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Kou S, Leng X, Luo H, Nie H, Zhu Q. Acoustic resolution photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry for assessment of patient rectal cancer blood perfusion. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11517. [PMID: 38223679 PMCID: PMC10787588 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Significance Photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry offers quantitative blood perfusion information in addition to photoacoustic vascular contrast for rectal cancer assessment. Aim We aim to develop and validate a correlational Doppler flowmetry utilizing an acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) system for blood perfusion analysis. Approach To extract blood perfusion information, we implemented AR-PAM Doppler flowmetry consisting of signal filtering and conditioning, A-line correlation, and angle compensation. We developed flow phantoms and contrast agent to systemically investigate the flowmetry's efficacy in a series of phantom studies. The developed correlational Doppler flowmetry was applied to images collected during in vivo AR-PAM for post-treatment rectal cancer evaluation. Results The linearity and accuracy of the Doppler flow measurement system were validated in phantom studies. Imaging rectal cancer patients treated with chemoradiation demonstrated the feasibility of using correlational Doppler flowmetry to assess treatment response and distinguish residual cancer from cancer-free tumor bed tissue and normal rectal tissue. Conclusions A new correlational Doppler flowmetry was developed and validated through systematic phantom evaluations. The results of its application to in vivo patients suggest it could be a useful addition to photoacoustic endoscopy for post-treatment rectal cancer assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitai Kou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Xiandong Leng
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Hongbo Luo
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Electrical and System Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Haolin Nie
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Quing Zhu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Electrical and System Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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2
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Jung U, Ryu J, Choi H. Optical Light Sources and Wavelengths within the Visible and Near-Infrared Range Using Photoacoustic Effects for Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121154. [PMID: 36551121 PMCID: PMC9775951 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The photoacoustic (PA) effect occurs when sound waves are generated by light according to the thermodynamic and optical properties of the materials; they are absorption spectroscopic techniques that can be applied to characterize materials that absorb pulse or continuous wave (CW)-modulated electromagnetic radiation. In addition, the wavelengths and properties of the incident light significantly impact the signal-to-ratio and contrast with photoacoustic signals. In this paper, we reviewed how absorption spectroscopic research results have been used in applying actual photoacoustic effects, focusing on light sources of each wavelength. In addition, the characteristics and compositions of the light sources used for the applications were investigated and organized based on the absorption spectrum of the target materials. Therefore, we expect that this study will help researchers (who desire to study photoacoustic effects) to more efficiently approach the appropriate conditions or environments for selecting the target materials and light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unsang Jung
- Production Technology Research Center, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemyung Ryu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 350-27 Gumi-daero, Gumi 39253, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojong Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13420, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Feng F, Liang S, Luo J, Chen SL. High-fidelity deconvolution for acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy enabled by convolutional neural networks. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100360. [PMID: 35574187 PMCID: PMC9095893 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) image resolution is determined by the point spread function (PSF) of the imaging system. Previous algorithms, including Richardson-Lucy (R-L) deconvolution and model-based (MB) deconvolution, improve spatial resolution by taking advantage of the PSF as prior knowledge. However, these methods encounter the problems of inaccurate deconvolution, meaning the deconvolved feature size and the original one are not consistent (e.g., the former can be smaller than the latter). We present a novel deep convolution neural network (CNN)-based algorithm featuring high-fidelity recovery of multiscale feature size to improve lateral resolution of AR-PAM. The CNN is trained with simulated image pairs of line patterns, which is to mimic blood vessels. To investigate the suitable CNN model structure and elaborate on the effectiveness of CNN methods compared with non-learning methods, we select five different CNN models, while R-L and directional MB methods are also applied for comparison. Besides simulated data, experimental data including tungsten wires, leaf veins, and in vivo blood vessels are also evaluated. A custom-defined metric of relative size error (RSE) is used to quantify the multiscale feature recovery ability of different methods. Compared to other methods, enhanced deep super resolution (EDSR) network and residual in residual dense block network (RRDBNet) model show better recovery in terms of RSE for tungsten wires with diameters ranging from 30 μ m to 120 μ m . Moreover, AR-PAM images of leaf veins are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimized CNN methods (by EDSR and RRDBNet) for complex patterns. Finally, in vivo images of mouse ear blood vessels and rat ear blood vessels are acquired and then deconvolved, and the results show that the proposed CNN method (notably RRDBNet) enables accurate deconvolution of multiscale feature size and thus good fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Feng
