1
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Kozyreva ZV, Demina PA, Gusliakova OI, Sukhorukov GB, Sindeeva OA. Exchange of free and capsule conjugated cyanine dyes between cells. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:12672-12683. [PMID: 39508506 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01874e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes (especially photoconvertible cyanine dyes) are traditionally used as labels to study single-cell or cell-group interactions and migration. Nevertheless, their application has some disadvantages, such as cytotoxicity and dye transfer between cells during co-cultivation. The latter can lead to serious distortions in research results. At the same time, the lack of a worthy alternative explains the reasons for hushing up this serious problem. Here, we propose low-cytotoxicity encapsulated forms of cyanine 3.5 and cyanine 5.5, enabling intracellular uptake and facilitating single-cell labeling and tracking as an efficient alternative to existing staining. Only 16.9% of myoblasts (C2C12) exchanged encapsulated dyes compared with 99.7% of cells that exchanged the free form of the same dyes. Simultaneous application of several encapsulated cyanine dyes, combined with the possibility of photoconversion, provides multi-color coding of individual cells. Encapsulation of cyanine dyes allows reliable labeling and reduces the transfer of the dyes between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna V Kozyreva
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, Bolshoy Boulevard 30., Moscow 121205, Russia.
| | - Polina A Demina
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Olga I Gusliakova
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, Bolshoy Boulevard 30., Moscow 121205, Russia.
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, Bolshoy Boulevard 30., Moscow 121205, Russia.
- Life Improvement by Future Technology (LIFT) Center, Moscow 121205, Russia
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Olga A Sindeeva
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, Bolshoy Boulevard 30., Moscow 121205, Russia.
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2
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Bredfeldt JE, Oracz J, Kiszka KA, Moosmayer T, Weber M, Sahl SJ, Hell SW. Bleaching protection and axial sectioning in fluorescence nanoscopy through two-photon activation at 515 nm. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7472. [PMID: 39209806 PMCID: PMC11362616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of caged fluorophores in microscopy has mostly relied on the absorption of a single ultraviolet (UV) photon of ≲400 nm wavelength or on the simultaneous absorption of two near-infrared (NIR) photons >700 nm. Here, we show that two green photons (515 nm) can substitute for a single photon (~260 nm) to activate popular silicon-rhodamine (Si-R) dyes. Activation in the green range eliminates the chromatic aberrations that plague activation by UV or NIR light. Thus, in confocal fluorescence microscopy, the activation focal volume can be matched with that of confocal detection. Besides, detrimental losses of UV and NIR light in the optical system are avoided. We apply two-photon activation (2PA) of three Si-R dyes in different superresolution approaches. STED microscopy of thick samples is improved through optical sectioning and photobleaching reduced by confining active fluorophores to a thin layer. 2PA of individualized fluorophores enables MINSTED nanoscopy with nanometer-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Bredfeldt
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joanna Oracz
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kamila A Kiszka
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thea Moosmayer
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen J Sahl
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan W Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Okoročenkova J, Filgas J, Khan NM, Slavíček P, Klán P. Thermal Truncation of Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19768-19781. [PMID: 38995720 PMCID: PMC11273355 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are a class of organic, usually cationic molecules containing two nitrogen centers linked through conjugated polymethine chains. The synthesis and reactivity of cyanine derivatives have been extensively investigated for decades. Unlike the recently described phototruncation process, the thermal truncation (chain shortening) reaction is a phenomenon that has rarely been reported for these important fluorophores. Here, we present a systematic investigation of the truncation of heptamethine cyanines (Cy7) to pentamethine (Cy5) and trimethine (Cy3) cyanines via homogeneous, acid-base-catalyzed nucleophilic exchange reactions. We demonstrate how different substituents at the C3' and C4' positions of the chain and different heterocyclic end groups, the presence of bases, nucleophiles, and oxygen, solvent properties, and temperature affect the truncation process. The mechanism of chain shortening, studied by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, was verified by extensive ab initio calculation, implying the necessity to model catalytic reactions by highly correlated wave function-based methods. In this study, we provide critical insight into the reactivity of cyanine polyene chains and elucidate the truncation mechanism and methods to mitigate side processes that can occur during the synthesis of cyanine derivatives. In addition, we offer alternative routes to the preparation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical meso-substituted Cy5 derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Okoročenkova
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Josef Filgas
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nasrulla Majid Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
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4
