Modulation of E-cadherin expression promotes migration ability of esophageal cancer cells

Tanshinone IIA inhibits proliferation and migration by downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in small cell lung cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most malignant lung cancer type. Due to the high rates of metastasis and drug resistance, effective therapeutic strategies remain lacking. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity. Therefore, this study investigated the ability and underlying mechanism of Tan IIA to inhibit the metastasis and proliferation of SCLC.

METHODS

H1688 and H446 cells were treated in vitro with Tan IIA (0, 1, 2 and 4 µM) or LY294002 (10 µM) for 24, 48, 72 h. H1688 and H446 cell migration was evaluated in wound healing and transwell migration assays. RNA-sequencing helped assess gene expression. BALB/c nude mice were injected with H1688 cells and treated with the Tan IIA group (10 mg/kg/day) or a control. Expression of E-cadherin, vimentin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway proteins in tumors and H1688 was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis and western blot.

RESULTS

Tan IIA inhibited H1688 and H446 cell proliferation without inducing apoptosis and suppressed H1688 and H446 cell migration. E-cadherin expression was increased, while vimentin expression was reduced after administration of Tan IIA. RNA-sequencing revealed that some genes related with the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were altered using Tan IIA treatment. Furthermore, western blot helped detect PI3K and p-Akt expression was also reduced by Tan IIA treatment. Tan IIA inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, Tan IIA increased tumoral expression of E-cadherin accompanied by PI3K and p-Akt downregulation.

CONCLUSION

Tan IIA suppresses SCLC proliferation and metastasis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby highlighting the potential of Tan IIA as a new and relatively safe drug candidate to treat SCLC.

Transcriptional regulation of the mouse EphA4, Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-A3 genes by the circadian clock machinery

Circadian rhythms originate from molecular feedback loops. In mammals, the transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 act on regulatory elements (i.e. E-boxes) to shape biological functions in a rhythmic manner. The EPHA4 receptor and its ligands Ephrins (EFN) are cell adhesion molecules regulating neurotransmission and neuronal morphology. Previous studies showed the presence of E-boxes in the genes of EphA4 and specific Ephrins, and that EphA4 knockout mice have an altered circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. We thus hypothesized that the core clock machinery regulates the gene expression of EphA4, EfnB2 and EfnA3. CLOCK and BMAL1 (or NPAS2 and BMAL2) were found to have transcriptional activity on distal and proximal regions of EphA4, EfnB2 and EfnA3 putative promoters. A constitutively active form of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β; a negative regulator of CLOCK and BMAL1) blocked the transcriptional induction. Mutating the E-boxes of EphA4 distal promoter sequence reduced transcriptional induction. EPHA4 and EFNB2 protein levels did not show circadian variations in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus or prefrontal cortex. The findings uncover that core circadian transcription factors can regulate the gene expression of elements of the Eph/Ephrin system, which might contribute to circadian rhythmicity in biological processes in the brain or peripheral tissues.

Viscoelasticity, Like Forces, Plays a Role in Mechanotransduction

Viscoelasticity and its alteration in time and space has turned out to act as a key element in fundamental biological processes in living systems, such as morphogenesis and motility. Based on experimental and theoretical findings it can be proposed that viscoelasticity of cells, spheroids and tissues seems to be a collective characteristic that demands macromolecular, intracellular component and intercellular interactions. A major challenge is to couple the alterations in the macroscopic structural or material characteristics of cells, spheroids and tissues, such as cell and tissue phase transitions, to the microscopic interferences of their elements. Therefore, the biophysical technologies need to be improved, advanced and connected to classical biological assays. In this review, the viscoelastic nature of cytoskeletal, extracellular and cellular networks is presented and discussed. Viscoelasticity is conceptualized as a major contributor to cell migration and invasion and it is discussed whether it can serve as a biomarker for the cells’ migratory capacity in several biological contexts. It can be hypothesized that the statistical mechanics of intra- and extracellular networks may be applied in the future as a powerful tool to explore quantitatively the biomechanical foundation of viscoelasticity over a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, the importance of the cellular viscoelasticity is illustrated in identifying and characterizing multiple disorders, such as cancer, tissue injuries, acute or chronic inflammations or fibrotic diseases.

