1
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Kellett KAB, Fisher K, Aldworth H, Hooper NM. Proteolysis of the low-density lipoprotein receptor in hepatocytes is mediated by BMP1 but not by other astacin proteases. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1489-1502. [PMID: 37235726 PMCID: PMC10953048 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1), a member of the astacin family of zinc-metalloproteases, proteolytically cleaves the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) within its ligand-binding domain, reducing the binding and cellular uptake of LDL-cholesterol. Here, we aimed to determine whether astacin proteases other than BMP1 may also cleave LDLR. Although human hepatocytes express all six astacin proteases, including the meprins and mammalian tolloid, we found through pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown that only BMP1 contributed to the cleavage of LDLR in its ligand-binding domain. We also found that the minimum amino acid change required to render mouse LDLR susceptible to cleavage by BMP1 is mutation at the P1' and P2 positions of the cleavage site. When expressed in cells, the resulting humanised-mouse LDLR internalised LDL-cholesterol. This work provides insight into the biological mechanisms regulating LDLR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. B. Kellett
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterUK
- Present address:
Horizons InstituteUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Kate Fisher
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Harry Aldworth
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterUK
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2
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Correns A, Zimmermann LMA, Baldock C, Sengle G. BMP antagonists in tissue development and disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100071. [PMID: 34435185 PMCID: PMC8377005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are important growth regulators in embryogenesis and postnatal homeostasis. Their tight regulation is crucial for successful embryonic development as well as tissue homeostasis in the adult organism. BMP inhibition by natural extracellular biologic antagonists represents the most intensively studied mechanistic concept of BMP growth factor regulation. It was shown to be critical for numerous developmental programs, including germ layer specification and spatiotemporal gradients required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis and organ formation. The importance of BMP antagonists for extracellular matrix homeostasis is illustrated by the numerous human connective tissue disorders caused by their mutational inactivation. Here, we will focus on the known functional interactions targeting BMP antagonists to the ECM and discuss how these interactions influence BMP antagonist activity. Moreover, we will provide an overview about the current concepts and investigated molecular mechanisms modulating BMP inhibitor function in the context of development and disease.
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Key Words
- ALK3, anaplastic lymphoma kinase 3
- ATF2, activating transcription factor 2
- ActR, activin receptor
- BDB2, brachydactyly type B2
- BISC, BMP-induced signalling complex
- BMP antagonists
- BMPER, BMP binding endothelial regulator
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
- CAN, cerberus and DAN
- CDD, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
- CHRD domain, chordin specific domain
- CUB domain, for complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1 domain
- Connective tissue disorder
- Cv2, crossveinless-2
- DAN, differential screening selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma
- DSD, diaphanospondylodysostosis
- Dpp, decapentaplegic
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- Extracellular matrix (ECM)
- FMF, fibrillin microfibrils
- HS, heparan sulphate
- HSPGs, heparan sulphate proteoglycans
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MGC1, megalocornea 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PRDC, protein related to DAN and Cerberus
- SOST, sclerostin
- SYNS1, multiple synostoses syndrome 1
- Scw, screw
- Sog, short gastrulation
- TCC, tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor- β
- Tld, tolloid
- Tsg, twisted gastrulation
- VBCH, Van Buchem disease
- Xlr/Tll, xolloid-related metalloprotease
- vWC, von Willebrand factor type C
- vWD, von Willebrand factor type D
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkatrin Correns
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura-Marie A. Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, B.3016 Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Centre for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Characterization of tolloid-mediated cleavage of the GDF8 procomplex. Biochem J 2021; 478:1733-1747. [PMID: 33876824 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), a.k.a. myostatin, is a member of the larger TGFβ superfamily of signaling ligands. GDF8 has been well characterized as a negative regulator of muscle mass. After synthesis, GDF8 is held latent by a noncovalent complex between the N-terminal prodomain and the signaling ligand. Activation of latent GDF8 requires proteolytic cleavage of the prodomain at residue D99 by a member of the tolloid family of metalloproteases. While tolloid proteases cleave multiple substrates, they lack a conserved consensus sequence. Here, we investigate the tolloid cleavage site of the GDF8 prodomain to determine what residues contribute to tolloid recognition and subsequent proteolysis. Using sequential alanine mutations, we identified several residues adjacent to the scissile bond, including Y94, that when mutated, abolish tolloid-mediated activation of latent GDF8. Using the astacin domain of Tll1 (Tolloid Like 1) we determined that prodomain mutants were more resistant to proteolysis. Purified latent complexes harboring the prodomain mutations, D92A and Y94A, impeded activation by tolloid but could be fully activated under acidic conditions. Finally, we show that co-expression of GDF8 WT with prodomain mutants that were tolloid resistant, suppressed GDF8 activity. Taken together our data demonstrate that residues towards the N-terminus of the scissile bond are important for tolloid-mediated activation of GDF8 and that the tolloid-resistant version of the GDF8 prodomain can function dominant negative to WT GDF8.
