1
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Dang VT, Pham VS. Multiphysics analytical and numerical studies of biomolecule preconcentration utilizing ion concentration polarization: a case study of convergent microchannels. Analyst 2024; 149:2252-2271. [PMID: 38470814 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A convergent sector in microfluidic devices utilizing ion concentration polarization (ICP) can help increase the preconcentration rate and the concentration enhancement factor (CEF) of biomolecules. In this work, we present a detailed study of the nozzle-like-squeeze effect of a convergent channel on the preconcentration of biomolecules. By numerically solving coupled Nernst-Planck-Poisson-Navier-Stokes governing equations for the 2D channel model, we report the first study on the critical width of a convergent region in the channel to retain the advantage of the nozzle-like-squeeze effect in speeding up preconcentration and augmenting CEF. In addition, we investigated the impact of the location and the dimensions of a convergent sector on the mechanism of biomolecule preconcentration. The location of an ion-selective membrane was also determined to ensure that biomolecules are focused on the convergent region of the channel. Moreover, we introduce analytical studies to compare and verify simulation findings. Specifically, the formulas for the critical dimensions of a convergent channel, location of a preconcentrated biomolecule plug, and position of an ion-selective membrane are presented. Furthermore, important working parameters, including electric potentials and hydrostatic pressures, were examined to scrutinize their effect on convergent concentrators. These detailed analytical solutions and numerical simulation results are consistent with experimental observations, providing deep insights into the ICP phenomenon and the preconcentration mechanism of biomolecules in convergent microfluidic concentration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Truong Dang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Van-Sang Pham
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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2
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Zhou S, Huang L, Wang G, Wang W, Zhao R, Sun X, Wang D. A review of the development in shale oil and gas wastewater desalination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162376. [PMID: 36828060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of the shale oil and gas extraction industry has heightened concerns about shale oil and gas wastewater (SOGW). This review comprehensively summarizes, analyzes, and evaluates multiple issues in SOGW desalination. The detailed analysis of SOGW water quality and various disposal strategies with different water quality standards reveals the water quality characteristics and disposal status of SOGW, clarifying the necessity of desalination for the rational management of SOGW. Subsequently, potential and implemented technologies for SOGW desalination are reviewed, mainly including membrane-based, thermal-based, and adsorption-based desalination technologies, as well as bioelectrochemical desalination systems, and the research progress of these technologies in desalinating SOGW are highlighted. In addition, various pretreatment methods for SOGW desalination are comprehensively reviewed, and the synergistic effects on SOGW desalination that can be achieved by combining different desalination technologies are summarized. Renewable energy sources and waste heat are also discussed, which can be used to replace traditional fossil energy to drive SOGW desalination and reduce the negative impact of shale oil and gas exploitation on the environment. Moreover, real project cases for SOGW desalination are presented, and the full-scale or pilot-scale on-site treatment devices for SOGW desalination are summarized. In order to compare different desalination processes clearly, operational parameters and performance data of varying desalination processes, including feed salinity, water flux, salt removal rate, water recovery, energy consumption, and cost, are collected and analyzed, and the applicability of different desalination technologies in desalinating SOGW is qualitatively evaluated. Finally, the recovery of valuable inorganic resources in SOGW is discussed, which is a meaningful research direction for SOGW desalination. At present, the development of SOGW desalination has not reached a satisfactory level, and investing enough energy in SOGW desalination in the future is still necessary to achieve the optimal management of SOGW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zhou
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Likun Huang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiyu Sun
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
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3
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Kim M, Kim B. Preconcentration of Fluorescent Dyes in Electromembrane Systems via Electrophoretic Migration. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:398. [PMID: 36838098 PMCID: PMC9967745 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic preconcentration enables the collection or extraction of low-abundance analytes at specific locations. It has attracted considerable attention as an essential technology in bioengineering, particularly for detection and diagnosis. Herein, we investigated the key parameters in the preconcentration of fluorescent dyes based on electrophoresis in a microfluidic electromembrane system. Commercial ion-exchange membrane (IEM)-integrated polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices were fabricated, and Alexa Fluor 488 and Rhodamine 6G were used as fluorescent dyes for sample preconcentration. Through experimental studies, the effect of the channel concentration ratio (CCR, concentration ratio of the main and buffer channels) on the performance of the sample preconcentration was studied. The results show that the preconcentration of the target sample occurs more effectively for a high CCR or high salt concentration of the main channel when the CCR is constant. We also demonstrate a phenomenon that the salt concentration in the electrolyte solution increases as the preconcentration progresses. Our results provide consolidated conditions for electrophoresis-based sample preconcentration in electromembrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsung Kim
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoo Kim
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
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4