New Insights Into Cancer Chronotherapies

Circadian clocks participate in the coordination of various metabolic and biological activities to maintain homeostasis. Disturbances in the circadian rhythm and cancers are closely related. Circadian clock genes are differentially expressed in many tumors, and accelerate the development and progression of tumors. In addition, tumor tissues exert varying biological activities compared to normal tissues due to resetting of altered rhythms. Thus, chronotherapeutics used for cancer treatment should exploit the timing of circadian rhythms to achieve higher efficacy and mild toxicity. Due to interpatient differences in circadian functions, our findings advocate an individualized precision approach to chronotherapy. Herein, we review the specific association between circadian clocks and cancers. In addition, we focus on chronotherapies in cancers and personalized biomarkers for the development of precision chronotherapy. The understanding of circadian clocks in cancer will provide a rationale for more effective clinical treatment of tumors.

Expression of E-Cadherin in Epithelial Cancer Cells Increases Cell Motility and Directionality through the Localization of ZO-1 during Collective Cell Migration

Collective cell migration of epithelial tumor cells is one of the important factors for elucidating cancer metastasis and developing novel drugs for cancer treatment. Especially, new roles of E-cadherin in cancer migration and metastasis, beyond the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, have recently been unveiled. Here, we quantitatively examined cell motility using micropatterned free edge migration model with E-cadherin re-expressing EC96 cells derived from adenocarcinoma gastric (AGS) cell line. EC96 cells showed increased migration features such as the expansion of cell islands and straightforward movement compared to AGS cells. The function of tight junction proteins known to E-cadherin expression were evaluated for cell migration by knockdown using sh-RNA. Cell migration and straight movement of EC96 cells were reduced by knockdown of ZO-1 and claudin-7, to a lesser degree. Analysis of the migratory activity of boundary cells and inner cells shows that EC96 cell migration was primarily conducted by boundary cells, similar to leader cells in collective migration. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that tight junctions (TJs) of EC96 cells might play important roles in intracellular communication among boundary cells. ZO-1 is localized to the base of protruding lamellipodia and cell contact sites at the rear of cells, indicating that ZO-1 might be important for the interaction between traction and tensile forces. Overall, dynamic regulation of E-cadherin expression and localization by interaction with ZO-1 protein is one of the targets for elucidating the mechanism of collective migration of cancer metastasis.

Physiological Roles of ERM Proteins and Transcriptional Regulators in Supporting Membrane Expression of Efflux Transporters as Factors of Drug Resistance in Cancer

One factor contributing to the malignancy of cancer cells is the acquisition of drug resistance during chemotherapy via increased expression of efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). These transporters operate at the cell membrane, and are anchored in place by the scaffold proteins ezrin (Ezr), radixin (Rdx), and moesin (Msn) (ERM proteins), which regulate their functional activity. The identity of the regulatory scaffold protein(s) differs depending upon the transporter, and also upon the tissue in which it is expressed, even for the same transporter. Another factor contributing to malignancy is metastatic ability. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the first step in the conversion of primary epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells that can be transported to other organs via the blood. The SNAI family of transcriptional regulators triggers EMT, and SNAI expression is used is an indicator of malignancy. Furthermore, EMT has been suggested to be involved in drug resistance, since drug excretion from cancer cells is promoted during EMT. We showed recently that ERM proteins are induced by a member of the SNAI family, Snail. Here, we first review recent progress in research on the relationship between efflux transporters and scaffold proteins, including the question of tissue specificity. In the second part, we review the relationship between ERM scaffold proteins and the transcriptional regulatory factors that induce their expression.