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Sindeeva OA, Demina PA, Kozyreva ZV, Terentyeva DA, Gusliakova OI, Muslimov AR, Sukhorukov GB. Single Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Migration Tracking into Glioblastoma Using Photoconvertible Vesicles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1215. [PMID: 39057891 PMCID: PMC11279842 DOI: 10.3390/nano14141215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Reliable cell labeling and tracking techniques are imperative for elucidating the intricate and ambiguous interactions between mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and tumors. Here, we explore fluorescent photoconvertible nanoengineered vesicles to study mMSC migration in brain tumors. These 3 μm sized vesicles made of carbon nanoparticles, Rhodamine B (RhB), and polyelectrolytes are readily internalized by cells. The dye undergoes photoconversion under 561 nm laser exposure with a fluorescence blue shift upon demand. The optimal laser irradiation duration for photoconversion was 0.4 ms, which provided a maximal blue shift of the fluorescent signal label without excessive laser exposure on cells. Vesicles modified with an extra polymer layer demonstrated enhanced intracellular uptake without remarkable effects on cell viability, motility, or proliferation. The optimal ratio of 20 vesicles per mMSC was determined. Moreover, the migration of individual mMSCs within 2D and 3D glioblastoma cell (EPNT-5) colonies over 2 days and in vivo tumor settings over 7 days were traced. Our study provides a robust nanocomposite platform for investigating MSC-tumor dynamics and offers insights into envisaged therapeutic strategies. Photoconvertible vesicles also present an indispensable tool for studying complex fundamental processes of cell-cell interactions for a wide range of problems in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Sindeeva
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, 3 Nobel Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.K.); (D.A.T.); (O.I.G.)
| | - Polina A. Demina
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Zhanna V. Kozyreva
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, 3 Nobel Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.K.); (D.A.T.); (O.I.G.)
| | - Daria A. Terentyeva
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, 3 Nobel Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.K.); (D.A.T.); (O.I.G.)
| | - Olga I. Gusliakova
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, 3 Nobel Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.K.); (D.A.T.); (O.I.G.)
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Albert R. Muslimov
- Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 14 Professora Popova Str., lit. A, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skoltech, 3 Nobel Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.K.); (D.A.T.); (O.I.G.)
- Life Improvement by Future Technology (LIFT) Center, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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5
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Saladin L, Breton V, Le Berruyer V, Nazac P, Lequeu T, Didier P, Danglot L, Collot M. Targeted Photoconvertible BODIPYs Based on Directed Photooxidation-Induced Conversion for Applications in Photoconversion and Live Super-Resolution Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17456-17473. [PMID: 38861358 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Photomodulable fluorescent probes are drawing increasing attention due to their applications in advanced bioimaging. Whereas photoconvertible probes can be advantageously used in tracking, photoswitchable probes constitute key tools for single-molecule localization microscopy to perform super-resolution imaging. Herein, we shed light on a red and far-red BODIPY, namely, BDP-576 and BDP-650, which possess both properties of conversion and switching. Our study demonstrates that these pyrrolyl-BODIPYs convert into typical green- and red-emitting BODIPYs that are perfectly adapted to microscopy. We also showed that this pyrrolyl-BODIPYs undergo Directed Photooxidation Induced Conversion, a photoconversion mechanism that we recently introduced, where the pyrrole moiety plays a central role. These unique features were used to develop targeted photoconvertible probes toward different organelles or subcellular units (plasma membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, actin, Golgi apparatus, etc.) using chemical targeting moieties and a Halo tag. We notably showed that BDP-650 could be used to track intracellular vesicles over more than 20 min in two-color imagings with laser scanning confocal microscopy, demonstrating its robustness. The switching properties of these photoconverters were studied at the single-molecule level and were then successfully used in live single-molecule localization microscopy in epithelial cells and neurons. Both membrane- and mitochondria- targeted probes could be used to decipher membrane 3D architecture and mitochondrial dynamics at the nanoscale. This study builds a bridge between the photoconversion and photoswitching properties of probes undergoing directed photooxidation and shows the versatility and efficacy of this mechanism in advanced live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazare Saladin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Victor Breton
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain team; NeurImag core facility scientific director, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Valentine Le Berruyer
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Chemistry of Photoresponsive Systems, Laboratoire de Chémo-Biologie Synthétique et Thérapeutique (CBST) UMR 7199, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Paul Nazac
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain team; NeurImag core facility scientific director, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Thiebault Lequeu
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in healthy and Diseased brain team; NeurImag core facility scientific director, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Chemistry of Photoresponsive Systems, Laboratoire de Chémo-Biologie Synthétique et Thérapeutique (CBST) UMR 7199, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67400 Illkirch, France
