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Nodar Á, Neuman T, Zhang Y, Aizpurua J, Esteban R. Fano asymmetry in zero-detuned exciton-plasmon systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:10297-10319. [PMID: 37157580 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic resonances in metallic nanostructures can strongly enhance the emission from quantum emitters, as commonly used in surface-enhanced spectroscopy techniques. The extinction and scattering spectrum of these quantum emitter-metallic nanoantenna hybrid systems are often characterized by a sharp Fano resonance, which is usually expected to be symmetric when a plasmonic mode is resonant with an exciton of the quantum emitter. Here, motivated by recent experimental work showing an asymmetric Fano lineshape under resonant conditions, we study the Fano resonance found in a system composed of a single quantum emitter interacting resonantly with a single spherical silver nanoantenna or with a dimer nanoantenna composed of two gold spherical nanoparticles. To analyze in detail the origin of the resulting Fano asymmetry we develop numerical simulations, an analytical expression that relates the asymmetry of the Fano lineshape to the field enhancement and to the enhanced losses of the quantum emitter (Purcell effect), and a set of simple models. In this manner we identify the contributions to the asymmetry of different physical phenomena, such as retardation and the direct excitation and emission from the quantum emitter.
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2
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Novitsky DV, Gaponenko SV. Photon density of states effect on Lamb shift in plasmas. DOKLADY OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF BELARUS 2022. [DOI: 10.29235/1561-8323-2022-66-5-495-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A possible effect of the low photon density of states in plasma on the Lamb shift is analysed. It is found that because of a significant contribution of high-energy virtual photons to the Lamb shift, its modification in plasma does not exceed 1 % with respect to vacuum even at electron concentrations as high as 1022 cm–3. This behavior results from an asymptotic tendency of plasma properties to vacuum ones at an unlimited frequency growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Novitsky
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
| | - S. V. Gaponenko
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
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3
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Wang T. Generalized temporal coupled-mode theory for a P T-symmetric optical resonator and Fano resonance in a P T-symmetric photonic heterostructure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:37980-37992. [PMID: 36258390 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed generalized temporal coupled-mode theory for P T-symmetric optical resonator, and on this basis we have explained the Fano resonance in P T-symmetric photonic heterostructure. Our theoretical predictions agree very well with the simulated results obtained by transfer matrix method, which confirms the correctness of our theory. Compared with conventional Fano resonance in optical resonator with time-reversal symmetry, in this Fano resonance the amplitudes of scattering coefficients can be tuned in much larger range, which can be much larger than one, and tend to infinity at singular scattering point, where the rates of dissipation and accumulation are equal to each other and the difference of the phases of the coupling coefficients between output fields and resonant mode is equal to ±π/2. Not only that, the quality factor Q here can be negative out of accumulation, and approaches infinity at this singular scattering point. The phases of reflections jump π in the vicinity of the minima of corresponding amplitudes. We believe that we open a new door to study Fano resonance in non-Hermitian optics and inspire relevant study in other non-Hermitian wave systems.
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Babaze A, Ogando E, Elli Stamatopoulou P, Tserkezis C, Asger Mortensen N, Aizpurua J, Borisov AG, Esteban R. Quantum surface effects in the electromagnetic coupling between a quantum emitter and a plasmonic nanoantenna: time-dependent density functional theory vs. semiclassical Feibelman approach. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:21159-21183. [PMID: 36224842 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) within the jellium model to study the impact of quantum-mechanical effects on the self-interaction Green's function that governs the electromagnetic interaction between quantum emitters and plasmonic metallic nanoantennas. A semiclassical model based on the Feibelman parameters, which incorporates quantum surface-response corrections into an otherwise classical description, confirms surface-enabled Landau damping and the spill out of the induced charges as the dominant quantum mechanisms strongly affecting the nanoantenna-emitter interaction. These quantum effects produce a redshift and broadening of plasmonic resonances not present in classical theories that consider a local dielectric response of the metals. We show that the Feibelman approach correctly reproduces the nonlocal surface response obtained by full quantum TDDFT calculations for most nanoantenna-emitter configurations. However, when the emitter is located in very close proximity to the nanoantenna surface, we show that the standard Feibelman approach fails, requiring an implementation that explicitly accounts for the nonlocality of the surface response in the direction parallel to the surface. Our study thus provides a fundamental description of the electromagnetic coupling between plasmonic nanoantennas and quantum emitters at the nanoscale.