ATP6V0D2, a subunit associated with proton transport, serves an oncogenic role in esophagus cancer and is correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition

BACKGROUND

The poor prognosis of esophagus cancer (EC) is mainly due to its high invasiveness and metastasis, so it is urgent to search effectively prognostic markers and explore their roles in the mechanism of metastasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Based on the TCGA database, we downloaded the RNA-Seq for analyzing the expression of ATP6V0D2. QRT-PCR was used to test the mRNA levels of ATP6V0D2 in cell lines. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the correlation between ATP6V0D2 and clinical characteristics. Prognostic values were determined by Kaplan-Meier methods and cox's regression models. CCK-8 and clone formation assays were employed to evaluate the cell viability, and Transwell assay was implemented to determine the invasive and migratory abilities. Correlations between ATP6V0D2 and motion-related markers were analyzed by the GEPIA database and confirmed by western blot. Moreover, the relationship between ATP6V0D2 and molecules related to cell cycle and apoptosis was also determined by western blot.

RESULTS

A significant increase was observed in 3 EC-related cell lines compared to the normal cell line. ATP6V0D2 has a connection with the poor prognosis and can be considered as an independent prognosticator for patients with EC. Besides, ATP6V0D2 can improve cells viability as well as invasive and migratory abilities. What's more, downregulation of ATP6V0D2 notably enhanced E-cadherin expression, while decreased N-cadherin, Vimentin, and MMP9 expression, whereas overexpression of ATP6V0D2 presented the opposite outcomes. Furthermore, we found that silencing ATP6V0D2 led to a significant reduction on the protein expression of Cyclin D1, CDK4, Bcl-2, whereas resulted in a notable enhancement on the Bax level.

CONCLUSION

ATP6V0D2 might be an independent prognosticator for EC patients, and it possibly promotes tumorigenesis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell cycle and apoptosis-related markers, providing the possibility that ATP6V0D2 may be a novel biomarker for the therapeutic intervention of EC.

Leptin Promotes Prostate Cancer Proliferation and Migration by Stimulating STAT3 Pathway

To better understand the link between obesity and prostate cancer (PC) aggressiveness, we investigate the role of leptin, an obesity associated adipokine, and its receptor (Ob-R) in PC cells migration. The migration assay (Wound-healing) was used to study the leptin impact on DU-145 and PC3 cells lines. STAT3 activation was performed by Western Blot. E-cadherin expression was studied using fluorescence microscopy and Ob-R expression in PC and benign prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) biopsies was assessed by RT-PCR. In this study we demonstrate that high dose of leptin promotes PC cells migration and EMT transition via the stimulation of STAT3 pathway. In addition, we report that although Ob-R mRNA is expressed by ADK and BPH resections biopsies, significant higher levels were observed for ADK patients. Finally, we found a positive association between Ob-R mRNA expression and worse PC prognosis. A better understanding of the molecular processes of leptin signaling is crucial for identifying appropriate approaches for treatment of obesity-related PC patients.

Oridonin inhibits the migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of small cell lung cancer cells by suppressing FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a severe malignant with high morbidity; however, few effective and secure therapeutic strategy is used in current clinical practice. Oridonin is a small molecule from the traditional Chinese herb Rabdosia rubescens. This study mainly aimed to investigate the role of oridonin on inhibiting the process of H1688, a kind of small cell lung cancer cells from human. Oridonin could suppress H1688 cell proliferation and induce their apoptosis in a high dosage treatment (20 μmol/L). Meanwhile, cell migration was suppressed by oridonin (5 and 10 μmol/L) that did not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis. The expression level of E-cadherin was significantly increased, and the expression of vimentin, snail and slug was reduced after administration of oridonin. These expression changes were associated with the suppressed integrin β1, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK1/2. In addition, oridonin (5 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited tumour growth in a nude mouse model; however, HE staining revealed a certain degree of cytotoxicity in hepatic tissue after treatment oridonin (10 mg/kg). Furthermore, the concentration of alanine aminotransferase (ALP) was significantly increased and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was reduced after oridonin treatment (10 mg/kg). Immunohistochemical analysis further revealed that oridonin increased E-cadherin expression and reduced vimentin and phospho-FAK levels in vivo. These findings indicated that oridonin can inhibit the migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of SCLC cells by suppressing the FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Thus, oridonin may be a new drug candidate to offer an effect of anti-SCLC with relative safety.

