1
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Oguchi M, Li Y, Matsumoto Y, Kiyonari T, Yamamoto K, Sugiura S, Sakagami M. Proselfs depend more on model-based than model-free learning in a non-social probabilistic state-transition task. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1419. [PMID: 36697448 PMCID: PMC9876908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans form complex societies in which we routinely engage in social decision-making regarding the allocation of resources among ourselves and others. One dimension that characterizes social decision-making in particular is whether to prioritize self-interest or respect for others-proself or prosocial. What causes this individual difference in social value orientation? Recent developments in the social dual-process theory argue that social decision-making is characterized by its underlying domain-general learning systems: the model-free and model-based systems. In line with this "learning" approach, we propose and experimentally test the hypothesis that differences in social preferences stem from which learning system is dominant in an individual. Here, we used a non-social state transition task that allowed us to assess the balance between model-free/model-based learning and investigate its relation to the social value orientations. The results showed that proselfs depended more on model-based learning, whereas prosocials depended more on model-free learning. Reward amount and reaction time analyses showed that proselfs learned the task structure earlier in the session than prosocials, reflecting their difference in model-based/model-free learning dependence. These findings support the learning hypothesis on what makes differences in social preferences and have implications for understanding the mechanisms of prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Oguchi
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1, Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yang Li
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1, Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshie Matsumoto
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1, Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Seinan Gakuin University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- School of Social Informatics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Masamichi Sakagami
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1, Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Tanaka H, Shou Q, Kiyonari T, Matsuda T, Sakagami M, Takagishi H. Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regulates default prosociality preference. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5420-5425. [PMID: 36396873 PMCID: PMC10152081 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to be associated with prosocial behavior. However, the direction of this relationship remains controversial. To resolve inconsistencies in the existing literature, we introduced the concept of default prosociality preference and hypothesized that this preference moderates the relationship between gray matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and prosocial behavior. This study analyzed the data of 168 participants obtained from voxel-based morphometry, 4 types of economic games, and 3 different measures of social value orientation that represent default prosociality preference. Here we show that, in individuals who were consistently classified as proself on the 3 social value orientation measures, gray matter volume in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was positively associated with prosocial behavior. However, in individuals who were consistently classified as prosocial, the direction of this association was vice versa. These results indicate that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regulates default prosociality preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanaka
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, , 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610 , Japan
| | - Qiulu Shou
- Tamagawa University Graduate School of Brain Sciences, , 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610 , Japan
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University School of Social Informatics, , 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5258 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, , 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610 , Japan
| | - Masamichi Sakagami
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, , 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610 , Japan
| | - Haruto Takagishi
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, , 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610 , Japan
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3
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Christian P, Soutschek A. Causal role of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for norm-guided social decision making: A meta-analysis of TMS studies. Neuropsychologia 2022; 176:108393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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The neuroanatomy of social trust predicts depression vulnerability. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16724. [PMID: 36202831 PMCID: PMC9537537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Trust attitude is a social personality trait linked with the estimation of others’ trustworthiness. Trusting others, however, can have substantial negative effects on mental health, such as the development of depression. Despite significant progress in understanding the neurobiology of trust, whether the neuroanatomy of trust is linked with depression vulnerability remains unknown. To investigate a link between the neuroanatomy of trust and depression vulnerability, we assessed trust and depressive symptoms and employed neuroimaging to acquire brain structure data of healthy participants. A high depressive symptom score was used as an indicator of depression vulnerability. The neuroanatomical results observed with the healthy sample were validated in a sample of clinically diagnosed depressive patients. We found significantly higher depressive symptoms among low trusters than among high trusters. Neuroanatomically, low trusters and depressive patients showed similar volume reduction in brain regions implicated in social cognition, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial PFC, posterior cingulate, precuneus, and angular gyrus. Furthermore, the reduced volume of the DLPFC and precuneus mediated the relationship between trust and depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to understanding social- and neural-markers of depression vulnerability and may inform the development of social interventions to prevent pathological depression.