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5
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He X, Wu B, Shang Y, Li B, Cheng X, Liu J. New phase space formulations and quantum dynamics approaches. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing China
| | - Baihua Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing China
| | - Youhao Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing China
| | - Bingqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing China
| | - Xiangsong Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing China
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6
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Hung TC, Kiraly B, Strik JH, Khajetoorians AA, Wegner D. Plasmon-Driven Motion of an Individual Molecule. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5006-5012. [PMID: 34061553 PMCID: PMC8227484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that nanocavity plasmons generated a few nanometers away from a molecule can induce molecular motion. For this, we study the well-known rapid shuttling motion of zinc phthalocyanine molecules adsorbed on ultrathin NaCl films by combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) with STM-induced light emission. Comparing spatially resolved single-molecule luminescence spectra from molecules anchored to a step edge with isolated molecules adsorbed on the free surface, we found that the azimuthal modulation of the Lamb shift is diminished in case of the latter. This is evidence that the rapid shuttling motion is remotely induced by plasmon-molecule coupling. Plasmon-induced molecular motion may open an interesting playground to bridge the nanoscopic and mesoscopic worlds by combining molecular machines with nanoplasmonics to control directed motion of single molecules without the need for local probes.
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7
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Lei F, Ward JM, Romagnoli P, Nic Chormaic S. Polarization-Controlled Cavity Input-Output Relations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:103902. [PMID: 32216405 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cavity input-output relations (CIORs) describe a universal formalism relating each of the far-field amplitudes outside the cavity to the internal cavity fields. Conventionally, they are derived based on a weak-scattering approximation. In this context, the amplitude of the off-resonant field remains nearly unaffected by the cavity, with the high coupling efficiency into cavity modes being attributed to destructive interference between the transmitted (or reflected) field and the output field from the cavity. In this Letter, we show that, in a whispering gallery resonator-waveguide coupled system, in the strong-scattering regime, the off-resonant field approaches to zero, but more than 90% coupling efficiency can still be achieved due to the Purcell-enhanced channeling. As a result, the CIORs turn out to be essentially different than in the weak-scattering regime. With this fact, we propose that the CIOR can be tailored by controlling the scattering strength. This is experimentally demonstrated by the transmission spectra exhibiting either bandstop or bandpass-type behavior according to the polarization of the input light field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Lei
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jonathan M Ward
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Priscila Romagnoli
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Síle Nic Chormaic
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
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8
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Morozov KM, Girshova EI, Gubaidullin AR, Ivanov KA, Pozina G, Kaliteevski MA. Different regimes of the Purcell effect in disordered photonic crystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:435304. [PMID: 30215612 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae18c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that disorder in photonic crystals could lead to pronounced modification of spontaneous emission rate in the frequency region corresponding to the photonic band gap (PBG). Depending on the amount of disorder, two different regimes of the Purcell effect occurs. We provide statistical analysis of Purcell coefficient on the frequency of the emitter and its position within the sample. For the moderate disorder, an enhancement of spontaneous emission occurs at the edge of PBG due to the modification of properties of the edge state. This effect is responsible for recently observed mirrorless lasing in photonic crystals at the edge of PBG. When the level of disorder increases, the spontaneous emission rate enhances within the PBG due to the appearance of the high quality factor states. This effect is likely responsible for a superlinear dependence of emissions on pumping observed in synthetic opals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Morozov
- St. Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina Str., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia. ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr., 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
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9
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Autore M, Li P, Dolado I, Alfaro-Mozaz FJ, Esteban R, Atxabal A, Casanova F, Hueso LE, Alonso-González P, Aizpurua J, Nikitin AY, Vélez S, Hillenbrand R. Boron nitride nanoresonators for phonon-enhanced molecular vibrational spectroscopy at the strong coupling limit. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17172. [PMID: 30839544 PMCID: PMC6060053 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced light-matter interactions are the basis of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy, and conventionally rely on plasmonic materials and their capability to focus light to nanoscale spot sizes. Phonon polariton nanoresonators made of polar crystals could represent an interesting alternative, since they exhibit large quality factors, which go far beyond those of their plasmonic counterparts. The recent emergence of van der Waals crystals enables the fabrication of high-quality nanophotonic resonators based on phonon polaritons, as reported for the prototypical infrared-phononic material hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). In this work we use, for the first time, phonon-polariton-resonant h-BN ribbons for SEIRA spectroscopy of small amounts of organic molecules in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Strikingly, the interaction between phonon polaritons and molecular vibrations reaches experimentally the onset of the strong coupling regime, while numerical simulations predict that vibrational strong coupling can be fully achieved. Phonon polariton nanoresonators thus could become a viable platform for sensing, local control of chemical reactivity and infrared quantum cavity optics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Autore
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Peining Li