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Nguyen DT, Pham VS. Ions transport in electromembrane desalination: A numerical modeling for the return flow ion-concentration-polarization desalination system. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Xu L, Liu D, Liu W, Yang J, Huang J, Wang X, He Q. Ammonia Recovery from Wastewater as a Fuel: Effects of Supporting Electrolyte on Ammonium Permeation through a Cation-Exchange Membrane. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20634-20643. [PMID: 35755378 PMCID: PMC9219067 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrodeionization (EDI) is used to recover ammonia from wastewater as a fuel, but how its performance for ammonia recovery is affected by the supporting electrolyte is not very clear. This study involved experimental tests and theoretical calculations on NH3 recovery, NH4 + permeation, and NH4 + and Na+ interacting with the functional groups in a cation exchange membrane (CEM) using Na2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte. The results demonstrated that a low concentration (≤0.250 mol L-1 of Na2SO4) was conducive to NH4 + permeation, while the a concentration (0.750 mol L-1 of Na2SO4) hindered NH4 + permeation. A maximum recovery efficiency of ammonia of 80.00%, a current efficiency of 70.10%, and an energy balance ratio of 0.66 were obtained at 0.250 mol L-1 of Na2SO4. Numerical results indicated that an increase in Na2SO4 concentration caused severe concentration polarization that resisted NH4 + migration in the CEM. The DFT results demonstrated that competitive adsorption of Na+ to the CEM hindered NH4 + migration. The weaker interacting force between NH4 + and the sulfonate functional group (-SOH3) in comparison to that between Na+ and -SOH3 might be related to the geometric and orientation effects, which generated an additional energy barrier for NH4 + transport. Therefore, this study suggests that the supporting electrolyte concentration should be matched with that of the desalted ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linji Xu
- Faculty
of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingyang Liu
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Heterogeneous Material Mechanics, College of Aerospace
Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenzong Liu
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 401174, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing
University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinzhu Wang
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Heterogeneous Material Mechanics, College of Aerospace
Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang He
- Faculty
of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Thompson JR, Crooks RM. Enriching Cations Using Electric Field Gradients Generated by Bipolar Electrodes in the Absence of Buffer. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
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7
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Yoon J, Kwon HJ, Kang S, Brack E, Han J. Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6733-6743. [PMID: 35420021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A portable seawater desalination system would be highly desirable to solve water challenges in rural areas and disaster situations. While many reverse osmosis-based portable desalination systems are already available commercially, they are not adequate for providing reliable drinking water in remote locations due to the requirement of high-pressure pumping and repeated maintenance. We demonstrate a field-deployable desalination system with multistage electromembrane processes, composed of two-stage ion concentration polarization and one-stage electrodialysis, to convert brackish water and seawater to drinkable water. A data-driven predictive model is used to optimize the multistage configuration, and the model predictions show good agreement with the experimental results. The portable system desalinates brackish water and seawater (2.5-45 g/L) into drinkable water (defined by WHO guideline), with the energy consumptions of 0.4-4 (brackish water) and 15.6-26.6 W h/L (seawater), respectively. In addition, the process can also reduce suspended solids by at least a factor of 10 from the source water, resulting in crystal clear water (<1 NTU) even from the source water with turbidity higher than 30 NTU (i.e., cloudy seawater by the tide). We built a fully integrated prototype (controller, pumps, and battery) packaged into a portable unit (42 × 33.5 × 19 cm3, 9.25 kg, and 0.33 L/h production rate) controlled by a smartphone, tested for battery-powered field operation. The demonstrated portable desalination system is unprecedented in size, efficiency, and operational flexibility. Therefore, it could address unique water challenges in remote, resource-limited regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyo Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyukjin J Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - SungKu Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric Brack
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM)─Soldier Center, 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Belloň T, Slouka Z. Overlimiting convection at a heterogeneous cation-exchange membrane studied by particle image velocimetry. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Jang J, Kim M, Shin J, Yang D, Kim M, Kim B. Experimental Study on Ion Transport in Microfluidic Electrodialysis Using Partially Masked Ion Exchange Membranes. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030356. [PMID: 35334648 PMCID: PMC8953184 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis using anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) and cation-exchange membranes (CEMs) has been widely used for water desalination and the management of various ionic species. During commercial electrodialysis, the available area of an ion-exchange membrane is reduced by a non-conductive spacer that is in contact with the AEM/CEM. Although multiple reports have described the advantages or disadvantages of spacers, fewer studies have explored the effects of spacers on the mass transport effect of the reduced membrane area excluding the fluid flow change. In this paper, we present our experimental studies concerning mass transport in microfluidic electrodialysis systems with partially masked ion-exchange membranes. Six different types of masking membranes were prepared by the deposition of non-conductive films on parts of the membranes. The experimental results showed that the overlapped types (in which masking was vertically aligned in the AEM/CEM) exhibited a larger electrical conductance and better current/energy efficiency, compared with the non-overlapped types (in which masking was vertically dislocated in the AEM/CEM). We also observed that a reduction in the unit length of the unmasked ion-exchange membrane enhanced overall mass transport. Our results demonstrate the effects of patterned membranes on electrical resistance and desalination performance; they also identify appropriate arrangements for electromembrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Jang
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea; (J.J.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.Y.)
| | - Minsung Kim
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea; (J.J.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.Y.)
| | - Joonghan Shin
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea; (J.J.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.Y.)
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea
| | - Daejong Yang
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea; (J.J.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.Y.)
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
- Department of Aeronautics, Mechanical and Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bumjoo Kim
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea; (J.J.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.Y.)
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (B.K.)