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5
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A neuroscience-based model of why and when CEO social values affect investments in corporate social responsibility. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Taniguchi T, Yamakawa H, Nagai T, Doya K, Sakagami M, Suzuki M, Nakamura T, Taniguchi A. A whole brain probabilistic generative model: Toward realizing cognitive architectures for developmental robots. Neural Netw 2022; 150:293-312. [PMID: 35339010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Building a human-like integrative artificial cognitive system, that is, an artificial general intelligence (AGI), is the holy grail of the artificial intelligence (AI) field. Furthermore, a computational model that enables an artificial system to achieve cognitive development will be an excellent reference for brain and cognitive science. This paper describes an approach to develop a cognitive architecture by integrating elemental cognitive modules to enable the training of the modules as a whole. This approach is based on two ideas: (1) brain-inspired AI, learning human brain architecture to build human-level intelligence, and (2) a probabilistic generative model (PGM)-based cognitive architecture to develop a cognitive system for developmental robots by integrating PGMs. The proposed development framework is called a whole brain PGM (WB-PGM), which differs fundamentally from existing cognitive architectures in that it can learn continuously through a system based on sensory-motor information. In this paper, we describe the rationale for WB-PGM, the current status of PGM-based elemental cognitive modules, their relationship with the human brain, the approach to the integration of the cognitive modules, and future challenges. Our findings can serve as a reference for brain studies. As PGMs describe explicit informational relationships between variables, WB-PGM provides interpretable guidance from computational sciences to brain science. By providing such information, researchers in neuroscience can provide feedback to researchers in AI and robotics on what the current models lack with reference to the brain. Further, it can facilitate collaboration among researchers in neuro-cognitive sciences as well as AI and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Yamakawa
- The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; The Whole Brain Architecture Initiative, 2-19-21 Nishikoiwa , Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- Osaka University, 1-3 Machikane-yama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Doya
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Suzuki
- The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nakamura
- The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Birth order and prosociality in the early adolescent brain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21806. [PMID: 34750406 PMCID: PMC8575884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth order is a crucial environmental factor for child development. For example, later-born children are relatively unlikely to feel secure due to sibling competition or diluted parental resources. The positive effect of being earlier-born on cognitive intelligence is well-established. However, whether birth order is linked to social behavior remains controversial, and the neural correlates of birth order effects in adolescence when social cognition develops remain unknown. Here, we explored the birth order effect on prosociality using a large-scale population-based adolescent cohort. Next, since the amygdala is a key region for sociality and environmental stress, we examined amygdala substrates of the association between birth order and prosociality using a subset neuroimaging cohort. We found enhanced prosociality in later-born adolescents (N = 3160), and observed the mediating role of larger amygdala volume (N = 208) and amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity with sex-selective effects (N = 183). We found that birth order, a non-genetic environmental factor, affects adolescent social development via different neural substrates. Our findings may indicate the later-born people’s adaptive survival strategy in stressful environments.
