1
|
Dai Y, Masra N, Zhou L, Yu C, Jin W, Ni H. Hederagenin suppresses glioma cell biological activities via Nur77 in vitro study. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1283-1296. [PMID: 36911825 PMCID: PMC10002964 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to discuss Hederagenin's antitumor effects on glioma by in vitro study. U251 and U87 cell lines were used as research target in our research. In the first step, the different Hed concentrations were treated to U251 and U87 cell lines, and the second step is Nur77 transfection in U251 and U87 with Hed treatment; measuring cell proliferation by MTT and EdU staining; evaluating cell invasion and migration abilities by transwell assay and relative gene and protein expressions by RT-qPCR and WB assay. Compared with NC group, U251 and U87 cell proliferation were significantly depressed with cell apoptosis significantly increasing, and cell invasion and migration abilities were significantly inhibited in Hed-treated groups (p < .05, respectively); however, with Nur77 transfection, the Hed's antitumor effects disappeared. Meanwhile, with Hed supplement, Nur77, PI3K, and AKT gene expressions were significantly downregulated (p < .05, respectively) in Hed-treated groups; and Nur77, p-PI3K, and p-AKT protein expressions were significantly decreased (p < .05, respectively) in Hed-treated groups. Hed had antitumor effects on glioma cell biological activities via Nur77/PI3K/AKT pathway in vitro study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Ngarmbaye Masra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Hongbin Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Xie X, Peng F, Du J, Peng C. Regulation of temozolomide resistance via lncRNAs: Clinical and biological properties of lncRNAs in gliomas (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:101. [PMID: 35796022 PMCID: PMC9291250 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a primary types of intracranial malignancies and are characterized by a poor prognosis due to aggressive recurrence profiles. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an auxiliary alkylating agent that is extensively used in conjunction with surgical resection and forms the mainstay of clinical treatment strategies for gliomas. However, the frequent occurrence of TMZ resistance in clinical practice limits its therapeutic efficacy. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can play key and varied roles in glioma progression. lncRNAs have been reported to inhibit glioma progression by targeting various signaling pathways. In addition, the differential expression of lncRNAs has also been found to mediate the resistance of glioma to several chemotherapeutic agents, particularly to TMZ. The present review article therefore summarizes the findings of previous studies in an aim to report the significance and function of lncRNAs in regulating the chemoresistance of gliomas. The present review may provide further insight into the clinical treatment of gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of The Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of The Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Fu Peng or Professor Junrong Du, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of The Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Junrong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of The Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Fu Peng or Professor Junrong Du, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of The Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Chen Y, Yao J, Zhang Y, Li M, Yu B, Wang K. β-elemene combined with temozolomide in treatment of brain glioma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101144. [PMID: 34622038 PMCID: PMC8482427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for malignant glioma. β-Elemene has been reported to have the ability of passing through the blood-brain barrier and reverse multidrug resistance. In the present study, transport of drugs through the in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model also suggested that β-elemene can assist in TMZ transport to the brain. Plasma and brain pharmacokinetics demonstrated that when β-elemene is used in combination with TMZ, the metabolic rate of TMZ in plasma is slowed, and mean residence time (MRT) in brain is prolonged. The brain tissue distribution at 1 h indicated that the combination of TMZ and β-elemene promotes the distribution of β-elemene in the brain but slightly reduces the distribution of TMZ in the brain. Furthermore the antitumor effect and toxicity in vivo were also investigated. The combination of β-elemene and TMZ was well tolerated and significantly inhibited tumor growth in glioma xenografts. In summary, the present study indicates a synergistic antitumor effect of β-elemene and TMZ in glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Hangzhou Push-Kang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yidan Chen
- Cancer Research Institution, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ju Yao
- Hangzhou Push-Kang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Hangzhou Push-Kang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Mengying Li
- Hangzhou Push-Kang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Bo Yu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei KC, Lin YC, Chen CH, Chu YH, Huang CY, Liao WC, Liu CH. Fucosyltransferase 8 modulates receptor tyrosine kinase activation and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5472-5484. [PMID: 34873473 PMCID: PMC8640827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of extracellular glycosylation is a hallmark of malignant characteristics. In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of FUT8 was sufficient to enhance these phenotypes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. Importantly, altering FUT8 expression or using the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose sensitized the efficacy of of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chen Wei