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10
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Space-Charge breakdown phenomenon and spatio-temporal ion concentration and fluid flow patterns in overlimiting current electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Yoon J, Flavin MT, Han J. Current efficiency and selectivity reduction caused by co-ion leakage in electromembrane processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117351. [PMID: 34161873 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In electromembrane processes such as electrodialysis (ED) and ion concentration polarization (ICP), the diffusion layers on both diluate and concentrate sides influence permselectivity of the ion-exchange membrane and current utilization. The diffusion layer in the diluate stream, due to lower salinity and higher resistivity, has been regarded as the primary source of energy loss. In contrast, very few studies have focused on the diffusion layer in the concentrate stream. In this paper, we evaluate the influence of hydrodynamic convective flow on the development of diffusion layers on both concentrate and diluate sides, specifically in the ICP desalination process. Interestingly, the higher convective flow in the concentrate side was shown to drastically improve the current utilization drop in high operating current, which has been a recurring challenge in electromembrane processes. We attribute this to the prevention of co-ion leakage into the membrane, confirmed by both experimentation and numerical modeling. This new insight has a clear design implication for optimizing electromembrane processes for higher energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyo Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew T Flavin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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Kwon S, Lee H, Kim SJ. Pulsed electric field-assisted overlimiting current enhancement through a perm-selective membrane. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2153-2162. [PMID: 33908534 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00064k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Overlimiting current through a perm-selective membrane has been actively researched not only for the fundamental advancement of electrokinetics but also for energy/environmental applications such as electrodialysis, fuel cells, etc. In particular, various strategies were reported for the enhancement of overlimiting current because these applications demand efficient mass transport through the membrane. In this work, we presented in operando visualization and rigorous numerical study for the overlimiting current density enhancement using a pulsed electric field which is one of the most cost-effective parameters to be externally controlled. We clearly demonstrated that the current density had a peak value as a function of the pulse frequency and would suggest its correlation to a concentration profile and diffusion relaxation time ([small tau, Greek, tilde]diff). As the pulse frequency was chosen which is similar to ([small tau, Greek, tilde]diff)-1, the concentration profiles (i.e. established current paths) were maintained even in off-state due to remnant current paths helping the fast ion transportation. The fundamental evidence presented in this work would provide a strategical design of a perm-selective membrane system for a higher mass transportation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonhyun Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological engineering, Jeju National University, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. and Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea and Nano Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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13
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Liu M, Xue Z, Zhang H, Li Y. Dual-channel membrane capacitive deionization based on asymmetric ion adsorption for continuous water desalination. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Sabbagh B, Stolovicki E, Park S, Weitz DA, Yossifon G. Tunable Nanochannels Connected in Series for Dynamic Control of Multiple Concentration-Polarization Layers and Preconcentrated Molecule Plugs. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8524-8533. [PMID: 33226817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integration of ionic permselective medium (e.g., nanochannels, membranes) within microfluidic channels has been shown to enable on-chip desalination, sample purification, bioparticle sorting, and biomolecule concentration for enhanced detection sensitivity. However, the ion-permselective mediums are generally of fixed properties and cannot be dynamically tuned. Here we study a microfluidic device consisting of an array of individually addressable elastic membranes connected in series on top of a single microfluidic channel that can be deformed to locally reduce the channel cross-section into a nanochannel. Dynamic tunability of the ion-permselective medium, as well as controllability of its location and ionic permselectivity, introduces a new functionality to microfluidics-based lab-on-a-chip devices, for example, dynamic localization of preconcentrated biomolecule plugs at different sensing regions for multiplex detection. Moreover, the ability to simultaneously form a series of preconcentrated plugs at desired locations increases parallelization of the system and the trapping efficiency of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Sabbagh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Elad Stolovicki
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - David A Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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15
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Morikawa K, Kazoe Y, Takagi Y, Tsuyama Y, Pihosh Y, Tsukahara T, Kitamori T. Advanced Top-Down Fabrication for a Fused Silica Nanofluidic Device. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E995. [PMID: 33182488 PMCID: PMC7697862 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidics have recently attracted significant attention with regard to the development of new functionalities and applications, and producing new functional devices utilizing nanofluidics will require the fabrication of nanochannels. Fused silica nanofluidic devices fabricated by top-down methods are a promising approach to realizing this goal. Our group previously demonstrated the analysis of a living single cell using such a device, incorporating nanochannels having different sizes (102-103 nm) and with branched and confluent structures and surface patterning. However, fabrication of geometrically-controlled nanochannels on the 101 nm size scale by top-down methods on a fused silica substrate, and the fabrication of micro-nano interfaces on a single substrate, remain challenging. In the present study, the smallest-ever square nanochannels (with a size of 50 nm) were fabricated on fused silica substrates by optimizing the electron beam exposure time, and the absence of channel breaks was confirmed by streaming current measurements. In addition, micro-nano interfaces between 103 nm nanochannels and 101 μm microchannels were fabricated on a single substrate by controlling the hydrophobicity of the nanochannel surfaces. A micro-nano interface for a single cell analysis device, in which a nanochannel was connected to a 101 μm single cell chamber, was also fabricated. These new fabrication procedures are expected to advance the basic technologies employed in the field of nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yuto Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuyama