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8
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Wyss AM, Knoch D. Neuroscientific approaches to study prosociality. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:38-43. [PMID: 34560373 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prosociality is a core feature of human functioning and has been a topic of interest across disciplinary boundaries for decades. In this review, we highlight different neuroscientific approaches that have enriched traditional psychological methods for studying prosocial behavior among individuals and groups. First, we outline findings from task-based neuroimaging studies that provide correlational evidence for the involvement of different neural mechanisms in prosocial behavior. Next, we present different brain stimulation studies that show several brain areas to be causally related to prosocial behavior. Furthermore, we outline the task-independent neural trait approach that quantifies temporally stable brain-based characteristics in an effort to uncover sources of interindividual differences in prosocial preferences. We discuss how the findings from these approaches have contributed to our understanding of prosocial behavior and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Wyss
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daria Knoch
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Rhoads SA, Cutler J, Marsh AA. A Feature-Based Network Analysis and fMRI Meta-Analysis Reveal Three Distinct Types of Prosocial Decisions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:1214-1233. [PMID: 34160604 PMCID: PMC8717062 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tasks that measure correlates of prosocial decision-making share one common feature: agents can make choices that increase the welfare of a beneficiary. However, prosocial decisions vary widely as a function of other task features. The diverse ways that prosociality is defined and the heterogeneity of prosocial decisions have created challenges for interpreting findings across studies and identifying their neural correlates. To overcome these challenges, we aimed to organize the prosocial decision-making task space of neuroimaging studies. We conducted a systematic search for studies in which participants made decisions to increase the welfare of others during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We identified shared and distinct features of these tasks and employed an unsupervised graph-based approach to assess how various forms of prosocial decision-making are related in terms of their low-level components (e.g. task features like potential cost to the agent or potential for reciprocity). Analyses uncovered three clusters of prosocial decisions, which we labeled as cooperation, equity and altruism. This feature-based representation of the task structure was supported by results of a neuroimaging meta-analysis that each type of prosocial decisions recruited diverging neural systems. Results clarify some of the existing heterogeneity in how prosociality is conceptualized and generate insight for future research and task paradigm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Rhoads
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jo Cutler
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abigail A Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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10
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Hackel LM, Wills JA, Van Bavel JJ. Shifting prosocial intuitions: neurocognitive evidence for a value-based account of group-based cooperation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:371-381. [PMID: 32337604 PMCID: PMC7308656 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperation is necessary for solving numerous social issues, including climate change, effective governance and economic stability. Value-based decision models contend that prosocial tendencies and social context shape people’s preferences for cooperative or selfish behavior. Using functional neuroimaging and computational modeling, we tested these predictions by comparing activity in brain regions previously linked to valuation and executive function during decision-making—the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), respectively. Participants played Public Goods Games with students from fictitious universities, where social norms were selfish or cooperative. Prosocial participants showed greater vmPFC activity when cooperating and dlPFC-vmPFC connectivity when acting selfishly, whereas selfish participants displayed the opposite pattern. Norm-sensitive participants showed greater dlPFC-vmPFC connectivity when defying group norms. Modeling expectations of cooperation was associated with activity near the right temporoparietal junction. Consistent with value-based models, this suggests that prosocial tendencies and contextual norms flexibly determine whether people prefer cooperation or defection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor M Hackel
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Julian A Wills
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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11
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Muthoharoh L, Hardhienata H, Alatas H. Modified Asano-Ohya-Khrennikov quantum-like model for decision-making process in a two-player game with nonlinear self- and cross-interaction terms of brain's amygdala and prefrontal-cortex. J Biol Phys 2020; 46:297-307. [PMID: 32710262 PMCID: PMC7501371 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-020-09553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we propose a modification on the Asano-Ohya-Khrennikov
quantum-like decision-making process model of a two-player game by adding additional
nonlinear terms to the related comparison step dynamical equation. The additions are
in the form of a self-interaction and cross-interaction of the brain’s
amygdala and prefrontal cortex. We show that the cross-interaction significantly
determines the final decision of a player, whether it becomes a rational or an
irrational choice. In contrast, the nonlinear self-interaction term provides a
feedback mechanism that speeds up the corresponding decision-making process. We also
suggest the form of expectation values of the overall reaction rate coefficients of