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Siqi Liang
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiajia Luo
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
- Corresponding author at: Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Sung-Liang Chen
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200030, China
- Corresponding author at: University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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4
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Inzunza-Ibarra MA, Navarro-Becerra JA, Narumanchi V, Bottenus N, Murray TW, Borden MA. Enhanced visibility through microbubble-induced photoacoustic fluctuation imaging. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2022; 2:012001. [PMID: 35005712 PMCID: PMC8725790 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic contrast mechanism is presented based on the photoacoustic fluctuations induced by microbubbles flowing inside a micro-vessel filled with a continuous absorber. It is demonstrated that the standard deviation of a homogeneous absorber mixed with microbubbles increases non-linearly as the microbubble concentration and microbubble size is increased. This effect is then utilized to perform photoacoustic fluctuation imaging with increased visibility and contrast of a blood flow phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Inzunza-Ibarra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - Venkatalakshmi Narumanchi
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Bai S, Zhu J, Chirarattananon P, Ni K, Zhou Q, Wang L. Dual-foci fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy with 3.2-MHz A-line rate. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 23:100292. [PMID: 34430201 PMCID: PMC8367837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report fiber-based dual-foci fast-scanning OR-PAM that can double the scanning rate without compromising the imaging resolution, the field of view, and the detection sensitivity. To achieve fast scanning speed, the OR-PAM system uses a single-axis water-immersible resonant scanning mirror that can confocally scan the optical and acoustic beams at 1018 Hz with a 3-mm range. Pulse energies of 45∼100-nJ are sufficient for acquiring vascular and oxygen-saturation images. The dual-foci method can double the B-scan rate to 2036 Hz. Using two lasers and stimulated Raman scattering, we achieve dual-wavelength excitation on both foci, and the total A-line rate is 3.2-MHz. In in vivo experiments, we inject epinephrine and monitor the hemodynamic and oxygen saturation response in the peripheral vessels at 1.7 Hz over 2.5 × 6.7 mm2. Dual-foci OR-PAM offers a new imaging tool for the study of fast physiological and pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Songnan Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pakpong Chirarattananon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong, 518057, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong, 518057, China.
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6
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Chen W, Tao C, Nguyen NQ, Prager RW, Liu X. Photoacoustic-ultrasonic dual-mode microscopy with local speed-of-sound estimation. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3840-3843. [PMID: 32667298 DOI: 10.1364/ol.396246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic aperture imaging and virtual point detection have been exploited to extend the depth of view of photoacoustic microscopy. The approach is commonly based on a constant assumed sound speed, which reduces image quality. We propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, self-adaptive technique to estimate the speed of sound when integrated with this hybrid strategy. It is accomplished through linear regression between the square of time of flight detected at individual virtual detectors and the square of their horizontal distances on the focal plane. The imaging results show our proposed method can significantly improve the lateral resolution, imaging intensity, and spatial precision for inhomogeneous tissue.
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7
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Qiao W, Chen Z, Zhou W, Xing D. All-optical photoacoustic Doppler transverse blood flow imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2442-2445. [PMID: 29856399 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The method of measuring blood flow in photoacoustic microscopy usually relies on ultrasonic transducers in contact fashion, which is not favored in many applications, such as wound areas, burns, and anabrosis. Here we present a noncontact photoacoustic velocity measurement method to quantitatively map transverse blood flow based on the photoacoustic Doppler (PAD) bandwidth broadening method with an all-optical photoacoustic microscopy system. It is validated that the PAD bandwidth broadening is proportional to the transverse flow within a certain range. The transverse flow speed ranging from 0 to 5.5 mm/s, as well as sectional flow images, was obtained in the blood-mimicking flow phantoms. Furthermore, the blood flow image of the mouse ear demonstrates that the all-optical photoacoustic Doppler method can acquire the information of blood flow in vivo, which could significantly broaden the scope of applications for obtaining the blood flow velocity of the microvasculature in biomedicine.