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Yuriy Pihosh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Takehiko Tsukahara
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-6, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
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16
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Thompson JR, Davies CD, Clausmeyer J, Crooks RM. Cation‐Specific Electrokinetic Separations Using Prussian Blue Intercalation Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
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17
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Al-Anzi B, Al-Hammadi S, Yoon J, Han J. Techno-economic analysis of multi-stage ion concentration polarization with recirculation for treatment of oil produced water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110788. [PMID: 32561001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concept of recirculation of diluate/concentrate stream is implemented in multi-stage ion concentration polarization (ICP) desalination to deal with the issue of uncontrolled concentrate streams and deteriorated overall recovery rate to treat highly concentrated oil produce water from refineries. An improved empirical optimization model was established to calculate total energy consumption for operating cost and required membrane area for capital cost for a given set of operating parameters, feed salinity, salt removal ratio, and flow velocity. Using the empirical optimization model, a techno-economic analysis is performed to evaluate the feasibility of two-stage ICP system with recirculation loops. Brine of 160 g/kg is set as the system feed stream, whereas other operating conditions such as dilaute and concentrate streams are being controlled/fixed with 20 g/kg and ~250 g/kg respectively. Also, the system can be flexibly controlled to produce a specific concentration of product water and a recovery ratio with a corresponding water cost. With careful choices of recirculation rates, one can significantly increase the recovery ratio of two-stage ICP brine treatment process (from 25% to 39%) with only minor increase in overall cost (from $16.4-25.9/m3 to $20.6-22.54/m3), which is favourable for brine waste treatment application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Al-Anzi
- Environmental Technology Department and Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Jamal Abdul Nasser St, Kuwait; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Sumaya Al-Hammadi
- Environmental Technology Department and Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Jamal Abdul Nasser St, Kuwait.
| | - Junghyo Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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18
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Kang S, Kwak R. Pattern Formation of Three-Dimensional Electroconvection on a Charge Selective Surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:154502. [PMID: 32357025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.154502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When a charge selective surface consumes or transports only cations or anions in the electrolyte, biased ion rejection initiates hydrodynamic instability, resulting in vortical fluid motions called electroconvection. In this Letter, we describe the first laboratory observation of three-dimensional electroconvection on a charge selective surface. Combining experiment and scaling analysis, we successfully categorized three distinct patterns of 3D electroconvection according to [(Ra_{E})/(Re^{2}Sc)] [electric Rayleigh number (Ra_{E}), Reynolds number (Re), Schmidt number (Sc)] as (i) polygonal, (ii) transverse, or (iii) longitudinal rolls. If Re increases or Ra_{E} decreases, pure longitudinal rolls are presented. On the other hand, transverse rolls are formed between longitudinal rolls, and two rolls are transformed as polygonal one at higher Ra_{E} or lower Re. In this pattern selection scenario, Sc determines the critical electric Rayleigh number (Ra_{E}^{*}) for the onset of each roll, resulting in Ra_{E}^{*}∼Re^{2}Sc. We also verify that convective ion flux by electroconvection (represented by an electric Nusselt number Nu_{E}) is fitted to a power law, Nu_{E}∼[(Ra_{E}-Ra_{E}^{*})/(Re^{2}Sc)]^{α_{1}}Re^{α_{2}}Pe^{α_{3}} [Péclet number (Pe)], where each term represents the characteristics of electroconvection, shear flow, and ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyeon Kang
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Rhokyun Kwak
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- 2Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Huh K, Yang SY, Park JS, Lee JA, Lee H, Kim SJ. Surface conduction and electroosmotic flow around charged dielectric pillar arrays in microchannels. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:675-686. [PMID: 31951243 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric microstructures have been reported to have a negative influence on permselective ion transportation because ions do not migrate in areas where the structures are located. However, the structure can promote the transportation if the membrane is confined to a microscopic scale. In such a scale where the area to volume ratio is significantly large, the primary driving mechanisms of the ion transportation transition from electro-convective instability (EOI) to surface conduction (SC) and electroosmotic flow (EOF). Here, we provide rigorous evidence on how the SC and EOF around the dielectric microstructures can accelerate the ion transportation by multi-physics simulations and experimental visualizations. The microstructures further polarize the ion distribution by SC and EOF so that ion carriers can travel to the membrane more efficiently. Furthermore, we verified, for the first time, that the arrangements of microstructures have a critical impact on the ion transportation. While convective flows are isolated in the crystal pillar configuration, the flows show an elongated pattern and create an additional path for ion current in the aligned pillar configuration. Therefore, the fundamental findings of the electrokinetic effects on the dielectric microstructures suggest an innovative application in micro/nanofluidic devices with high mass transport efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Huh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Yoon Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jae Suk Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jung A Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea and Nano Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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20
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Perera A, Pudasaini S, Ahmed SSU, Phan D, Liu Y, Yang C. Rapid pre‐concentration of
Escherichia coli
in a microfluidic paper‐based device using ion concentration polarization. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:867-874. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.T.K. Perera
- Interdisciplinary Graduate ProgrammeNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Sanam Pudasaini
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | | | - Dinh‐Tuan Phan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