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Irene Dolado
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | | | - Ruben Esteban
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | | | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | | | - Javier Aizpurua
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Saül Vélez
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Current address: Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
- CIC nanoGUNE and UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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10
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Rybin MV, Koshelev KL, Sadrieva ZF, Samusev KB, Bogdanov AA, Limonov MF, Kivshar YS. High-Q Supercavity Modes in Subwavelength Dielectric Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:243901. [PMID: 29286713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in nanoscale optical physics is associated with the development of a new branch of nanophotonics exploring strong Mie resonances in dielectric nanoparticles with a high refractive index. The high-index resonant dielectric nanostructures form building blocks for novel photonic metadevices with low losses and advanced functionalities. However, unlike extensively studied cavities in photonic crystals, such dielectric resonators demonstrate low quality factors (Q factors). Here, we uncover a novel mechanism for achieving giant Q factors of subwavelength nanoscale resonators by realizing the regime of bound states in the continuum. In contrast to the previously suggested multilayer structures with zero permittivity, we reveal strong mode coupling and Fano resonances in homogeneous high-index dielectric finite-length nanorods resulting in high-Q factors at the nanoscale. Thus, high-index dielectric resonators represent the simplest example of nanophotonic supercavities, expanding substantially the range of applications of all-dielectric resonant nanophotonics and meta-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Rybin
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Kirill L Koshelev
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | | | - Kirill B Samusev
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Andrey A Bogdanov
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Mikhail F Limonov
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yuri S Kivshar
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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11
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Gubaydullin AR, Symonds C, Bellessa J, Ivanov KA, Kolykhalova ED, Sasin ME, Lemaitre A, Senellart P, Pozina G, Kaliteevski MA. Enhancement of spontaneous emission in Tamm plasmon structures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9014. [PMID: 28827784 PMCID: PMC5567056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It was theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that in metal/semiconductor Tamm plasmon structures the probability of spontaneous emission can be increased despite losses in metal, and theoretical analysis of experimental results suggested that the enhancement could be as high as one order of magnitude. Tamm plasmon structure with quantum dots has been fabricated and the emission pattern has been measured. Electromagnetic modes of the structure have been analyzed and modification of spontaneous emission rates has been calculated showing a good agreement with experimentally observed emission pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gubaydullin
- St Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina Str, St Petersburg, 194021, Russia.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, LYON, France
| | - C Symonds
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, LYON, France
| | - J Bellessa
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, LYON, France
| | - K A Ivanov
- St Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina Str, St Petersburg, 194021, Russia.,ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - E D Kolykhalova
- St Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina Str, St Petersburg, 194021, Russia.,Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation
| | - M E Sasin
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation
| | - A Lemaitre
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay, F-91460, Marcoussis, France
| | - P Senellart
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay, F-91460, Marcoussis, France
| | - G Pozina
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - M A Kaliteevski
- St Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina Str, St Petersburg, 194021, Russia.,ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia.,Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation
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12
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Zhang Y, Meng QS, Zhang L, Luo Y, Yu YJ, Yang B, Zhang Y, Esteban R, Aizpurua J, Luo Y, Yang JL, Dong ZC, Hou JG. Sub-nanometre control of the coherent interaction between a single molecule and a plasmonic nanocavity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15225. [PMID: 28524881 PMCID: PMC5454454 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The coherent interaction between quantum emitters and photonic modes in cavities underlies many of the current strategies aiming at generating and controlling photonic quantum states. A plasmonic nanocavity provides a powerful solution for reducing the effective mode volumes down to nanometre scale, but spatial control at the atomic scale of the coupling with a single molecular emitter is challenging. Here we demonstrate sub-nanometre spatial control over the coherent coupling between a single molecule and a plasmonic nanocavity in close proximity by monitoring the evolution of Fano lineshapes and photonic Lamb shifts in tunnelling electron-induced luminescence spectra. The evolution of the Fano dips allows the determination of the effective interaction distance of ∼1 nm, coupling strengths reaching ∼15 meV and a giant self-interaction induced photonic Lamb shift of up to ∼3 meV. These results open new pathways to control quantum interference and field–matter interaction at the nanoscale. Assessing the coupling between a plasmonic nanocavity and a single quantum emitter is challenging due to the lack of spatial control at the atomic scale. Here Zhang et al. achieve control with sub-nanometre precision and demonstrate the Fano resonance and Lamb shift at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Materials Physics Center (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qiu-Shi Meng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yun-Jie Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ben Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruben Esteban
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Materials Physics Center (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen-Chao Dong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - J G Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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