Updates on mechanistic insights and targeting of tumour metastasis

Malignant tumours are one of the major diseases that seriously endanger human health. The characteristics of their invasion and metastasis are one of the main causes of death in cancer patients, and these features cannot be separated from the participation of various molecules-related cells living in the tumour microenvironment and specific structures. Tumour invasion can approximately be divided into several specific steps according to the movement of tumour cells. In each step, there are different actions in the tumour microenvironment that mediate the interactions among substances. Researchers are attempting to clarify every mechanism of the tumour dissemination. However, there is still a long way to the final determination. Here, we review these interactions in tumour invasion and metastasis at the structural, molecular and cellular levels. We also discuss the ongoing studies and the promise of targeting metastasis in tumour therapy.

Cancer Stem Cells: Emergent Nature of Tumor Emergency

A functional analysis of 167 genes overexpressed in Krebs-2 tumor initiating cells was performed. In the first part of the study, the genes were analyzed for their belonging to one or more of the three groups, which represent the three major phenotypic manifestation of malignancy of cancer cells, namely (1) proliferative self-sufficiency, (2) invasive growth and metastasis, and (3) multiple drug resistance. 96 genes out of 167 were identified as possible contributors to at least one of these fundamental properties. It was also found that substantial part of these genes are also known as genes responsible for formation and/or maintenance of the stemness of normal pluri-/multipotent stem cells. These results suggest that the malignancy is simply the ability to maintain the stem cell specific genes expression profile, and, as a consequence, the stemness itself regardless of the controlling effect of stem niches. In the second part of the study, three stress factors combined into the single concept of "generalized cellular stress," which are assumed to activate the expression of these genes, were defined. In addition, possible mechanisms for such activation were identified. The data obtained suggest the existence of a mechanism for the de novo formation of a pluripotent/stem phenotype in the subpopulation of "committed" tumor cells.

Iron-gold alloy nanoparticles serve as a cornerstone in hyperthermia-mediated controlled drug release for cancer therapy

INTRODUCTION

The efficacy of a chemotherapy drug in cancer therapy is highly determined by the ability to control the rate and extent of its release in vivo. However, the lack of techniques to accurately control drug release drastically limits the potency of a chemotherapy drug.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Here, we present a novel strategy to precisely monitor drug release under magnetic stimulation. Methotrexate (MTX), an anticancer drug, was covalently functionalized onto iron-gold alloy magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-Au alloy nanoparticles or NFAs) through 2-aminoethanethiol grafting and the ability of this drug-nanoparticle conjugate (NFA-MTX) in limiting HepG2 (liver carcinoma) cell growth was studied. Well-dispersed NFAs were prepared through pyrolysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Transmission electron microscopy revealed the average nanoparticle size to be 7.22±2.6 nm, while X-ray diffraction showed distinct 2θ peaks for iron and gold, confirming the presence of iron and gold nanoparticles. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that the amount of NFA-MTX conjugate ingested by HepG2 cancer cells was 1.5 times higher than that ingested by L929 fibroblasts, thereby proving a higher selective ingestion by cancer cells compared to normal cells. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the breakage of Au-S bonds by the heat generated under magnetic field stimulation to release MTX from the NFA-MTX conjugate, triggering a 95% decrease in cellular viability at 100 µg/mL.

CONCLUSION

The ability of NFA-MTX to dissociate under the influence of an applied magnetic field provides a new strategy to induce cancer cell death via hyperthermia. Applications in drug delivery, drug development, and cancer research are expected.

