, Zhuang J, Kolb JF. Bioimpedance Analysis of Epithelial Monolayers after Exposure to Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:2010-2021. [PMID: 30452351 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2882299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to pulsed electric fields (PEFs) are known to affect cell membranes and consequently also cell-cell interactions as well as associated characteristics. Bioimpedance analysis offers direct and non-invasive insights into structural and functional changes of cell membranes and extracellular matrices through a rigorous evaluation of electrical parameters. Accordingly, the multi-frequency impedance of confluent monolayers of rat liver epithelial WB-F344 cells was monitored in situ before and after exposure to nanosecond PEFs (nsPEFs). The results were fitted by two Cole models in series to obtain the Cole parameters for the monolayer. For an interpretation of the results, dielectric parameters, were correlated with changes of the TJ protein zonula occludens (ZO-1) and the paracellular permeability of the monolayer Cole parameters in general change as a function of pulse number and time. The findings demonstrate that impedance analysis is an effective method to monitor changes of TJs cell-cell contacts and paracellular permeability and relate them to exposure parameters.
Collapse
|
24
|
Robilliard LD, Kho DT, Johnson RH, Anchan A, O'Carroll SJ, Graham ES. The Importance of Multifrequency Impedance Sensing of Endothelial Barrier Formation Using ECIS Technology for the Generation of a Strong and Durable Paracellular Barrier. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8030064. [PMID: 29973526 PMCID: PMC6163417 DOI: 10.3390/bios8030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the application of electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology for measuring differences in the formation of a strong and durable endothelial barrier model. In addition, we highlight the capacity of ECIS technology to model the parameters of the physical barrier associated with (I) the paracellular space (referred to as Rb) and (II) the basal adhesion of the endothelial cells (α, alpha). Physiologically, both parameters are very important for the correct formation of endothelial barriers. ECIS technology is the only commercially available technology that can measure and model these parameters independently of each other, which is important in the context of ascertaining whether a change in overall barrier resistance (R) occurs because of molecular changes in the paracellular junctional molecules or changes in the basal adhesion molecules. Finally, we show that the temporal changes observed in the paracellular Rb can be associated with changes in specific junctional proteins (CD144, ZO-1, and catenins), which have major roles in governing the overall strength of the junctional communication between neighbouring endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laverne D Robilliard
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Dan T Kho
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca H Johnson
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Akshata Anchan
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Euan Scott Graham
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vutukuri R, Brunkhorst R, Kestner RI, Hansen L, Bouzas NF, Pfeilschifter J, Devraj K, Pfeilschifter W. Alteration of sphingolipid metabolism as a putative mechanism underlying LPS-induced BBB disruption. J Neurochem 2017; 144:172-185. [PMID: 29023711 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Septic encephalopathy with confusion and agitation occurs early during sepsis and contributes to the severity of the disease. A decrease in the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) blood levels has been shown in patients and in animal models of sepsis. The lipid mediator S1P is known to be involved in endothelial barrier function in a context-dependent manner. We utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice as a model for septic encephalopathy and first performed tracer permeability assays to assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in vivo. At time points corresponding to the BBB breakdown post LPS injection, we aimed to characterize the regulation of the sphingolipid signaling pathway at the BBB during sepsis. We measured sphingolipid concentrations in blood, in mouse brain microvessels (MBMVs), and brain tissue. We also analyzed the expression of S1P receptors, transporters, and metabolizing enzymes in MBMVs and brain tissue. Primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMECs) were isolated to evaluate the effects of LPS on transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) as a measure of permeability in vitro. We observed a relevant decrease in S1P levels after LPS injection in all three compartments (blood, MBMVs, brain tissue) that was accompanied by an increased expression of the S1P receptor type 1 and of sphingosine kinase 1 on one hand and of the S1P degrading enzymes lipid phosphate phosphatase 1 (LPP1) and S1P phosphatase 1 on the other hand, as well as a down-regulation of sphingosine kinase 2. Application of LPS to a monolayer of primary MBMECs did not alter TEER, but serum from LPS-treated mice lead to a breakdown of the barrier compared to serum from vehicle-treated mice. We observed profound alterations of the sphingolipid metabolism at the BBB after LPS injection that point toward a therapeutic potential of drugs interfering with this pathway as novel approach for the detrimental overwhelming immune response in sepsis. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 115. Cover Image for this Issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.14161.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Vutukuri
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roxane-Isabelle Kestner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lena Hansen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreiros Bouzas
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Edinger Institute of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Waltraud Pfeilschifter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mitkevich VA, Burnysheva KM, Petrushanko IY, Adzhubei AA, Schulga AA, Chumakov PM, Makarov AA. Binase treatment increases interferon sensitivity and apoptosis in SiHa cervical carcinoma cells by downregulating E6 and E7 human papilloma virus oncoproteins. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72666-72675. [PMID: 29069817 PMCID: PMC5641160 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined whether binase, a ribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus, increases interferon sensitivity and apoptosis in SiHa cervical cancer cells infected with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) strain 16. Binase treatment increased SiHa cell apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, as determined by flow cytometry, WST tests and real time xCelligence cell index analysis. Binase-treated SiHa cells showed reduced expression of E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins and increased expression of their intracellular targets, p53 and pRb. Combined treatment with binase and IFNα2b enhanced the interferon sensitivity of HPV-positive SiHa cells. By contrast, combined treatment with binase and IFNα2b in HPV-negative C33A cervical cancer cells, which do no expess E6 and E7, elicited no changes in interferon sensitivity or p53 and pRb expression. These findings suggest binase enhances interferon sensitivity and apoptosis in HPV-positive SiHa cervical cancer cells by suppressing E6 and E7 viral protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia M. Burnysheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei A. Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Schulga