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical CenterTaoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng HospitalNew Taipei City, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkou, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Lin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Chu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng HospitalNew Taipei City, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krenzlin H, Zdioruk M, Nowicki MO, Finkelberg T, Keric N, Lemmermann N, Skubal M, Chiocca EA, Cook CH, Lawler SE. Cytomegalovirus infection of glioblastoma cells leads to NF-κB dependent upregulation of the c-MET oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Cancer Lett 2021; 513:26-35. [PMID: 33989707 PMCID: PMC8209659 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is widespread in humans and has been implicated in glioblastoma (GBM) and other tumors. However, the role of CMV in GBM remains poorly understood and the mechanisms involved are not well-defined. The goal of this study was to identify candidate pathways relevant to GBM that may be modulated by CMV. Analysis of RNAseq data after CMV infection of patient-derived GBM cells showed significant upregulation of GBM-associated transcripts including the MET oncogene, which is known to play a role in a subset of GBM patients. These findings were validated in vitro in both mouse and human GBM cells. Using immunostaining and RT-PCR in vivo, we confirmed c-MET upregulation in a mouse model of CMV-driven GBM progression and in human GBM. siRNA knockdown showed that MET upregulation was dependent on CMV-induced upregulation of NF-κB signaling. Finally, proneural GBM xenografts overexpressing c-MET grew much faster in vivo than controls, suggesting a mechanism by which CMV infection of tumor cells could induce a more aggressive mesenchymal phenotype. These studies implicate the CMV-induced upregulation of c-MET as a potential mechanism involved in the effects of CMV on GBM growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Krenzlin
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mykola Zdioruk
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal O Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomer Finkelberg
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naureen Keric
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels Lemmermann
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Skubal
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng HS, Marvalim C, Zhu P, Law CLD, Low ZYJ, Chong YK, Ang BT, Tang C, Tan NS. Kinomic profile in patient-derived glioma cells during hypoxia reveals c-MET-PI3K dependency for adaptation. Theranostics 2021; 11:5127-5142. [PMID: 33859738 PMCID: PMC8039937 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic microenvironment is a hallmark of solid tumors, especially glioblastoma. The strong reliance of glioma-propagating cells (GPCs) on hypoxia-induced survival advantages is potentially exploitable for drug development. Methods: To identify key signaling pathways for hypoxia adaptation by patient-derived GPCs, we performed a kinase inhibitor profiling by screening 188 small molecule inhibitors against 130 different kinases in normoxia and hypoxia. Potential kinase candidates were prioritized for in vitro and in vivo investigations using a ranking algorithm that integrated information from the kinome connectivity network and estimated patients' survival based on expression status. Results: Hypoxic drug screen highlighted extensive modifications of kinomic landscape and a crucial functionality of c-MET-PI3K. c-MET inhibitors diminished phosphorylation of c-MET and PI3K in GPCs subjected to hypoxia, suggesting its role in the hypoxic adaptation of GPCs. Mechanistically, the inhibition of c-MET and PI3K impaired antioxidant defense, leading to oxidative catastrophe and apoptosis. Repurposed c-MET inhibitors PF04217903 and tivantinib exhibited hypoxic-dependent drug synergism with temozolomide, resulting in reduced tumor load and growth of GPC xenografts. Detailed analysis of bulk and single-cell glioblastoma transcriptomes associates the cellular subpopulation over-expressing c-MET with inflamed, hypoxic, metastatic, and stem-like phenotypes. Conclusions: Thus, our "bench to bedside (the use of patient-derived GPCs and xenografts for basic research) and back (validation with independent glioblastoma transcriptome databases)" analysis unravels the novel therapeutic indications of c-MET and PI3K/Akt inhibitors for the treatment of glioblastoma, and potentially other cancers, in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Novel roles of VAT1 expression in the immunosuppressive action of diffuse gliomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2589-2600. [PMID: 33576871 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Standard treatment regimen of gliomas has almost reached a bottleneck in terms of survival benefit. Immunotherapy has been explored and applied in glioma treatment. Immunosuppression, as a hallmark of glioma, could be alleviated by inhibiting certain abnormally expressed biomarkers. Here, transcriptome data of 325 whole grade gliomas were collected from the CGGA database. The TCGA RNA sequencing database was used for validation. Western blot was used to verify the expression level of VAT1 on cellular level. The results showed that the expression of VAT1 was positively correlated with the grades of glioma as classified by WHO. A higher expression level of VAT1 was observed in the mesenchymal subtype of gliomas. The area under the curve suggested that the expression level of VAT1 