those nonlinear terms by making an analogy with the original model
formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luluk Muthoharoh
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Hendradi Hardhienata
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Husin Alatas
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
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12
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Li L, Wang H, Luo H, Zhang X, Zhang R, Li X. Interpersonal Neural Synchronization During Cooperative Behavior of Basketball Players: A fNIRS-Based Hyperscanning Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:169. [PMID: 32733216 PMCID: PMC7358650 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has consistently shown that team-based sports (such as basketball) are beneficial to interpersonal cooperation. However, its neural correlate remains to be discovered, especially in the perspective of two-person neuroscience. In this study, 12 dyads of basketball players and 12 dyads of college students who had no experience of team-based sports training were asked to perform joint-drawing task and control task. During task performance, neural activities were recorded in frontal area by the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning approach. The results demonstrated that dyads of basketball players were faster to finish joint-drawing task and showed higher subjective cooperativeness than dyads of college students. Meanwhile, significant interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) was observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal area only when pairs of basketball players performed joint-drawing task, but not control task. Therefore, we provide the first piece of inter-brain evidence for enhanced cooperative behavior in the individuals with team-based sports training, which could make us deeply understand exact neural correlate for experience-dependent changes of cognitions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyu Luo
- Shanghai Yucai Junior High School, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruqian Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Impact of depression on cooperation: An fNIRS hyperscanning study. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Yinling ZHANG, Zhen YU, Xiaoqin MAI. The influence of social value orientation on self-other risk decision-making and its mechanisms. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ZHANG Yinling
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - YU Zhen
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - MAI Xiaoqin
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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15
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16
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Baumgartner T, Dahinden FM, Gianotti LRR, Knoch D. Neural traits characterize unconditional cooperators, conditional cooperators, and noncooperators in group-based cooperation. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4508-4517. [PMID: 31313437 PMCID: PMC6773361 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contributing to and maintaining public goods are important for a functioning society. In reality, however, we see large variations in contribution behavior. While some individuals are not cooperative, others are highly so. Still others cooperate only to the extent they believe others will. Although these distinct behavioral types clearly have a divergent social impact, the sources of heterogeneity are poorly understood. We used source‐localized resting electroencephalography in combination with a model‐free clustering approach to participants' behavior in the Public Goods Game to explain heterogeneity. Findings revealed that compared to noncooperators, both conditional cooperators and unconditional cooperators are characterized by higher baseline activation in the right temporo‐parietal junction, an area involved in social cognition. Interestingly, conditional cooperators were further characterized by higher baseline activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex, an area involved in behavioral control. Our findings suggest that conditional cooperators' better capacities for behavioral control enable them to control their propensity to cooperate and thus to minimize the risk of exploitation by noncooperators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska M Dahinden
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorena R R Gianotti
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Kim HR, Toyokawa W, Kameda T. How do we decide when (not) to free-ride? Risk tolerance predicts behavioral plasticity in cooperation. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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A comparative fMRI meta-analysis of altruistic and strategic decisions to give. Neuroimage 2019; 184:227-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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19
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Gianotti LRR, Dahinden FM, Baumgartner T, Knoch D. Understanding Individual Differences in Domain-General Prosociality: A Resting EEG Study. Brain Topogr 2018; 32:118-126. [PMID: 30267176 PMCID: PMC6327080 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prosocial behavior is of vital importance for the smooth functioning of society. However, the propensity to behave in a prosocial manner is characterized by vast individual differences. In order to reveal the sources of these differences, some studies have used objective, task-independent neural traits, for instance resting electroencephalography (EEG). Despite providing valuable insights into the neural signatures of several domains of prosociality, each of these studies has only focused on one single domain. Here, we exposed 137 participants to different social dilemma situations in order to obtain a measure of the individuals’ domain-general prosociality and recorded multi-channel task-independent, resting EEG. Using a source-localization technique, we found that resting current density within the temporo-parietal junction in two beta bands (beta2 and beta3) was positively associated with domain-general prosociality. This is the first demonstration of neural signatures underlying individual differences in the propensity to behave in a prosocial manner across different social situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R R Gianotti