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21
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Kovář P, Tichý D, Slouka Z. Effect of channel geometry on ion-concentration polarization-based preconcentration and desalination. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064102. [PMID: 31700561 PMCID: PMC6824913 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarization of the ion-selective systems results in the formation of ion-depleted and ion-concentrated zones in the electrolyte layers adjacent to the system. One can employ ion-concentration polarization for the removal of charged large molecules and small ions from the flowing liquid. Removal of large molecules from the flowing solution and their local accumulation is often referred to as preconcentration, removal of small ions as desalination. Here, we study the effect of the channel geometry on the removal of charged species from their water solutions experimentally. Straight, converging, and diverging channels equipped with a pair of heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes are compared in terms of their effect on preconcentration of an observable fluorescein dye and on desalination of water solution of potassium chloride. Our results show that preconcentration of the dye is not significantly affected by the channel geometry. The distance of the preconcentration band from one of the membranes was approximately the same in all tested channel geometries. The major difference was in the location of the band within the channel, when the conical channels localized the band at one of the channel walls. The straight channel showed a slightly broader range of applicable flow rates. The semibatch desalination of 0.01M KCl solution turned out to be more efficient in conical channels, which was associated with a larger volume of the channel available for the accumulation of the concentrated solution. Our results suggest that conical channels can be advantageously used in transforming the ion-concentration-polarization-based semibatch desalination into a fully continuous one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kovář
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
| | - David Tichý
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
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22
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Davies CD, Johnson SE, Crooks RM. Effect of Chloride Oxidation on Local Electric Fields in Microelectrochemical Systems. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Sarah E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
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23
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Yoon J, Do VQ, Pham VS, Han J. Return flow ion concentration polarization desalination: A new way to enhance electromembrane desalination. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:501-510. [PMID: 31129480 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In electromembrane desalination processes such as electrodialysis (ED) and ion concentration polarization (ICP) desalination, ion-depleted boundary layers constitute the desalted, product stream, yet also cause high resistivity and voltage drop. Directly manipulating fluid flow streams is a new method to break this fundamental trade-off for electromembrane desalination. In this work, we are introducing a novel electromembrane desalination architecture that allows a feed stream to return to the feed inlet side of the membrane (hereby named as return-flow (RF) architecture) to improve the energy efficiency by re-distributing and controlling the depleted boundary layer, even at high current values. The technical feasibility of this idea was examined in ICP desalination process (RF-ICP) with a wide range of feed salinity from 10 to 70 g/L. For a partial desalination, RF-ICP (∼75 cm2 of membrane area) has achieved similar power consumption compared to batch-ED with 3 times bigger membrane area (200 cm2) with a higher area efficiency for salt removal, which translates into lower optimal desalination cost. The techno-economic analysis of RF-ICP have been performed for the treatment of 70 g/L brine waste. For partial desalination of 70 g/L brine down to 35 g/L, RF-ICP desalination achieved overall water cost as low as $2.57/m3 ($0.41/barrel). This could translate into reduction in total water cost up to 31% for zero brine release scenarios, depending on the concentrated brine treatment cost. These results show that return-flow architecture can improve the performance of electromembrane desalination, enabling more flexible water treatment for many real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyo Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Vu Q Do
- School of Transportation Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No1 Daicoviet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van-Sang Pham
- School of Transportation Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No1 Daicoviet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore.
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24
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Choi S, Kim B, Nayar KG, Yoon J, Al-Hammadi S, Lienhard V JH, Han J, Al-Anzi B. Techno-economic analysis of ion concentration polarization desalination for high salinity desalination applications. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:162-174. [PMID: 30849730 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A techno-economic analysis is used to evaluate the economic feasibility of ion concentration polarization (ICP) desalination for seawater desalination and brine management. An empirical optimization model based on a limited set of experimental data, which was obtained from a lab-scale ICP desalination prototype, was established to calculate the required energy and membrane area for a given set of operating parameters. By calculating operating and capital expenses in various feed and product cases, the optimal levelized cost of water is determined over a range of feed salinities, mostly above seawater salinity (35 g/kg). Through these analyses, we study the economic feasibility of three applications: 1) partial desalination of brine discharge by ICP (feed varied from 35 to 75 g/kg) to common seawater RO feed level (35 g/kg) in a hybrid ICP-RO system; 2) the concentration of seawater desalination brine for salt production, and 3) partial desalination of oilfield wastewater. The economic feasibility of ICP desalination processes has been evaluated and the rough cost of treatment has been generated for several relevant applications. The approach taken in this work could be employed for other new and existing desalination processes, where a priori process modeling and optimization is scientifically and/or numerically challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwon Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bumjoo Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kishor G Nayar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Junghyo Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sumaya Al-Hammadi
- Environmental Technology Department and Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Jamal Abdul Nasser St, Kuwait
| | - John H Lienhard V
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Bader Al-Anzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Environmental Technology Department and Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Jamal Abdul Nasser St, Kuwait.