might be a potential prognostic marker of mesenchymal subtype. In survival analysis, we found that patients with high VAT1 expression level tended to have shorter overall survival, which indicated the prognostic value of VAT1 expression. The results of gene ontology analysis showed that most biological processes of VAT1-related genes were involved in immune and inflammatory responses. The results of GSEA analysis showed a negative correlation between VAT1 expression and immune cells. We also identified that the expression of immune checkpoints increased with VAT1 expression. Therefore, the high expression level of VAT1 in patients with glioma was a potential indicator of a lower survival rate for patients with gliomas. Remarkably, VAT1 contributed to glioma-induced immunosuppression and might be a novel target in glioma immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chai R, Li G, Liu Y, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Wu F, Chang Y, Pang B, Li J, Li Y, Jiang T, Wang Y. Predictive value of MGMT promoter methylation on the survival of TMZ treated IDH-mutant glioblastoma. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:272-282. [PMID: 33628600 PMCID: PMC7877176 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective O6methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation is a biomarker widely used to predict the sensitivity of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma to temozolomide therapy. Given that the IDH status has critical effects on the survival and epigenetic features of glioblastoma, we aimed to assess the role of MGMT promoter methylation in IDH-mutant glioblastoma. Methods This study included 187 IDH-mutant glioblastomas and used 173 IDH-wildtype glioblastomas for comparison. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression were used to study the predictive effects. Results Compared with IDH-wildtype glioblastomas, IDH-mutant glioblastomas showed significantly higher (P < 0.0001) MGMT promoter methylation. We demonstrated that MGMT promoter methylation status, as determined by a high cutoff value (≥30%) in pyrosequencing, could be used to significantly stratify the survival of 50 IDH-mutant glioblastomas receiving temozolomide therapy (cohort A); this result was validated in another cohort of 25 IDH-mutant glioblastomas (cohort B). The median progression-free survival and median overall survival in cohort A were 9.33 and 13.76 months for unmethylated cases, and 18.37 and 41.61 months for methylated cases, and in cohort B were 6.97 and 9.10 months for unmethylated cases, and 23.40 and 26.40 months for methylated cases. In addition, we confirmed that the MGMT promoter methylation was significantly (P = 0.0001) correlated with longer OS in IDH-mutant patients with GBM, independently of age, gender distribution, tumor type (primary or recurrent/secondary), and the extent of resection. Conclusions MGMT promoter methylation has predictive value in IDH-mutant glioblastoma, but its cutoff value should be higher than that for IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Chai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yuzhou Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jingjun Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yangfang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li D, Patel CB, Xu G, Iagaru A, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Cheng Z. Visualization of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Glioma With Molecular Imaging. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592389. [PMID: 33193439 PMCID: PMC7662122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, particularly high-grade gliomas including glioblastoma (GBM), represent the most common and malignant types of primary brain cancer in adults, and carry a poor prognosis. GBM has been classified into distinct subgroups over the years based on cellular morphology, clinical characteristics, biomarkers, and neuroimaging findings. Based on these classifications, differences in therapeutic response and patient outcomes have been established. Recently, the identification of complex molecular signatures of GBM has led to the development of diverse targeted therapeutic regimens and translation into multiple clinical trials. Chemical-, peptide-, antibody-, and nanoparticle-based probes have been designed to target specific molecules in gliomas and then be visualized with multimodality molecular imaging (MI) techniques including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, multiple molecules of interest can now be noninvasively imaged to guide targeted therapies with a potential survival benefit. Here, we review developments in molecular-targeted diagnosis and therapy in glioma, MI of these targets, and MI monitoring of treatment response, with a focus on the biological mechanisms of these advanced molecular probes. MI probes have the potential to noninvasively demonstrate the pathophysiologic features of glioma for diagnostic, treatment, and response assessment considerations for various targeted therapies, including immunotherapy. However, most MI tracers are in preclinical development, with only integrin αVβ3 and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant MI tracers having been translated to patients. Expanded international collaborations would accelerate translational research in the field of glioma MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
| | - Chirag B Patel
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Guofan Xu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Andrei Iagaru