Role of EphB3 Receptor in Mediating Head and Neck Tumor Growth, Cell Migration, and Response to PI3K Inhibitor

Eph proteins have emerged as critical drivers affecting tumor growth and progression in human malignancies. Our The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data analysis showed that EphB3, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is frequently coamplified with PIK3CA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We therefore hypothesized that EphB3 amplification plays a protumorigenic role in HNSCC and that EphB3 and PIK3CA are cooperating oncogenes that contribute toward its pathogenesis. This hypothesis was not experimentally supported, because EphB3 knockdown failed to alter HNSCC tumor cell growth in vitro or in vivo with an orthotopic model. However, responsiveness of EphB3 knockdown tumors to the PI3K inhibitor, BKM120, was significantly decreased in terms of both tumor growth delay and survival. This is correlated with an increase in prosurvival proteins, S6 and BcL-XL, in the EphB3 shRNA tumors treated with BKM120 compared with controls. We further observed that EphB3 knockdown resulted in increased migration in vitro and increased EMT gene signature in vivo To explain these results, we examined EphB3 phosphorylation levels in HNSCC at baseline. Although total EphB3 levels were high, we found low phospho-EphB3 levels in HNSCCs. Forced EphB3 phosphorylation with an ephrin-B2-Fc fusion protein resulted in decreased HNSCC migration and cell growth, and enhanced response to BKM120 in vitro These data collectively indicate that progression of HNSCC selects for low/inhibited EphB3 activity to enhance their survival and migratory abilities and decrease response to PI3K signaling. Therefore, strategies focused on activating EphB3 might be helpful to inhibit tumor growth and enhance sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors in HNSCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 2049-59. ©2018 AACR.

Anti‑metastatic effects of Aidi on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis

Aidi injection, a proprietary Chinese medicine, has been widely used for the treatment of cancer. However, its effects and potential mechanism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have not yet been characterized. The aim of the present study was to identify the mechanism underlying the anti-metastatic effects of treatment with Aidi. To test the effects and mechanism, EC9706 and KYSE70 cells were selected for in vitro experiments. In vivo, the anti-metastatic effects of Aidi injection on a nude mouse peritoneal metastasis model were examined, and the mechanisms were assessed with immunohistochemical staining. A cell proliferation assay demonstrated that treatment with more than 3 mg/ml Aidi for 24 or 48 h significantly inhibited the proliferation of EC9706 (P<0.01) and KYSE70 cells (P<0.05, P<0.01). Subsequent experiments assessed cell migration, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation, with 5-fluorouracil serving as a positive control. It was observed that treatment with Aidi inhibited cell migration, invasion and VM formation. Furthermore, it was identified that treatment with Aidi inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in EC9706 and KYSE70 cells, using western blotting. In the in vivo experiments, Aidi injection effectively suppressed tumor metastasis in the mouse tumor model. Additionally, the expression of vimentin and vascular endothelial growth factor was decreased, and the expression of cadherin-1 was increased in the tumor tissue. The present results suggested that treatment with Aidi may inhibit tumor metastasis in ESCC through the inhibition of EMT signaling and angiogenesis.

EMT: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Metastasis, the dissemination of cancer cells from primary tumors, represents a major hurdle in the treatment of cancer. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been studied in normal mammalian development for decades, and it has been proposed as a critical mechanism during cancer progression and metastasis. EMT is tightly regulated by several internal and external cues that orchestrate the shifting from an epithelial-like phenotype into a mesenchymal phenotype, relying on a delicate balance between these two stages to promote metastatic development. EMT is thought to be induced in a subset of metastatic cancer stem cells (MCSCs), bestowing this population with the ability to spread throughout the body and contributing to therapy resistance. The EMT pathway is of increasing interest as a novel therapeutic avenue in the treatment of cancer, and could be targeted to prevent tumor cell dissemination in early stage patients or to eradicate existing metastatic cells in advanced stages. In this review, we describe the sequence of events and defining mechanisms that take place during EMT, and how these interactions drive cancer cell progression into metastasis. We summarize clinical interventions focused on targeting various aspects of EMT and their contribution to preventing cancer dissemination.

PTK7 is a novel oncogenic target for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Overexpression of PTK7 has been found in multiple cancers and has been proposed to serve as a prognostic marker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Its role in esophageal cancer, however, remains to be clarified. We hypothesize that PTK7 positively regulates tumorigenesis of esophageal cancer.