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6
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Pennacchietti F, Alvelid J, Morales RA, Damenti M, Ollech D, Oliinyk OS, Shcherbakova DM, Villablanca EJ, Verkhusha VV, Testa I. Blue-shift photoconversion of near-infrared fluorescent proteins for labeling and tracking in living cells and organisms. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8402. [PMID: 38114484 PMCID: PMC10730883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Photolabeling of intracellular molecules is an invaluable approach to studying various dynamic processes in living cells with high spatiotemporal precision. Among fluorescent proteins, photoconvertible mechanisms and their products are in the visible spectrum (400-650 nm), limiting their in vivo and multiplexed applications. Here we report the phenomenon of near-infrared to far-red photoconversion in the miRFP family of near infrared fluorescent proteins engineered from bacterial phytochromes. This photoconversion is induced by near-infrared light through a non-linear process, further allowing optical sectioning. Photoconverted miRFP species emit fluorescence at 650 nm enabling photolabeling entirely performed in the near-infrared range. We use miRFPs as photoconvertible fluorescent probes to track organelles in live cells and in vivo, both with conventional and super-resolution microscopy. The spectral properties of miRFPs complement those of GFP-like photoconvertible proteins, allowing strategies for photoconversion and spectral multiplexed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pennacchietti
- Department of Applied Physics and SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
| | - Jonatan Alvelid
- Department of Applied Physics and SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Martina Damenti
- Department of Applied Physics and SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Dirk Ollech
- Department of Applied Physics and SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | | | - Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Genetics, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Department of Genetics, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ilaria Testa
- Department of Applied Physics and SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
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7
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Saladin L, Dal Pra O, Klymchenko AS, Didier P, Collot M. Tuning Directed Photooxidation-Induced Conversion of Pyrrole-Based Styryl Coumarin Dual-Color Photoconverters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203933. [PMID: 36719328 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dual-emissive photoconvertible fluorophores (DPCFs) are powerful tools to unambiguously track labeled cells in bioimaging. We recently introduced a new rational mechanism called directed photooxidation-induced conversion (DPIC) enabling efficient DPCFs to be obtained by conjugating a coumarin to aromatic singlet-oxygen reactive moieties (ASORMs). Pyrrole was found to be a suitable ASORM as it provided a high hypsochromic shift along with a fast and efficient conversion. By synthesizing various pyrrole-based styryl coumarin dyes, we showed that the photoconversion properties, including the quantum yield of photoconversion and the chemical yield of conversion can be tuned by chemical modification of the pyrrole. These modifications led to an improved dual emissive converter, SCP-Boc, which displayed a high brightness and an enhanced photoconversion yield of 63 %. SCP-Boc was successfully used to sequentially photoconvert cells by laser scanning confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazare Saladin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Ophélie Dal Pra
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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8
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Saladin L, Breton V, Dal Pra O, Klymchenko AS, Danglot L, Didier P, Collot M. Dual-Color Photoconvertible Fluorescent Probes Based on Directed Photooxidation Induced Conversion for Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215085. [PMID: 36420823 PMCID: PMC10107923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We herein present a new concept to produce dual-color photoconvertible probes based on a mechanism called Directed Photooxidation Induced Conversion (DPIC). As a support of this mechanism, styryl-coumarins (SCs) bearing Aromatic Singlet Oxygen Reactive Moieties (ASORMs) like furan and pyrrole have been synthesized. SCs are bright fluorophores, which undergo a hypsochromic conversion upon visible light irradiation due to directed photooxidation of the ASORM that leads to the disruption of conjugation. SC-P, a yellow emitting probe bearing a pyrrole moiety, converts to a stable blue emitting coumarin with a 68 nm shift allowing the photoconversion and tracking of lipid droplet in live cells. This new approach might pave the way to a new generation of photoconvertible dyes for advanced bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazare Saladin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Victor Breton
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain, Université Paris Cité, 102 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ophélie Dal Pra
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain, Université Paris Cité, 102 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Sientific director of NeurImag facility, Université Paris Cité, 102 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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9