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reduced EGFR and increased miR-221 is associated with increased resistance to temozolomide and radiotherapy in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17768. [PMID: 33082482 PMCID: PMC7576591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatment with temozolomide and radiotherapy and extensive research into alternative therapies there has been little improvement in Glioblastoma patient survival. Median survival time remains between 12 and 15 months mainly due to treatment resistance and tumor recurrence. In this study, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms behind treatment resistance and the lack of success with anti-EGFR therapy in the clinic. After generating a number of treatment resistant Glioblastoma cell lines we observed that resistant cell lines lacked EGFR activation and expression. Furthermore, cell viability assays showed resistant cells were significantly less sensitive to the anti-EGFR agents when compared to parental cell lines. To further characterise the resistance mechanism in our cells microRNA prediction software identified miR-221 as a negative regulator of EGFR expression. miR-221 was up-regulated in our resistant cell lines, and this up-regulation led to a significant reduction in EGFR expression in both our cultured cell lines and a large cohort of glioblastoma patient tumor tissue.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cai HQ, Liu AS, Zhang MJ, Liu HJ, Meng XL, Qian HP, Wan JH. Identifying Predictive Gene Expression and Signature Related to Temozolomide Sensitivity of Glioblastomas. Front Oncol 2020; 10:669. [PMID: 32528873 PMCID: PMC7258082 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is considered a standard chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma (GBM). Characterizing the biological molecules and signaling pathways involved in TMZ sensitivity would be helpful for selecting therapeutic schemes and evaluating prognosis for GBM. Thus, in the present study, we selected 34 glioma cell lines paired with specific IC50 values of TMZ obtained from CancerRxGene and RNA-seq data downloaded from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia to identify genes related to TMZ sensitivity. The results showed that 1,373 genes were related to the response of GBM cells to TMZ. Biological function analysis indicated that epithelial–mesenchymal transition, Wnt signaling, and immune response were the most significantly activated functions in TMZ-resistant cell lines. Additionally, negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase was enriched in TMZ-sensitive glioma cell lines. We also preliminarily observed a synergistic effect of combination treatment comprising TMZ and a telomerase inhibitor in vitro. We identified six genes (MROH8, BET1, PTPRN2, STC1, NKX3-1, and ARMC10) using the random survival forests variable hunting algorithm based on the minimum error rate of the gene combination and constructed a gene expression signature. The signature was strongly related to GBM clinical characteristics and exhibited good prognosis accuracy for both The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) datasets. Patients in the high score group had a shorter survival time than those in the low score group (11.2 vs. 22.2 months, hazard ratio = 7.31, p = 4.59e−11) of the TCGA dataset. The CGGA dataset was selected as a validation group with 40 patients in the high score set and 43 patients in the low score set (12.5 vs. 28.8 months, hazard ratio = 3.42, p = 8.61e−5). Moreover, the signature showed a better prognostic value than MGMT promoter methylation in both datasets. We also developed a nomogram for clinical use that integrated the TMZ response signature and four other risk factors to individually predict patient survival after TMZ chemotherapy. Overall, our study provides promising therapeutic targets and potential guidance for adjuvant therapy of GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ang-Si Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hou-Jie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Peng Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Hai Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin N, Li W, Wang X, Hou S, Yu D, Zhao X, Jin C, Yao G, Yan W, You Y. Upregulation of miR-340 Inhibits Tumor Growth and Mesenchymal Transition via Targeting c-MET in Glioblastoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3343-3352. [PMID: 32494198 PMCID: PMC7229788 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s250772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is involved in various cancers including glioblastoma. Our previous study has shown that miR-340 negatively correlated with EMT process in glioblastoma. Purpose In the present study, we aim to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-340 in EMT process of glioblastomas. Materials and Methods Using RT-qPCR assay, we analyzed the expression of miR-340 in glioma cell lines and normal human glia (NHA) cell line. Using CCK8, Colony formation assays, transwell and Western blot assays, we investigated tumor growth and EMT process. Using luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed a target of miR-340. Results Our results showed that miR-340 was down-regulated in glioma cell lines (U87, U251 and LN229) compared to NHA cells. MiR-340 overexpression remarkably inhibited cell proliferation and invasion as well as up-regulated E-cadherin expression and down-regulated N-cadherin, Vimentin, ZEB1, Slug and Snail expressions in U251 and LN229 cells. Further studies have confirmed c-MET as a target gene of miR-340. The EMT-inhibitory effect of miR-340 was lost after c-MET expression was restored. We also identified the antitumorigenic activity of miR-340 in vivo. Conclusion These results demonstrated that miR-340 functioned as a tumor suppressor via targeting EMT process and could be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating glioblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiefeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjing Jin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoquan Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Diao PY, Li SX, Peng J, Yang JH, Pan YC, Xu XP, Tang H, Hu JX, Zhao HF, Huang GD. Overexpression of EP300-interacting inhibitor of differentiation 3 predicts poor prognosis in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:979-988. [PMID: 32509069 PMCID: PMC7270700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