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4
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Banerjee S, Andrew RJ, Duff CJ, Fisher K, Jackson CD, Lawrence CB, Maeda N, Greenspan DS, Kellett KAB, Hooper NM. Proteolysis of the low density lipoprotein receptor by bone morphogenetic protein-1 regulates cellular cholesterol uptake. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11416. [PMID: 31388055 PMCID: PMC6684651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cardiovascular disease is intimately linked to elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. Hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR) levels regulate the amount of plasma LDL. We identified the secreted zinc metalloproteinase, bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1), as responsible for the cleavage of human LDLR within its extracellular ligand-binding repeats at Gly171↓Asp172. The resulting 120 kDa membrane-bound C-terminal fragment (CTF) of LDLR had reduced capacity to bind LDL and when expressed in LDLR null cells had compromised LDL uptake as compared to the full length receptor. Pharmacological inhibition of BMP1 or siRNA-mediated knockdown prevented the generation of the 120 kDa CTF and resulted in an increase in LDL uptake into cells. The 120 kDa CTF was detected in the livers from humans and mice expressing human LDLR. Collectively, these results identify that BMP1 regulates cellular LDL uptake and may provide a target to modulate plasma LDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemoti Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Robert J Andrew
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher J Duff
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, UK
| | - Kate Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Carolyn D Jackson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel S Greenspan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A B Kellett
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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5
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Talantikite M, Lécorché P, Beau F, Damour O, Becker-Pauly C, Ho WB, Dive V, Vadon-Le Goff S, Moali C. Inhibitors of BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases: efficacy, selectivity and cellular toxicity. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:2011-2021. [PMID: 30524951 PMCID: PMC6275283 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BMP‐1/tolloid‐like proteinases belong to the astacin family of human metalloproteinases, together with meprins and ovastacin. They represent promising targets to treat or prevent a wide range of diseases such as fibrotic disorders or cancer. However, the study of their pathophysiological roles is still impaired by the lack of well‐characterized inhibitors and the questions that remain regarding their selectivity and in vivo efficiency. As a first step towards the identification of suitable tools to be used in functional studies, we have undertaken a systematic comparison of seven molecules known to affect the proteolytic activity of human astacins including three hydroxamates (FG‐2575, UK383,367, S33A), the protein sizzled, a new phosphinic inhibitor (RXP‐1001) and broad‐spectrum protease inhibitors (GM6001, actinonin). Their efficacy in vitro, their cellular toxicity and efficacy in cell cultures were thoroughly characterized. We found that these molecules display very different potency and selectivity profiles, with hydroxamate FG‐2575 and the protein sizzled being very powerful and selective inhibitors of BMP‐1, whereas phosphinic peptide RXP‐1001 behaves as a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of astacins. Their use should therefore be carefully considered in agreement with the aim of the study to avoid result misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Talantikite
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Unit (LBTI) UMR5305, CNRS Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 France
| | - Pascaline Lécorché
- CEA Saclay Institut Frédéric Joliot Direction de la recherche fondamentale SIMOPRO Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Fabrice Beau
- CEA Saclay Institut Frédéric Joliot Direction de la recherche fondamentale SIMOPRO Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Odile Damour
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Unit (LBTI) UMR5305, CNRS Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 France.,Banque de Tissus et Cellules Hospices Civils de Lyon France