Methods

We examined PTK7 expression pattern in human esophageal squamous carcinoma by Oncomine expression analysis and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. We knocked down PTK7 in two esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, TE-5, and TE-9, by siRNA, and evaluated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration ofPTK7-defective cells. Expressions of major apoptotic regulators and effectors were also determined by quantitative real-time PCR in PTK7-defective cells. We further overexpressed PTK7 in the cell to evaluate its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration.

Results

Both Oncomine expression and IHC analyses showed that PTK7 is overexpressed in clinical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tumors. PTK7 siRNA suppressed cell growth and promoted apoptosis of TE-5 and TE-9. PTK7-defective cells further displayed reduced cellular migration that was concomitant with upregulation of E-cadherin. Conversely, overexpression of PTK7 promotes cell proliferation and invasion, while apoptosis of the PTK7-overexpressing cells is repressed. Notably, major apoptotic regulators, such as p53 and caspases, are significantly upregulated in siPTK7 cells.

Conclusions

PTK7 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of esophageal squamous carcinoma. PTK7 achieves its oncogenic function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma partially through the negative regulation of apoptosis.

CDH1 (E-cadherin) expression independently affects clinical outcome in acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process which involves in tumor metastasis. As an important EMT marker gene, CDH1 (E-cadherin) expression and its clinical implication in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain largely elusive.

METHODS

Real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) was carried out to examine CDH1 transcript level in 123 de novo AML patients and 34 controls.

RESULTS

Compared with controls, CDH1 was significantly downregulated in AML (p<0.001). The median level of CDH1 expression divided total AML patients into CDH1 low-expressed (CDH11ow) and CDH1 high-expressed (CDH1high) groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, peripheral blood cell counts, complete remission (CR) rate, and the distribution of FAB/WHO subtypes as well as karyotypes/karyotypic classifications (p>0.05). However, CDH11ow group tended to have a higher bone marrow (BM) blasts (p=0.093). The spearman correlation analysis further illustrated a trend towards a negative correlation between CDH1 expression level and BM blasts (r=-0.214, p=0.052). CDH1low group had a tendency towards a lower frequency of N/K-RAS mutations (p=0.094). Furthermore, CDH1low patients had markedly shorter overall survival (OS) time in cytogenetic normal AML (CN-AML) (p=0.019). Both univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed the prognostic value of CDH1 expression in CN-AML patients (p=0.027 and 0.033, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

CDH1 downregulation acted as an independent prognostic biomarker in CN-AML patients.

The Characteristics and Prognostic Effect of E-Cadherin Expression in Colorectal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma

Purpose

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is rare. The aim of this study is to understand the clinicopathological features and identify the possible prognostic factors in colorectal SRCC.

Methods

Patients with SRCC who underwent primary lesion resection at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from September 2008 to July 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient’s gender, age, tumor location, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, synchronous distant metastasis, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and E-cadherin expression were studied with prognosis, and the correlation between E-cadherin expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed. All clinicopathological and molecular factors were put into multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards model for detecting independent prognostic factors.

Results

59 patients accounting for 0.89% of total colorectal cancer patients met the criteria and were enrolled in the study. The median survival time is 28.9 months, and the 3-year survival rate is 62.7%. SRCC were seen more common in young male patients. Advanced stage was more common in SRCC, 58 (98.3%) patients had T3/T4 lesions, 52 (88.1%) patients had lymph node metastasis, and 14 (23.7%) patients had distant metastasis. Distant metastases were seen more common in peritoneal cavity. Distant metastasis (HR = 4.194, 95% CI: 1.297–13.567), lymphovascular invasion (HR = 2.888, 95% CI: 1.115–7.483), and E-cadherin expression (HR = 0.272, 95% CI: 0.096–0.768) were independent predictors for survival.

Conclusions

SRCC is a rare subtype of colorectal cancer with poor prognosis. Distant metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, and E-cadherin expression can predict prognosis of colorectal SRCCs independently. More precise therapy and more close surveillance are needed for these patients.