EP300-interacting inhibitor of differentiation 3 (EID3) is a member of the IED family and has been associated with tumorigenesis and tumor development in different cancer types. However, the role of EID3 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) prognosis is not clear. Whole transcriptome sequencing data of 249 and 149 GBM patients were collected from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database respectively. The correlation between EID3 expression and overall survival (OS)/clinical pathologic features of GBM patients was investigated. Based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, EID3 expression in GBM tissues was significantly lower than in normal brain tissues (P < 0.001), and significantly higher than in LGG (low-grade glioma) (P < 0.001).There was a significant correlation between high EID3 expression with poor OS in CGGA (P = 0.049) and TCGA data (P = 0.024). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) data analysis revealed a significant difference (FDR < 0.25, NOM p-value < 0.05) in the enrichment of MSigDB Collection (h.all.v6.2.symbols.gmt). A total of eight enriched pathways were identified in the high EID3 expression group, including Myc Targets V1, Kras signaling DN, and DNA repair pathways. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that high expression of EID3 correlated with poor OS (P = 0.032, HR = 1.41, CI: 1.03-1.90). We conclude that EID3 could serve as an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of patients with GBM. Moreover, it is associated with GBM development through the regulation of the Myc Targets, Kras signaling DN, and DNA repair pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Diao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shao-Xun Li
- The Affiliated Huaian No.1 Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an First People’s HospitalHuai’an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji-Hu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Chen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Xian Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Fu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guo-Dong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dual functionalized brain-targeting nanoinhibitors restrain temozolomide-resistant glioma via attenuating EGFR and MET signaling pathways. Nat Commun 2020; 11:594. [PMID: 32001707 PMCID: PMC6992617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) protein is frequently observed in malignant progression of gliomas. In this study, the crosstalk activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) signaling pathways is demonstrated to contribute to temozolomide (TMZ) resistance, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis for patients with glioblastoma. To simultaneously mitigate EGFR and MET activation, a dual functionalized brain-targeting nanoinhibitor, BIP-MPC-NP, is developed by conjugating Inherbin3 and cMBP on the surface of NHS-PEG8-Mal modified MPC-nanoparticles. In the presence of BIP-MPC-NP, DNA damage repair is attenuated and TMZ sensitivity is enhanced via the down-regulation of E2F1 mediated by TTP in TMZ resistant glioma. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows a significant repression in tumor growth and a prolonged survival of mice after injection of the BIP-MPC-NP and TMZ. These results demonstrate the promise of this nanoinhibitor as a feasible strategy overcoming TMZ resistance in glioma.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu P, Cai J, Chen Q, Han B, Meng X, Li Y, Li Z, Wang R, Lin L, Duan C, Kang C, Jiang C. Lnc-TALC promotes O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression via regulating the c-Met pathway by competitively binding with miR-20b-3p. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2045. [PMID: 31053733 PMCID: PMC6499807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as new regulatory molecules implicated in diverse biological processes, including therapeutic resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying lncRNA-mediated temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) remain largely unknown. To illustrate the role of lncRNA in TMZ resistance, we induce TMZ-resistant GBM cells, perform a lncRNA microarray of the parental and TMZ-resistant cells, and find an unreported lncRNA in GBM, lnc-TALC (temozolomide-associated lncRNA in glioblastoma recurrence), correlated with TMZ resistance via competitively binding miR-20b-3p to facilitate c-Met expression. A phosphorylated AKT/FOXO3 axis regulated lnc-TALC expression in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Furthermore, lnc-TALC increased MGMT expression by mediating the acetylation of H3K9, H3K27 and H3K36 in MGMT promoter regions through the c-Met/Stat3/p300 axis. In clinical patients, lnc-TALC is required for TMZ resistance and GBM recurrence. Our results reveal that lnc-TALC in GBM could serve as a therapeutic target to overcome TMZ resistance, enhancing the clinical benefits of TMZ chemotherapy. Temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma is associated with MGMT overexpression. Here, the authors identify a lncRNA that is a competitive endogenous RNA for miR-20b-3p, which causes c-Met activation to modulate acetylation of histone H3 on MGMT promoter through Stat3/p300 complex to increase MGMT expression and temozolomide resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China.