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Durán-Hernández J, Muñoz-Rugeles L, Guzmán-Méndez Ó, M Reza M, Cadena-Caicedo A, García-Montalvo V, Peón J. Sensitization of Nd 3+ Luminescence by Simultaneous Two-Photon Excitation through a Coordinating Polymethinic Antenna. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2498-2510. [PMID: 35436116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized two new cyaninic Nd3+ complexes where the lanthanide emission can be induced from simultaneous two-photon absorption followed by energy migration. These complexes correspond to a molecular design that uses an antenna ligand formed by the functionalization of a heptamethine dye with 5-ol-phenanthroline or 4-phenyl-terpyridine derivatives. These complexes employ the important nonlinear optical properties of symmetric polymethines to sensitize the lanthanide ion. We verified that simultaneous biphotonic excitation indirectly induces the 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 Nd3+ emission using femtosecond laser pulses tuned below the first electronic transition of the antenna. The simultaneous two-photon excitation events initially form the nonlinear-active second excited singlet of the polymethine antenna, which rapidly evolves into its first excited singlet. This state in turn induces the formation of the emissive Nd3+ states through energy transfer. The role of the first excited singlet of the antenna as the donor state in this process was verified through time resolution of the antenna's fluorescence. These measurements also provided the rates for antenna-lanthanide energy transfer, which indicate that the phenanthroline-type ligand is approximately five times more efficient for energy transfer than the phenyl-terpyridine derivative due to their relative donor-acceptor distances. The simultaneous two-photon excitation of this polymethine antenna allows for high spatial localization of the Nd3+excitation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Durán-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Leonardo Muñoz-Rugeles
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Óscar Guzmán-Méndez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Mariana M Reza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Andrea Cadena-Caicedo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | | | - Jorge Peón
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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10
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Tarai M, Singh A, Pati AK, Mishra AK. Resolving fluorescence signatures of a photoconvertible fluorophore by fluorescence spectroscopy and MCR-ALS-based combinatorial approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120683. [PMID: 34920288 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoconvertible fluorophores are important for a myriad of applications in chemistry and biology. Here, we spectrally resolve and quantify individual photophysical information of a dual-emitting photoconvertible fluorophore by fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution-alternate least square techniques. We found that the reactant fluorophore, which shows a weak locally excited (LE) emission and a dominant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) emission, also exhibits an intermolecular charge transfer emission. The ICT emission bands of both the reactant and product fluorophores are originated from their respective LE states. The reactant fluorophore is a mixture of its different ground state conformers. Higher yields of photoconversion of the yellow-emitting reactant fluorophore are achieved via a visible light photoreaction, leading to formation of pure white light at an intermediate photoreaction time. These findings together help us to glean new photophysical and photochemical insights into the photoreaction of a dual-emitting photoconvertible fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Tarai
- MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT ADT University, Loni Kalbhor, Maharashtra 412201, India; Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Anuja Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Avik Kumar Pati
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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11
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Cho Y, An HJ, Kim T, Lee C, Lee NK. Mechanism of Cyanine5 to Cyanine3 Photoconversion and Its Application for High-Density Single-Particle Tracking in a Living Cell. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14125-14135. [PMID: 34432445 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyanine (Cy) dyes are among the most useful organic fluorophores that have found a wide range of applications in single-molecule and super-resolution imaging as well as in other biophysical studies. However, recent observations that blueshifted derivatives of Cy dyes are formed via photoconversion have raised concerns as to the potential artifacts in multicolor imaging. Here, we report the mechanism for the photoconversion of Cy5 to Cy3 that occurs upon photoexcitation during fluorescent imaging. Our studies show that the formal C2H2 excision from Cy5 occurs mainly through an intermolecular pathway involving a combination of bond cleavage and reconstitution while unambiguously confirming the identity of the fluorescent photoproduct of Cy5 to be Cy3 using various spectroscopic tools. The carbonyl products generated from singlet oxygen-mediated photooxidation of Cy5 undergo a sequence of carbon-carbon bond-breaking and -forming events to bring about the novel dye-to-dye transformation. We also show that the deletion of a two-methine unit from the polymethine chain, which results in the formation of blueshifted products, commonly occurs in other cyanine dyes, such as Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647) and Cyanine5.5. The formation of a blueshifted congener dye can obscure the multicolor fluorescence imaging, leading to misinterpretation of the data. We demonstrate that the potentially deleterious photoconversion, however, can be exploited to develop a new photoactivation method for high-density single-particle tracking in a living cell without using UV illumination and cell-toxic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Jeon An