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8
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Gao X, Tao C, Zhu R, Liu X. Noninvasive low-cycle fatigue characterization at high depth with photoacoustic eigen-spectrum analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7751. [PMID: 29773860 PMCID: PMC5958075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, photoacoustic eigen-spectrum analysis was proposed for noninvasively characterizing the mechanical properties of materials. We theoretically predicted the relationship between the photoacoustic eigen-spectra of cylindrical optical absorbers and their mechanical properties. Experimental measurements of eigen-spectra extracted from photoacoustic coda waves agreed well with the theoretical predictions. We then applied the photoacoustic eigen-spectrum analysis for contactless monitoring of low-cycle fatigue damage. Experiments showed that the photoacoustic eigen-spectra were closely related to the degree of low-cycle fatigue. This study might enhance the contrast of photoacoustic imaging ford mechanical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chao Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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9
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Bücking TM, van den Berg PJ, Balabani S, Steenbergen W, Beard PC, Brunker J. Processing methods for photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry with a clinical ultrasound scanner. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-8. [PMID: 29488363 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.2.026009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic flowmetry (PAF) based on time-domain cross correlation of photoacoustic signals is a promising technique for deep tissue measurement of blood flow velocity. Signal processing has previously been developed for single element transducers. Here, the processing methods for acoustic resolution PAF using a clinical ultrasound transducer array are developed and validated using a 64-element transducer array with a -6 dB detection band of 11 to 17 MHz. Measurements were performed on a flow phantom consisting of a tube (580 μm inner diameter) perfused with human blood flowing at physiological speeds ranging from 3 to 25 mm / s. The processing pipeline comprised: image reconstruction, filtering, displacement detection, and masking. High-pass filtering and background subtraction were found to be key preprocessing steps to enable accurate flow velocity estimates, which were calculated using a cross-correlation based method. In addition, the regions of interest in the calculated velocity maps were defined using a masking approach based on the amplitude of the cross-correlation functions. These developments enabled blood flow measurements using a transducer array, bringing PAF one step closer to clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thore M Bücking
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pim J van den Berg
- University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stavroula Balabani
- University College London, Department of Mechanical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wiendelt Steenbergen
- University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Beard
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Brunker
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Deán-Ben XL, Gottschalk S, Mc Larney B, Shoham S, Razansky D. Advanced optoacoustic methods for multiscale imaging of in vivo dynamics. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2158-2198. [PMID: 28276544 PMCID: PMC5460636 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of dynamic functional and molecular events in an unperturbed in vivo environment is essential for understanding the complex biology of living organisms and of disease state and progression. To this end, optoacoustic (photoacoustic) sensing and imaging have demonstrated the exclusive capacity to maintain excellent optical contrast and high resolution in deep-tissue observations, far beyond the penetration limits of modern microscopy. Yet, the time domain is paramount for the observation and study of complex biological interactions that may be invisible in single snapshots of living systems. This review focuses on the recent advances in optoacoustic imaging assisted by smart molecular labeling and dynamic contrast enhancement approaches that enable new types of multiscale dynamic observations not attainable with other bio-imaging modalities. A wealth of investigated new research topics and clinical applications is further discussed, including imaging of large-scale brain activity patterns, volumetric visualization of moving organs and contrast agent kinetics, molecular imaging using targeted and genetically expressed labels, as well as three-dimensional handheld diagnostics of human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - S Gottschalk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - B Mc Larney
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - S Shoham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - D Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Brunker J, Beard P. Velocity measurements in whole blood using acoustic resolution photoacoustic Doppler. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2789-806. [PMID: 27446707 PMCID: PMC4948631 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic resolution photoacoustic Doppler velocimetry promises to overcome the spatial resolution and depth penetration limitations of current blood flow measuring methods. Despite successful implementation using blood-mimicking fluids, measurements in blood have proved challenging, thus preventing in vivo application. A common explanation for this difficulty is that whole blood is insufficiently heterogeneous relative to detector frequencies of tens of MHz compatible with deep tissue photoacoustic measurements. Through rigorous experimental measurements we provide new insight that refutes this assertion. We show for the first time that, by careful choice of the detector frequency and field-of-view, and by employing novel signal processing methods, it is possible to make velocity measurements in whole blood using transducers with frequencies in the tens of MHz range. These findings have important implications for the prospects of making deep tissue measurements of blood flow relevant to the study of microcirculatory abnormalities associated with cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brunker
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Paul Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK;
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