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Lab of Neuro-oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Chunbin Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Lab of Neuro-oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 300052, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150086, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ohba S, Yamada Y, Murayama K, Sandika E, Sasaki H, Yamada S, Abe M, Hasegawa M, Hirose Y. c-Met Expression Is a Useful Marker for Prognosis Prediction in IDH-Mutant Lower-Grade Gliomas and IDH-Wildtype Glioblastomas. World Neurosurg 2019; 126:e1042-e1049. [PMID: 30878754 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE c-Met has been shown to be associated with tumor growth in several human cancers. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between the c-Met expression and histopathologic/clinical characteristics. METHODS A total of 153 patients with histologically defined World Health Organization grade II-IV diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors were analyzed. RESULTS For each histopathologic diagnosis, the number of cases and positive rate of c-Met expression are as follows: oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p19q codeletion (OD): 16 cases, 6.3%; anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p19q codeletion (AO): 11 cases, 36.4%; diffuse astrocytoma (DA), IDH-mutant: 21 cases, 28.6%; anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), IDH- mutant: 15 cases, 20%; glioblastoma, IDH-mutant: 2, 100%, DA, IDH-wildtype: 9 cases, 33.3%; AA, IDH-wildtype: 20 cases, 30.0%; and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype: 59 cases, 52.5%. c-Met expression was correlated with progression-free survival in oligodendroglial tumors and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. Furthermore, it was correlated with overall survival in AO, oligodendroglial tumors, DA, IDH-mutant, DA, IDH-wildtype, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype, and tend to be correlated with overall survival in IDH-mutant lower-grade astrocytic tumors. CONCLUSIONS c-Met expression was revealed to be a useful marker for prognosis prediction in IDH-mutant lower-grade gliomas and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype, representing a new independent prognostic marker that can be easily measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ohba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murayama
- Department of Radiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eriel Sandika
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Abe
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan; Department of School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nie X, Su Z, Yan R, Yan A, Qiu S, Zhou Y. MicroRNA-562 negatively regulated c-MET/AKT pathway in the growth of glioblastoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 12:41-49. [PMID: 30613151 PMCID: PMC6306063 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s186701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-562 (miR-562) has been found to possess anti-cancer function in certain tumors. However, the function of miR-562 in glioblastoma (GBM) is still not fully understood. Purpose The aim at present study is to analyze the function of miR-562 and its possible target in GBM cells. Patients and methods In the present study, a total of 80 GBM samples and 16 adjacent noncancerous tissues were used to examine the expression of miR-562 and c-MET. In order to gain a deep insight into the molecular network of miR-562 and c-MET in GBM, the miR-562 mimic and inhibitor were transfected into two GBM cell lines (U251 and U87), respectively. Meanwhile, lentiviral vector was used to mediate overexpression of c-MET. Cell proliferation was examined via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Meanwhile, cell apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V-FTTC/PI staining assay. Results Our results indicated that the level of miR-562 was downregulated in GBM tissues and the expression of c-MET was upregulated in tumors. Cell proliferation analysis indicated that miR-562 was an anti-proliferation effector in GBM cells. Moreover, cell apoptosis analysis suggested the pro-apoptosis function of miR-562 in GBM cells. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that miR-562 negatively regulated the c-MET/AKT signal pathway. In addition, caspase-3 might also serve as another target for miR-562 in GBM cells. This research not only obtained a deep understanding of miR-562 but also provided evidence in terms of developing new prognostic biomarker for GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Zhongzhou Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Renfu Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Ai Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mutational Landscape of Secondary Glioblastoma Guides MET-Targeted Trial in Brain Tumor. Cell 2018; 175:1665-1678.e18. [PMID: 30343896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade gliomas almost invariably progress into secondary glioblastoma (sGBM) with limited therapeutic option and poorly understood mechanism. By studying the mutational landscape of 188 sGBMs, we find significant enrichment of TP53 mutations, somatic hypermutation, MET-exon-14-skipping (METex14), PTPRZ1-MET (ZM) fusions, and MET amplification. Strikingly, METex14 frequently co-occurs with ZM fusion and is present in ∼14% of