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Franziska M Dahinden
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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20
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Castro Santa J, Exadaktylos F, Soto-Faraco S. Beliefs about others' intentions determine whether cooperation is the faster choice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7509. [PMID: 29760504 PMCID: PMC5951794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Is collaboration the fast choice for humans? Past studies proposed that cooperation is a behavioural default, based on Response Times (RT) findings. Here we contend that the individual's reckoning of the immediate social environment shapes her predisposition to cooperate and, hence, response latencies. In a social dilemma game, we manipulate the beliefs about the partner's intentions to cooperate and show that they act as a switch that determines cooperation and defection RTs; when the partner's intention to cooperate is perceived as high, cooperation choices are speeded up, while defection is slowed down. Importantly, this social context effect holds across varying expected payoffs, indicating that it modulates behaviour regardless of choices' similarity in monetary terms. Moreover, this pattern is moderated by individual variability in social preferences: Among conditional cooperators, high cooperation beliefs speed up cooperation responses and slow down defection. Among free-riders, defection is always faster and more likely than cooperation, while high cooperation beliefs slow down all decisions. These results shed new light on the conflict of choices account of response latencies, as well as on the intuitive cooperation hypothesis, and can help to correctly interpret and reconcile previous, apparently contradictory results, by considering the role of context in social dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Castro Santa
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08002, Spain
| | - Filippos Exadaktylos
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University Business School, London, NW4 4BT, UK.,School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK.,Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Salvador Soto-Faraco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08002, Spain. .,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
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21
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Heart rate variability is associated with social value orientation in males but not females. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7336. [PMID: 29743602 PMCID: PMC5943302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic and neurobiological theories suggest that inter-individual differences in high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) are associated with inter-individual differences in social behavior and social cognition. To test these theories, we investigated whether individuals with high and low HF-HRV would show different preferences for cooperative behavior in social contexts. We recorded resting state HF-HRV in 84 healthy individuals before they completed the Social Value Orientation task, a well-established measure of cooperative preferences. HF-HRV was derived from short-term (300 s) and ultra-short-term (60 s, 120 s) recordings of participants’ heart rate to determine the robustness of possible findings. Irrespective of recording length, we found a sex-dependent association between inter-individual differences in HF-HRV and inter-individual differences in social value orientation: The preference for cooperation was more pronounced among individuals with high as compared low HF-HRV, albeit only in male and not in female participants. These findings suggest that males with high HF-HRV are more inclined to engage in cooperative behavior than males with low HF-HRV.
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22
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Wills J, FeldmanHall O, Meager MR, Van Bavel JJ. Dissociable contributions of the prefrontal cortex in group-based cooperation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:349-356. [PMID: 29618117 PMCID: PMC5928404 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of our political institutions, environmental stewardship and evolutionary fitness all hinge on our ability to prioritize collective-interest over self-interest. Despite considerable interest in the neuro-cognitive processes that underlie group cooperation, the evidence to date is inconsistent. Several papers support models of prosocial restraint, while more recent work supports models of prosocial intuition. We evaluate these competing models using a sample of lesion patients with damage to brain regions previously implicated in intuition and deliberation. Compared to matched control participants (brain damaged and healthy controls), we found that patients with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) damage were less likely to cooperate in a modified public goods game, whereas patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) damage were more likely to cooperate. In contrast, we observed no association between cooperation and amygdala damage relative to controls. These findings suggest that the dlPFC, rather than the vmPFC or amygdala, plays a necessary role in group-based cooperation. These findings suggest cooperation does not solely rely on intuitive processes. Implications for models of group cooperation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wills
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Oriel FeldmanHall
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Michael R Meager
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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23