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Biochemistry Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Germany
| | | | - Vincent Dive
- CEA Saclay Institut Frédéric Joliot Direction de la recherche fondamentale SIMOPRO Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Sandrine Vadon-Le Goff
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Unit (LBTI) UMR5305, CNRS Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 France
| | - Catherine Moali
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Unit (LBTI) UMR5305, CNRS Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 France
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6
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Zhou Y, Qian Z, Yang J, Zhu M, Hou X, Wang Y, Wu H, Zou J. Whole exome sequencing identifies novel candidate mutations in a Chinese family with left ventricular noncompaction. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7325-7330. [PMID: 29568952 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is an inherited cardiomyopathy involving numerous genes. To identify novel candidate causal mutations, a whole exome sequencing study was performed on a Chinese LVNC family. Exons of the most prevalent pathogenic genes of LVNC (myosin heavy chain 7 and actin, α‑cardiac muscle 1) were sequenced, although no mutations were identified. Following this, Burrows‑Wheeler Aligner, PICARD and Genome Analysis Toolkit (v.2.8) were used to analyze the exome sequencing data. Non‑silent single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that were identified in patients with LVNC, although not in the healthy individual, were investigated further using SNV prioritization via the integration of genomic data (SPRING) based on P‑values. Co‑expressed gene enrichment analysis was performed using Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) data in order to investigate the potential roles of the genes containing SNVs in the myocardium. In the Chinese LVNC family, seven novel SNVs were identified that were only present in patients with LVNC and annotated by SPRING with P<0.05. Among these SNVs, hemicentin 1 [c. thymine (T) 9776 cytosine (C)], tolloid like 2 [c. cytosine (C) 2615 thymine (T)], fms related tyrosine kinase 3 [c. guanine (G) 976 adenine (A)] and nucleotide binding protein like [c. guanine (G) 91 thymine (T)] were located in conserved regions and annotated as deleterious by PolyPhen2, LRT and MutationTaster database analyses. Based on GTEx data, it was revealed that NUBPL was co‑expressed with almost all previously established LVNC pathogenic genes. Furthermore, the results of the present study demonstrated that genes co‑expressed with NUBPL were additionally enriched in the Notch signaling pathway. In addition, the results revealed numerous novel mutations that may be causal SNVs for the development of LVNC in the family involved in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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7
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Troilo H, Bayley CP, Barrett AL, Lockhart-Cairns MP, Jowitt TA, Baldock C. Mammalian tolloid proteinases: role in growth factor signalling. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2398-407. [PMID: 27391803 PMCID: PMC4988381 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tolloid proteinases are essential for tissue patterning and extracellular matrix assembly. The members of the family differ in their substrate specificity and activity, despite sharing similar domain organization. The mechanisms underlying substrate specificity and activity are complex, with variation between family members, and depend on both multimerization and substrate interaction. In addition, enhancers, such as Twisted gastrulation (Tsg), promote cleavage of tolloid substrate, chordin, to regulate growth factor signalling. Although Tsg and mammalian tolloid (mTLD) are involved in chordin cleavage, no interaction has been detected between them, suggesting Tsg induces a change in chordin to increase susceptibility to cleavage. All members of the tolloid family bind the N terminus of latent TGFβ‐binding protein‐1, providing support for their role in TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Troilo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher P Bayley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anne L Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,Beamline B21, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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