cases with significantly worse prognosis. Subsequent studies show that METex14 promotes glioma progression by prolonging MET activity. Furthermore, we describe a MET kinase inhibitor, PLB-1001, that demonstrates remarkable potency in selectively inhibiting MET-altered tumor cells in preclinical models. Importantly, this compound also shows blood-brain barrier permeability and is subsequently applied in a phase I clinical trial that enrolls MET-altered chemo-resistant glioma patients. Encouragingly, PLB-1001 achieves partial response in at least two advanced sGBM patients with rarely significant side effects, underscoring the clinical potential for precisely treating gliomas using this therapy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Liang T, Wang X, Li P, Cao Y, Feng E, You G. HOXC8: a predictive glioma biomarker that induces epithelia-mesenchymal transition. Chin Neurosurg J 2018; 4:24. [PMID: 32922885 PMCID: PMC7398260 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-018-0132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor Homeobox C8 (HOXC8) is overexpressed and regulates many important genes involved in the proliferation and invasion of many malignant tumors. However, the function of HOXC8 in gliomas remains unclear. METHOD Based on the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) set, HOXC8 expression is negatively correlated with overall survival (OS). Small interfering RNA (si-HOXC8) was used to downregulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of HOXC8 to assess glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. RESULTS Patients with higher HOXC8 levels showed poorer prognosis. DAVID analysis results indicated that HOXC8 was related to cell cycle, cell adhesion and immune response. In U251 and LN229 glioma cells treated with small interfering RNA for HOXC8 (si-HOXC8) for gene knockdown, significantly lower cell capacity of growth, migration and invasion was observed. Moreover, HOXC8 knockdown could reduce the protein expression of classical epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) related markers. CONCLUSION HOXC8 may play an important role in glioma proliferation, migration and invasion. These findings indicated that HOXC8 may constitute a novel target for glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
| | | | - Peiliang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Enshan Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Gan You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050 China
- Department of Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen B, Liang T, Yang P, Wang H, Liu Y, Yang F, You G. Classifying lower grade glioma cases according to whole genome gene expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74031-74042. [PMID: 27677590 PMCID: PMC5342033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify a gene-based signature as a novel prognostic model in lower grade gliomas. RESULTS A gene signature developed from HOXA7, SLC2A4RG and MN1 could segregate patients into low and high risk score groups with different overall survival (OS), and was validated in TCGA RNA-seq and GSE16011 mRNA array datasets. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was performed to show that the three-gene signature was more sensitive and specific than histology, grade, age, IDH1 mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and GO analysis showed high-risk samples were associated with tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and highly invasive phenotypes. Moreover, HOXA7-siRNA inhibited migration and invasion in vitro, and downregulated MMP9 at the protein level in U251 glioma cells. METHODS A cohort of 164 glioma specimens from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) array database were assessed as the training group. TCGA RNA-seq and GSE16011 mRNA array datasets were used for validation. Regression analyses and linear risk score assessment were performed for the identification of the three-gene signature comprising HOXA7, SLC2A4RG and MN1. CONCLUSIONS We established a three-gene signature for lower grade gliomas, which could independently predict overall survival (OS) of lower grade glioma patients with higher sensitivity and specificity compared with other clinical characteristics. These findings indicate that the three-gene signature is a new prognostic model that could provide improved OS prediction and accurate therapies for lower grade glioma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoshi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gan You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lamballe F, Toscano S, Conti F, Arechederra M, Baeza N, Figarella-Branger D, Helmbacher F, Maina F. Coordination of signalling networks and tumorigenic properties by ABL in glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74747-74767. [PMID: 27732969 PMCID: PMC5342699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase ABL exerts positive or negative effects in solid tumours according to the cellular context, thus functioning as a “switch modulator”. The therapeutic effects of drugs targeting a set of signals encompassing ABL have been explored in several solid tumours. However, the net contribution of ABL inhibition by these agents remains elusive as these drugs also act on other signalling components. Here, using glioblastoma (GBM) as a cellular paradigm, we report that ABL inhibition exacerbates mesenchymal features as highlighted by