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Santamaría-García H, Baez S, Reyes P, Santamaría-García JA, Santacruz-Escudero JM, Matallana D, Arévalo A, Sigman M, García AM, Ibáñez A. A lesion model of envy and Schadenfreude: legal, deservingness and moral dimensions as revealed by neurodegeneration. Brain 2017; 140:3357-3377. [PMID: 29112719 PMCID: PMC5841144 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of moral emotions (i.e. Schadenfreude and envy) is critical to understand the ecological complexity of everyday interactions between cognitive, affective, and social cognition processes. Most previous studies in this area have used correlational imaging techniques and framed Schadenfreude and envy as unified and monolithic emotional domains. Here, we profit from a relevant neurodegeneration model to disentangle the brain regions engaged in three dimensions of Schadenfreude and envy: deservingness, morality, and legality. We tested a group of patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), patients with Alzheimer’s disease, as a contrastive neurodegeneration model, and healthy controls on a novel task highlighting each of these dimensions in scenarios eliciting Schadenfreude and envy. Compared with the Alzheimer’s disease and control groups, patients with bvFTD obtained significantly higher scores on all dimensions for both emotions. Correlational analyses revealed an association between envy and Schadenfreude scores and greater deficits in social cognition, inhibitory control, and behaviour disturbances in bvFTD patients. Brain anatomy findings (restricted to bvFTD and controls) confirmed the partially dissociable nature of the moral emotions’ experiences and highlighted the importance of socio-moral brain areas in processing those emotions. In all subjects, an association emerged between Schadenfreude and the ventral striatum, and between envy and the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, the results supported an association between scores for moral and legal transgression and the morphology of areas implicated in emotional appraisal, including the amygdala and the parahippocampus. By contrast, bvFTD patients exhibited a negative association between increased Schadenfreude and envy across dimensions and critical regions supporting social-value rewards and social-moral processes (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, angular gyrus and precuneus). Together, this study provides lesion-based evidence for the multidimensional nature of the emotional experiences of envy and Schadenfreude. Our results offer new insights into the mechanisms subsuming complex emotions and moral cognition in neurodegeneration. Moreover, this study presents the exacerbation of envy and Schadenfreude as a new potential hallmark of bvFTD that could impact in diagnosis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Santamaría-García
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición. Intellectus-Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá Colombia.,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Departments of Physiology, Psychiatry and Aging Institute Bogotá, Colombia.,Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Investigación en Cerebro y Cognición Social, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Investigación en Cerebro y Cognición Social, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Reyes
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición. Intellectus-Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá Colombia.,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Departments of Physiology, Psychiatry and Aging Institute Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - José M Santacruz-Escudero
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición. Intellectus-Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá Colombia.,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Departments of Physiology, Psychiatry and Aging Institute Bogotá, Colombia.,Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Matallana
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición. Intellectus-Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá Colombia.,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Departments of Physiology, Psychiatry and Aging Institute Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Analía Arévalo
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M García
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
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24
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Response time in economic games reflects different types of decision conflict for prosocial and proself individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6394-6399. [PMID: 28559334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608877114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and neuroscientific studies explore two pathways through which internalized social norms promote prosocial behavior. One pathway involves internal control of impulsive selfishness, and the other involves emotion-based prosocial preferences that are translated into behavior when they evade cognitive control for pursuing self-interest. We measured 443 participants' overall prosocial behavior in four economic games. Participants' predispositions [social value orientation (SVO)] were more strongly reflected in their overall game behavior when they made decisions quickly than when they spent a longer time. Prosocially (or selfishly) predisposed participants behaved less prosocially (or less selfishly) when they spent more time in decision making, such that their SVO prosociality yielded limited effects in actual behavior in their slow decisions. The increase (or decrease) in slower decision makers was prominent among consistent prosocials (or proselfs) whose strong preference for prosocial (or proself) goals would make it less likely to experience conflict between prosocial and proself goals. The strong effect of RT on behavior in consistent prosocials (or proselfs) suggests that conflict between prosocial and selfish goals alone is not responsible for slow decisions. Specifically, we found that contemplation of the risk of being exploited by others (social risk aversion) was partly responsible for making consistent prosocials (but not consistent proselfs) spend longer time in decision making and behave less prosocially. Conflict between means rather than between goals (immediate versus strategic pursuit of self-interest) was suggested to be responsible for the time-related increase in consistent proselfs' prosocial behavior. The findings of this study are generally in favor of the intuitive cooperation model of prosocial behavior.
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