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117871 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M. Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kho DT, Johnson RH, O'Carroll SJ, Angel CE, Graham ES. Biosensor Technology Reveals the Disruption of the Endothelial Barrier Function and the Subsequent Death of Blood Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells to Sodium Azide and Its Gaseous Products. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040041. [PMID: 28934106 PMCID: PMC5746764 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate the sensitive nature of human blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells to sodium azide and its gaseous product. Sodium azide is known to be acutely cytotoxic at low millimolar concentrations, hence its use as a biological preservative (e.g., in antibodies). Loss of barrier integrity was noticed in experiments using Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) biosensor technology, to measure endothelial barrier integrity continuously in real-time. Initially the effect of sodium azide was observed as an artefact where it was present in antibodies being employed in neutralisation experiments. This was confirmed where antibody clones that were azide-free did not mediate loss of barrier function. A delayed loss of barrier function in neighbouring wells implied the influence of a liberated gaseous product. ECIS technology demonstrated that the BBB endothelial cells had a lower level of direct sensitivity to sodium azide of ~3 µM. Evidence of gaseous toxicity was consistently observed at 30 µM and above, with disrupted barrier function and cell death in neighbouring wells. We highlight the ability of this cellular biosensor technology to reveal both the direct and gaseous toxicity mediated by sodium azide. The sensitivity and temporal dimension of ECIS technology was instrumental in these observations. These findings have substantial implications for the wide use of sodium azide in biological reagents, raising issues of their application in live-cell assays and with regard to the protection of the user. This research also has wider relevance highlighting the sensitivity of brain endothelial cells to a known mitochondrial disruptor. It is logical to hypothesise that BBB endothelial dysfunction due to mitochondrial dys-regulation could have an important but underappreciated role in a range of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan T Kho
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca H Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine E Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Visualization of endothelial barrier damage prior to formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:117-127. [PMID: 28343238 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
En-face fat staining is frequently used to visualize atherosclerotic lesions. This method, however, is not suitable to visualize endothelial barrier damage prior to microscopically detectable morphological alterations of the arterial wall such as sub-endothelial lipid deposition. To enable the investigation of early endothelial barrier damage and in particular the initial steps of atherosclerosis, a new method has to fulfill three requirements: (i) easy and fast to perform, (ii) low cost of applicability without requirement for highly sophisticated technical equipment, and (iii) reliable reproducibility of valid results. To this end, we used intracardial Evans blue dye injection after washout of blood and measured dye deposition within the aortic wall as a parameter of endothelial barrier leakiness, which is recognized as one of the earliest signs of atherosclerotic plaque formation. These analyses were performed in ApoE -/-, LDL receptor -/- and Cc1 -/- mouse models which have been reported to develop aortic plaques with or without high cholesterol diet. Our data show that sub-endothelial dye deposition is a reliable and reproducible readout parameter to assess endothelial barrier damage. Along these lines, measurements of aortic intima areas with Evans blue deposition in relation to total intima circumference enabled quantitative assessments of the results. Our technique enables the imaging of endothelial barrier damage prior to detectable aortic lipid deposition and plaque development. Thus, it will facilitate the detection of the initial vascular pathogenetic processes that lead to cardiovascular diseases. It will also enable the testing of new drugs and therapeutic procedures to prevent these disorders.
Collapse
|
29
|
Direct interaction of beta-amyloid with Na,K-ATPase as a putative regulator of the enzyme function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27738. [PMID: 27296892 PMCID: PMC4906314 DOI: 10.1038/srep27738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By maintaining the Na+ and K+ transmembrane gradient mammalian Na,K-ATPase acts as a key regulator of neuronal electrotonic properties. Na,K-ATPase has an important role in synaptic transmission and memory formation. Accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) at the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease is accompanied by reduction of Na,K-ATPase functional activity. The molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon is not known. Here we show that the monomeric Aβ(1-42) forms a tight (Kd of 3 μM), enthalpy-driven equimolar complex with α1β1 Na,K-ATPase. The complex formation results in dose-dependent inhibition of the enzyme hydrolytic activity. The binding site of Aβ(1-42) is localized in the “gap” between the alpha- and beta-subunits of Na,K-ATPase, disrupting the enzyme functionality by preventing the subunits from shifting towards each other. Interaction of Na,K-ATPase with exogenous Aβ(1-42) leads to a pronounced decrease of the enzyme transport and hydrolytic activity and Src-kinase activation in neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y. This interaction allows regulation of Na,K-ATPase activity by short-term increase of the Aβ(1-42) level. However prolonged increase of Aβ(1-42) level under pathological conditions could lead to chronical inhibition of Na,K-ATPase and disruption of neuronal function. Taken together, our data suggest the role of beta-amyloid as a novel physiological regulator of Na,K-ATPase.
Collapse
|