down-regulation of epithelial markers and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers. Cells with permanent ABL inhibition exhibit enhanced motility and invasive capabilities, while proliferation and tumorigenic properties are reduced. Intriguingly, permanent ABL inhibition also interferes with GBM neurosphere formation and with expression of stemness markers in sphere-cultured GBM cells. Furthermore, we show that the molecular and biological characteristics of GBM cells with impaired ABL are reversible by restoring ABL levels, thus uncovering a remarkable plasticity of GBM cells to ABL threshold. A phospho-signalling screen revealed that loss of tumorigenic and self-renewal properties in GBM cells under permanent ABL inhibition coincide with drastic changes in the expression and/or phosphorylation levels of multiple signalling components. Our findings identify ABL as a crucial player for migration, invasion, proliferation, tumorigenic, and stem-cell like properties of GBM cells. Taken together, this work supports the notion that the oncogenic role of ABL in GBM cells is associated with its capability to coordinate a signalling setting that determines tumorigenic and stem-cell like properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Lamballe
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sara Toscano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Filippo Conti
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Arechederra
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Baeza
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR S911, Marseille, France
| | | | - Françoise Helmbacher
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Veenstra C, Pérez-Tenorio G, Stelling A, Karlsson E, Mirwani SM, Nordensköljd B, Fornander T, Stål O. Met and its ligand HGF are associated with clinical outcome in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37145-37159. [PMID: 27175600 PMCID: PMC5095065 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Few biomarkers exist to predict radiotherapy response in breast cancer. In vitro studies suggest a role for Met and its ligand HGF. To study this suggested role, MET and HGF gene copy numbers were determined by droplet digital PCR in tumours from 205 pre-menopausal and 184 post-menopausal patients, both cohorts randomised to receive either chemo- or radiotherapy. MET amplification was found in 8% of the patients in both cohorts and HGF amplification in 7% and 6% of the patients in the pre- and post-menopausal cohort, respectively. Met, phosphorylated Met (pMet), and HGF protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in the pre-menopausal cohort. Met, pMet, and HGF was expressed in 33%, 53%, and 49% of the tumours, respectively. MET amplification was associated with increased risk of distant recurrence for patients receiving chemotherapy. For the pre-menopausal patients, expression of cytoplasmic pMet and HGF significantly predicted benefit from radiotherapy in terms of loco-regional recurrence. Similar trends were seen for MET and HGF copy gain. In the post-menopausal cohort, no significant association of benefit from radiotherapy with neither genes nor proteins was found. The present results do not support that inhibition of Met prior to radiotherapy would be favourable for pre-menopausal breast cancer, as previously suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Veenstra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gizeh Pérez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Stelling
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elin Karlsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sanam Mirwani Mirwani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bo Nordensköljd
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tommy Fornander
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hu H, Wang Z, Li M, Zeng F, Wang K, Huang R, Wang H, Yang F, Liang T, Huang H, Jiang T. Gene Expression and Methylation Analyses Suggest DCTD as a Prognostic Factor in Malignant Glioma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11568. [PMID: 28912488 PMCID: PMC5599690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common brain cancer with dismal outcomes. Individual variation of the patients’ survival times is remarkable. Here, we investigated the transcriptome and promoter methylation differences between patients of malignant glioma with short (less than one year) and the patients with long (more than three years) survival in CGGA (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas), and validated the differences in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) to identify the genes whose expression levels showed high concordance with prognosis of glioma patients, as well as played an important role in malignant progression. The gene coding a key enzyme in genetic material synthesis, dCMP deaminase (DCTD), was found to be significantly correlated with overall survival and high level of DCTD mRNA indicated shorter survival of the patients with malignant glioma in different databases. Our finding revealed DCTD as an efficient prognostic factor for malignant glioma. As DCTD inhibitor gemcitabine has been proposed as an adjuvant therapy for malignant glioma, our finding also suggests a therapeutic value of gemcitabine for the patients with high expression level of DCTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fan Yang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|