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25
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Electro-Kinetic Instability in a Laminar Boundary Layer Next to an Ion Exchange Membrane. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102393. [PMID: 31091791 PMCID: PMC6566642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The electro-kinetic instability in a pressure driven shear flow near an ion exchange membrane is considered. The electrochemical system, through which an electrical potential drop is applied, consists in a polarization layer in contact with the membrane and a bulk. The numerical investigation contained two aspects: analysis of the instability modes and description of the Lagrangian transport of fluid and ions. Regarding the first aspect, the modes were analyzed as a function of the potential drop. The analysis revealed how the spatial distribution of forces controls the dynamics of vortex association and dissociation. In particular, the birth of a counter-clockwise vortex between two clockwise vortices, and the initiation of clusters constituting one or two envelopes wrapping a vortex group, were examined. In regards to the second aspect, the trajectories were computed with the fourth order Runge Kutta scheme for the time integration and with the biquadratric upstream scheme for the spatial and time interpolation of the fluid velocity and the ion flux. The results for the periodic mode showed two kinds of trajectories: the trochoidal motion and the longitudinal one coupled with a periodic transverse motion. For the aperiodic modes, other mechanisms appeared, such as ejection from the mixing layer, trapping by a growing vortex or merging vortices. The analysis of the local velocity field, the vortices’ shape, the spatial distribution of the forces and the ion flux components explained these trajectories.
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26
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Lee SJ, Lee J, Kim K. Pressure-driven spontaneous ion concentration polarization using an ion-selective membrane. Anal Biochem 2018; 557:13-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Kwak R, Han J. Half-Cell Ion Concentration Polarization on Nafion-Coated Electrode. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2991-2999. [PMID: 29771533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
On ion-selective membranes, cation/anion-selective transport under electric field initiates ion concentration polarization (ICP); ion concentration increases at one side of the membrane (ion enrichment), whereas it decreases at the other side (ion depletion). This polarization always occurs as the pair of ion enrichment and ion depletion. Departing from such pair generation, we demonstrate that only half of ICP (either ion enrichment or ion depletion) can be solitary on a Nafion-coated electrode. Current-voltage-time responses and conductance measurement capture this half-cell ICP with qualitative in situ pH/ion concentration visualization. In this half-cell, ion depletion hinders an ion flux, whereas ion enrichment facilitates the flux, so a diode-like current rectification is observed even in high-voltage regime (<±200 V) with a rectification factor up to 500. The results in this work give us deeper understanding about ICP on the electrodes and also open the possibility to use half-cell ICP as a high-voltage ionic diode and related sensing/energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhokyun Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG , Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre , Singapore , Singapore
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28
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Giordano GF, Vieira LCS, Gobbi AL, Kubota LT, Lima RS. Gravity-assisted distillation on a chip: Fabrication, characterization, and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1033:128-136. [PMID: 30172318 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Distillation is widely used in industrial processes and laboratories for sample pre-treatment. The conventional apparatus of flash distillation is composed of heating source, distilling flask, condenser, and receiving flask. As disadvantages, this method shows manual and laborious analyses with high consumption of chemicals. In this paper, all these limitations were addressed by developing a fully integrated microscale distiller in agreement with the apparatus of conventional flash distillation. The main challenge facing the distillation miniaturization is the phase separation since surface forces take over from the gravity in microscale channels. Otherwise, our chip had ability to perform gravity-assisted distillations because of the somewhat large dimensions of the distillation chamber (roughly 900 μL) that was obtained by 3D-printing. The functional distillation units were integrated into a single device composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Its fabrication was cost-effective and simple by avoiding the use of cleanroom and bonding step. In addition to user-friendly analysis and low consumption of chemicals, the method requires cost-effective instrumentation, namely, voltage supply and analytical balance. Furthermore, the so called distillation-on-a-chip (DOC) eliminates the use of membranes and electrodes (usually employed in microfluidic desalinations reported in the literature), thus avoiding drawbacks such as liquid leakage, membrane fouling, and electrode passivation. The DOC promoted desalinations at harsh salinity (NaCl 600.0 mmol L-1) with high throughput and salt removal efficiency (roughly 99%). Besides, the method was used for determination of ethanol in alcoholic beverages to show the potential of the approach toward quantitative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Furlan Giordano
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa Em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Silveira Vieira
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa Em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo Luiz Gobbi
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa Em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato Sousa Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa Em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil.