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulbom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Matikonda S, Helmerich DA, Meub M, Beliu G, Kollmannsberger P, Greer A, Sauer M, Schnermann MJ. Defining the Basis of Cyanine Phototruncation Enables a New Approach to Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1144-1155. [PMID: 34345667 PMCID: PMC8323251 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The light-promoted conversion of extensively used cyanine dyes to blue-shifted emissive products has been observed in various contexts. However, both the underlying mechanism and the species involved in this photoconversion reaction have remained elusive. Here we report that irradiation of heptamethine cyanines provides pentamethine cyanines, which, in turn, are photoconverted to trimethine cyanines. We detail an examination of the mechanism and substrate scope of this remarkable two-carbon phototruncation reaction. Supported by computational analysis, we propose that this reaction involves a singlet oxygen-initiated multistep sequence involving a key hydroperoxycyclobutanol intermediate. Building on this mechanistic framework, we identify conditions to improve the yield of photoconversion by over an order of magnitude. We then demonstrate that cyanine phototruncation can be applied to super-resolution single-molecule localization microscopy, leading to improved spatial resolution with shorter imaging times. We anticipate these insights will help transform a common, but previously mechanistically ill-defined, chemical transformation into a valuable optical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth
S. Matikonda
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Dominic A. Helmerich
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mara Meub
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerti Beliu
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Center
for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Campus Hubland Nord 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University
of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center
of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United
States
- E-mail:
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Martin J. Schnermann
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- E-mail:
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13
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Kim DH, Chang Y, Park S, Jeong MG, Kwon Y, Zhou K, Noh J, Choi YK, Hong TM, Chang YT, Ryu SH. Blue-conversion of organic dyes produces artifacts in multicolor fluorescence imaging. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8660-8667. [PMID: 34257864 PMCID: PMC8246296 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00612f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicolor fluorescence imaging is a powerful tool visualizing the spatiotemporal relationship among biomolecules. Here, we report that commonly employed organic dyes exhibit a blue-conversion phenomenon, which can produce severe multicolor image artifacts leading to false-positive colocalization by invading predefined spectral windows, as demonstrated in the case study using EGFR and Tensin2. These multicolor image artifacts become much critical in localization-based superresolution microscopy as the blue-converted dyes are photoactivatable. We provide a practical guideline for the use of organic dyes for multicolor imaging to prevent artifacts derived by blue-conversion. Blue-conversion, a photooxidative conversion leading to the hypsochromic shift of absorption and emission spectra, occurs in popular organic dyes under conventional laser illumination and produces severe artifacts in multicolor fluorescence imaging.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Jeong
- Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghoon Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Noh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Kyu Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Triet Minh Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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14
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Helmerich DA, Beliu G, Matikonda SS, Schnermann MJ, Sauer M. Photoblueing of organic dyes can cause artifacts in super-resolution microscopy. Nat Methods 2021; 18:253-257. [PMID: 33633409 PMCID: PMC10802917 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Illumination of fluorophores can induce a loss of the ability to fluoresce, known as photobleaching. Interestingly, some fluorophores photoconvert to a blue-shifted fluorescent molecule as an intermediate on the photobleaching pathway, which can complicate multicolor fluorescence imaging, especially under the intense laser irradiation used in super-resolution fluorescence imaging. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of photoblueing of fluorophores and its impact on fluorescence imaging, and show how it can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Helmerich
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerti Beliu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Siddharth S Matikonda
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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15
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Liang Y, Walczak P. Long term intravital single cell tracking under multiphoton microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 349:109042. [PMID: 33340557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing and tracking cells over time in a living organism has been a much-coveted dream before the invention of intravital microscopy. The opaque nature of tissue was a major hurdle that was remedied by the multiphoton microscopy. With the advancement of optical imaging and fluorescent labeling tools, intravital high resolution imaging has become increasingly accessible over the past few years. Long-term intravital tracking of single cells (LIST) under multiphoton microscopy provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the longitudinal changes in the morphology, migration, or function of cells or subcellular structures. It is particularly suitable for studying slow-evolving cellular and molecular events during normal development or disease progression, without losing the opportunity of catching fast events such as calcium signals. Here, we review the application of LIST under 2-photon microscopy in various fields of neurobiology and discuss challenges and new directions in labeling and imaging methods for LIST. Overall, this review provides an overview of current applications of LIST in mammals, which is an emerging field that will contribute to a better understanding of essential molecular and cellular events in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Longitudinal monitoring of cancer cell subpopulations in monolayers, 3D spheroids, and xenografts using the photoconvertible dye DiR. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5713. [PMID: 30952965 PMCID: PMC6450962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A central challenge in cancer biology is the identification, longitudinal tracking, and -omics analysis of specific cells in vivo. To this aim, photoconvertible fluorescent dyes are reporters that are characterized by a set of excitation and emission spectra that can be predictably altered, resulting in a distinct optical signature following irradiation with a specific light source. One such dye, DiR, is an infrared fluorescent membrane probe that can irreversibly undergo such a switch. Here, we demonstrate a method using DiR for the spatiotemporal labeling of specific cells in the context of cancer cell monolayer cultures, 3D tumor spheroids, and in vivo melanoma xenograft models to monitor the proliferation of cellular subpopulations of interest over time. Importantly, the photoconversion process is performed in situ, supporting the pursuit of novel avenues of research in molecular pathology.
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17
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Kwok SJJ, Jo Y, Lin HH, Choi M, Yun SH. Millisecond cellular labelling in situ with two-photon photoconversion. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3067-3077. [PMID: 29984083 PMCID: PMC6033565 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In situ labeling of cells within living biological tissues using photoconversion has provided valuable information on cellular physiology in their natural environments. However, current photoconvertible probes typically require seconds to minutes of light exposure, limiting their uses in rapid biological processes such as intracellular diffusion and circulating cells. Here, we report that two-photon photoconversion of cyanine-based dyes offers unprecedentedly rapid photoconversion down to millisecond timescales per cell. We demonstrate potential biological applications including measuring intracellular diffusion kinetics in a spinal nerve, labeling of rapidly flowing cells in a microfluidic channel, and photoconversion of a circulating cell in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon J J Kwok
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yongjae Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Harvey H Lin
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Myunghwan Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Dirix L, Kennes K, Fron E, Debyser Z, van der Auweraer M, Hofkens J, Rocha S. Photoconversion of Far-Red Organic Dyes: Implications for Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Dirix
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F bus 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33 VCTB+5 bus 7001 B-3000 Leuven
| | - Koen Kennes
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F bus 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Eduard Fron
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F bus 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33 VCTB+5 bus 7001 B-3000 Leuven
| | - Mark van der Auweraer
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F bus 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F bus 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Susana Rocha
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F bus 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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19
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Deol H, Kumar M, Bhalla V. Exploring organic photosensitizers based on hemicyanine derivatives: a sustainable approach for preparation of amide linkages. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31237-31245. [PMID: 35548727 PMCID: PMC9085617 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicyanine derivatives C1–C4 have been synthesized and show strong absorption in the visible region, good water solubility, efficient intersystem crossing, a high singlet oxygen quantum yield and high ability to transport electrons from the donor to acceptor. These hemicyanine derivatives were utilized as photocatalysts in additive/base free oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes in mixed aqueous media under visible light irradiation at low catalytic loading. The hemicyanine derivative C4 exhibited recyclability upto four cycles and reusability upto five cycles in oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes. Among all the hemicyanine derivatives, C4 shows a high photocatalytic efficiency due to a high singlet oxygen quantum yield. All the mechanism investigations showed involvement of reactive oxygen species generated by the organic triplet photosensitizer based on hemicyanine derivative for carrying out oxidative amidation of aldehyde. Our results will encourage the design of new “metal free” organic photosensitizers and their application in photocatalysis. Hemicyanine derivatives C1–C4 have been synthesized and utilized as photocatalysts in additive/base free oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes in mixed aqueous media under visible light irradiation at low catalytic loading.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Harnimarta Deol
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143005
- India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143005
- India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143005
- India
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