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29
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Cheng LJ. Electrokinetic ion transport in nanofluidics and membranes with applications in bioanalysis and beyond. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:021502. [PMID: 29713395 PMCID: PMC5897123 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic transport of ions between electrolyte solutions and ion permselective solid media governs a variety of applications, such as molecular separation, biological detection, and bioelectronics. These applications rely on a unique class of materials and devices to interface the ionic and electronic systems. The devices built on ion permselective materials or micro-/nanofluidic channels are arranged to work with aqueous environments capable of either manipulating charged species through applied electric fields or transducing biological responses into electronic signals. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the application of electrokinetic ion transport using nanofluidic and membrane technologies. We start with an introduction into the theoretical basis of ion transport kinetics and their analogy to the charge transport in electronic systems. We continue with discussions of the materials and nanofabrication technologies developed to create ion permselective membranes and nanofluidic devices. Accomplishments from various applications are highlighted, including biosensing, molecular separation, energy conversion, and bio-electronic interfaces. We also briefly outline potential applications and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jing Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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30
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Gong L, Ouyang W, Li Z, Han J. Force fields of charged particles in micro-nanofluidic preconcentration systems. AIP ADVANCES 2017; 7:125020. [PMID: 29308297 PMCID: PMC5739909 DOI: 10.1063/1.5008365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic concentration devices based on the ion concentration polarization (ICP) phenomenon have drawn much attention due to their simple setup, high enrichment factor, and easy integration with many subsequent processes, such as separation, reaction, and extraction etc. Despite significant progress in the experimental research, fundamental understanding and detailed modeling of the preconcentration systems is still lacking. The mechanism of the electrokinetic trapping of charged particles is currently limited to the force balance analysis between the electric force and fluid drag force in an over-simplified one-dimensional (1D) model, which misses many signatures of the actual system. This letter studies the particle trapping phenomena that are not explainable in the 1D model through the calculation of the two-dimensional (2D) force fields. The trapping of charged particles is shown to significantly distort the electric field and fluid flow pattern, which in turn leads to the different trapping behaviors of particles of different sizes. The mechanisms behind the protrusions and instability of the focused band, which are important factors determining overall preconcentration efficiency, are revealed through analyzing the rotating fluxes of particles in the vicinity of the ion-selective membrane. The differences in the enrichment factors of differently sized particles are understood through the interplay between the electric force and convective fluid flow. These results provide insights into the electrokinetic concentration effect, which could facilitate the design and optimization of ICP-based preconcentration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Gong
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronic Intelligent Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zirui Li
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronic Intelligent Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P.R. China
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31
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Kim W, Park S, Kim K, Kim SJ. Experimental verification of simultaneous desalting and molecular preconcentration by ion concentration polarization. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3841-3850. [PMID: 29022019 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
While the ion concentration polarization (ICP) phenomenon has been intensively researched for the last decade, a complete picture of ion and analyte distributions near nanoporous membranes is strongly desired, not only for fundamental nano-electrokinetic studies but also for the development of lab-on-a-chip applications. Since direct concentration measurements, using either time-consuming collection or microelectrodes, are limited due to low throughput (<nL min-1 in typical micro/nanofluidic device) and Faradaic reactions, respectively, we measured the concentration changes of prefilled solutions in individual reservoirs in this work. As a result, analytes larger than the size of nanopores were completely repelled by the ICP layer, 65% of cations were transported through the nanoporous membrane to sustain the ICP phenomenon, and the remaining anions were consumed by electrode reactions for electro-neutrality requirements. These combined effects would enable the perfect recovery of a target analyte and the removal of unnecessary salts simultaneously. Using this scenario, the novel concept of an ink recycler was also demonstrated in this work. We showed that 40% of unnecessary salt, which causes serious deterioration of inkjet heads, was removed, while the concentration of ink molecules was doubled in a single-step operation. This simultaneous desalting and molecular preconcentration mechanism would be a key operational strategy of various refinery/purification applications for drug discovery and the chemical industry, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Nikonenko VV, Mareev SA, Pis’menskaya ND, Uzdenova AM, Kovalenko AV, Urtenov MK, Pourcelly G. Effect of electroconvection and its use in intensifying the mass transfer in electrodialysis (Review). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517090099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Choi S, Kim B, Han J. Integrated pretreatment and desalination by electrocoagulation (EC)-ion concentration polarization (ICP) hybrid. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2076-2084. [PMID: 28518195 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional water treatment process is composed of multiple stages, including desalination (salt removal) and pre/post-treatment of desalination to remove particles, chemicals, and other potential foulants for desalination. In this work, we developed a microfluidic proof-of-concept for a single device water treatment system, which removes both salt ions and non-salt contaminants. Our system combines electrocoagulation (EC), a versatile contaminant removal process, and ion concentration polarization (ICP) desalination, which is an electromembrane desalination process. We demonstrated a continuous EC-ICP operation that removed >95% of suspended solids and reduced the salinity from brackish range (20 mM NaCl) to a potable level (<8.6 mM NaCl). We also demonstrated that our system is flexible in terms of the type and concentration of contaminants it can handle. Combining two different electrochemical processes into a single system, we can reduce unnecessary voltage drop by having a shared anode, and achieve both seamless integration and energy efficient operation. Our system will find applications as a small-scale water treatment system, if properly scaled up in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwon Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Kim M, Rhee H, Kang JY, Kim TS, Kwak R. Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287571 DOI: 10.3791/55313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ion concentration polarization (ICP) phenomenon is one of the most prevailing methods to preconcentrate low-abundance biological samples. The ICP induces a noninvasive region for charged biomolecules (i.e., the ion depletion zone), and targets can be preconcentrated on this region boundary. Despite the high preconcentration performances with ICP, it is difficult to find the operating conditions of non-propagating ion depletion zones. To overcome this narrow operating window, we recently developed a new platform for spatiotemporally fixed preconcentration. Unlike preceding methods that only use ion depletion, this platform also uses the opposite polarity of the ICP (i.e., ion enrichment) to stop the propagation of the ion depletion zone. By confronting the enrichment zone with the depletion zone, the two zones merge together and stop. In this paper, we describe a detailed experimental protocol to build this spatiotemporally defined ICP platform and characterize the preconcentration dynamics of the new platform by comparing them with those of the conventional device. Qualitative ion concentration profiles and current-time responses successfully capture the different dynamics between the merged ICP and the stand-alone ICP. In contrast to the conventional one that can fix the preconcentration location at only ~5 V, the new platform can produce a target-condensed plug at a specific location in the broad ranges of operating conditions: voltage (0.5-100 V), ionic strength (1-100 mM), and pH (3.7-10.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University
| | - Hyunjoon Rhee
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
| | - Ji Yoon Kang
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Tae Song Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Rhokyun Kwak
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology;
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Kim B, Choi S, Pham VS, Kwak R, Han J. Energy efficiency enhancement of electromembrane desalination systems by local flow redistribution optimized for the asymmetry of cation/anion diffusivity. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bruno G, Canavese G, Liu X, Filgueira CS, Sacco A, Demarchi D, Ferrari M, Grattoni A. The active modulation of drug release by an ionic field effect transistor for an ultra-low power implantable nanofluidic system. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18718-18725. [PMID: 27787528 PMCID: PMC5166607 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report an electro-nanofluidic membrane for tunable, ultra-low power drug delivery employing an ionic field effect transistor. Therapeutic release from a drug reservoir was successfully modulated, with high energy efficiency, by actively adjusting the surface charge of slit-nanochannels 50, 110, and 160 nm in size, by the polarization of a buried gate electrode and the consequent variation of the electrical double layer in the nanochannel. We demonstrated control over the transport of ionic species, including two relevant hypertension drugs, atenolol and perindopril, that could benefit from such modulation. By leveraging concentration-driven diffusion, we achieve a 2 to 3 order of magnitude reduction in power consumption as compared to other electrokinetic phenomena. The application of a small gate potential (±5 V) in close proximity (150 nm) of 50 nm nanochannels generated a sufficiently strong electric field, which doubled or blocked the ionic flux depending on the polarity of the voltage applied. These compelling findings can lead to next generation, more reliable, smaller, and longer lasting drug delivery implants with ultra-low power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bruno
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Canavese
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Carly S Filgueira
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Adriano Sacco
- Center for Sustainable Futures @POLITO, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento 21, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Danilo Demarchi
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Alessandro Grattoni
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kim B, Kwak R, Kwon HJ, Pham VS, Kim M, Al-Anzi B, Lim G, Han J. Purification of High Salinity Brine by Multi-Stage Ion Concentration Polarization Desalination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31850. [PMID: 27545955 PMCID: PMC4992824 DOI: 10.1038/srep31850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for the desalination of high concentration brine (>TDS 35,000 ppm) efficiently and economically, either for the treatment of produced water from shale gas/oil development, or minimizing the environmental impact of brine from existing desalination plants. Yet, reverse osmosis (RO), which is the most widely used for desalination currently, is not practical for brine desalination. This paper demonstrates technical and economic feasibility of ICP (Ion Concentration Polarization) electrical desalination for the high saline water treatment, by adopting multi-stage operation with better energy efficiency. Optimized multi-staging configurations, dependent on the brine salinity values, can be designed based on experimental and numerical analysis. Such an optimization aims at achieving not just the energy efficiency but also (membrane) area efficiency, lowering the true cost of brine treatment. ICP electrical desalination is shown here to treat brine salinity up to 100,000 ppm of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) with flexible salt rejection rate up to 70% which is promising in a various application treating brine waste. We also demonstrate that ICP desalination has advantage of removing both salts and diverse suspended solids simultaneously, and less susceptibility to membrane fouling/scaling, which is a significant challenge in the membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumjoo Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rhokyun Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hyukjin J Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790784, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Sang Pham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bader Al-Anzi
- Environmental Technology Department and Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Han SI, Hwang KS, Kwak R, Lee JH. Microfluidic paper-based biomolecule preconcentrator based on ion concentration polarization. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2219-27. [PMID: 27199301 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00499g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for molecular detection have great potential in the field of point-of-care diagnostics. Currently, a critical problem being faced by μPADs is improving their detection sensitivity. Various preconcentration processes have been developed, but they still have complicated structures and fabrication processes to integrate into μPADs. To address this issue, we have developed a novel paper-based preconcentrator utilizing ion concentration polarization (ICP) with minimal addition on lateral-flow paper. The cation selective membrane (i.e., Nafion) is patterned on adhesive tape, and this tape is then attached to paper-based channels. When an electric field is applied across the Nafion, ICP is initiated to preconcentrate the biomolecules in the paper channel. Departing from previous paper-based preconcentrators, we maintain steady lateral fluid flow with the separated Nafion layer; as a result, fluorescent dyes and proteins (FITC-albumin and bovine serum albumin) are continuously delivered to the preconcentration zone, achieving high preconcentration performance up to 1000-fold. In addition, we demonstrate that the Nafion-patterned tape can be integrated with various geometries (multiplexed preconcentrator) and platforms (string and polymer microfluidic channel). This work would facilitate integration of various ICP devices, including preconcentrators, pH/concentration modulators, and micro mixers, with steady lateral flows in paper-based platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Republic of Korea.
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