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Valério A, Trindade FJ, Penacchio RFS, Cisi B, Damasceno S, Estradiote MB, Rodella CB, Ferlauto AS, Kycia SW, Morelhão SL. Implications of size dispersion on X-ray scattering of crystalline nanoparticles: CeO 2 as a case study. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:793-807. [PMID: 38846767 PMCID: PMC11151675 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the shape and size dispersivity and crystallinity of nanoparticles (NPs) has been a challenge in identifying these parameters' role in the physical and chemical properties of NPs. The need for reliable quantitative tools for analyzing the dispersivity and crystallinity of NPs is a considerable problem in optimizing scalable synthesis routes capable of controlling NP properties. The most common tools are electron microscopy (EM) and X-ray scattering techniques. However, each technique has different susceptibility to these parameters, implying that more than one technique is necessary to characterize NP systems with maximum reliability. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) is mandatory to access information on crystallinity. In contrast, EM or small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is required to access information on whole NP sizes. EM provides average values on relatively small ensembles in contrast to the bulk values accessed by X-ray techniques. Besides the fact that the SAXS and WAXS techniques have different susceptibilities to size distributions, SAXS is easily affected by NP-NP interaction distances. Because of all the variables involved, there have yet to be proposed methodologies for cross-analyzing data from two techniques that can provide reliable quantitative results of dispersivity and crystallinity. In this work, a SAXS/WAXS-based methodology is proposed for simultaneously quantifying size distribution and degree of crystallinity of NPs. The most reliable easy-to-access size result for each technique is demonstrated by computer simulation. Strategies on how to compare these results and how to identify NP-NP interaction effects underneath the SAXS intensity curve are presented. Experimental results are shown for cubic-like CeO2 NPs. WAXS size results from two analytical procedures are compared, line-profile fitting of individual diffraction peaks in opposition to whole pattern fitting. The impact of shape dispersivity is also evaluated. Extension of the proposed methodology for cross-analyzing EM and WAXS data is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Valério
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiane J. Trindade
- Laboratory of Materials for Energy, Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bria Cisi
- Laboratory of Materials for Energy, Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Damasceno
- Laboratory of Materials for Energy, Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane B. Rodella
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory – SIRIUS/CNPEM, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre S. Ferlauto
- Laboratory of Materials for Energy, Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan W. Kycia
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Possmayer T, Tilmann B, Maia LJQ, Maier SA, Menezes LDS. Second to fifth harmonic generation in individual β-barium borate nanocrystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1826-1829. [PMID: 35363745 DOI: 10.1364/ol.450908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the nonlinear optical properties of single β-barium borate nanocrystals, with potential applications as probes in nonlinear sensing and imaging schemes. Our work demonstrates their ability to generate second, third, fourth, and fifth harmonics. The particles' polarization response is studied and compared with simulations based on the bulk nonlinear tensors, with good agreement. Furthermore, the nonlinear susceptibilities of different orders are estimated.
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NIR-to-NIR Imaging: Extended Excitation Up to 2.2 μm Using Harmonic Nanoparticles with a Tunable hIGh EneRgy (TIGER) Widefield Microscope. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123193. [PMID: 34947542 PMCID: PMC8706685 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) marker-based imaging is of growing importance for deep tissue imaging and is based on a considerable reduction of optical losses at large wavelengths. We aim to extend the range of NIR excitation wavelengths particularly to values beyond 1.6 μm in order to profit from the low loss biological windows NIR-III and NIR-IV. We address this task by studying NIR-excitation to NIR-emission conversion and imaging in the range of 1200 up to 2400 nm at the example of harmonic Mg-doped lithium niobate nanoparticles (i) using a nonlinear diffuse femtosecond-pulse reflectometer and (ii) a Tunable hIGh EneRgy (TIGER) widefield microscope. We successfully demonstrate the existence of appropriate excitation/emission configurations in this spectral region taking harmonic generation into account. Moreover, NIR-imaging using the most striking configurations NIR-III to NIR-I, based on second harmonic generation (SHG), and NIR-IV to NIR-I, based on third harmonic generation (THG), is demonstrated with excitation wavelengths from 1.6–1.8 μm and from 2.1–2.2 μm, respectively. The advantages of the approach and the potential to additionally extend the emission range up to 2400 nm, making use of sum frequency generation (SFG) and difference frequency generation (DFG), are discussed.
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Application of P(VDF-TrFE) Glass Coating for Robust Harmonic Nanoparticles Characterization. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12010041. [PMID: 33401402 PMCID: PMC7823300 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride and its copolymers are a well-known family of low-cost ferroelectric materials widely used for the fabrication of devices for a wide range of applications. A biocompatibility, high optical quality, chemical and mechanical durability of poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene), (P(VDF–TrFE)), makes it particularly attractive for designing of effective coating layers for different diagnostic techniques. In the present work, the nonlinear optical characterization of P(VDF-TrFE)-coating films deposited onto a glass substrate was done. Advantages of the coating application for cells/substrates in the field of multiphoton imaging the efficiency of such coating layer for long-duration characterization of so-called harmonic nanoparticles (HNPs) were shown. The influence of glass surface protection by P(VDF-TrFE) film from an effect of HNPs sticking to the walls of the flow-cell was analyzed for effective studying of the optical harmonics generation efficiency of HNPs making the analysis more robust.
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Slenders E, Bové H, Urbain M, Mugnier Y, Sonay AY, Pantazis P, Bonacina L, Vanden Berghe P, vandeVen M, Ameloot M. Image Correlation Spectroscopy with Second Harmonic Generating Nanoparticles in Suspension and in Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6112-6118. [PMID: 30273489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The absence of photobleaching, blinking, and saturation combined with a high contrast provides unique advantages of higher-harmonic generating nanoparticles over fluorescent probes, allowing for prolonged correlation spectroscopy studies. We apply the coherent intensity fluctuation model to study the mobility of second harmonic generating nanoparticles. A concise protocol is presented for quantifying the diffusion coefficient from a single spectroscopy measurement without the need for separate point-spread-function calibrations. The technique's applicability is illustrated on nominally 56 nm LiNbO3 nanoparticles. We perform label-free raster image correlation spectroscopy imaging in aqueous suspension and spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. In good agreement with the expected theoretical result, the measured diffusion coefficient in water at room temperature is (7.5 ± 0.3) μm2/s. The diffusion coefficient in the cells is more than 103 times lower and heterogeneous, with an average of (3.7 ± 1.5) × 10-3 μm2/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Slenders
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) , Hasselt University , Agoralaan Bldg. C , 3590 Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Hannelore Bové
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) , Hasselt University , Agoralaan Bldg. C , 3590 Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Mathias Urbain
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, SYMME , F-74000 Annecy , France
| | | | - Ali Yasin Sonay
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering , ETH Zürich , Mattenstrasse 26 , 4058 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Periklis Pantazis
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering , ETH Zürich , Mattenstrasse 26 , 4058 Basel , Switzerland
- Department of Bioengineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Luigi Bonacina
- Department of Applied Physics , Université de Genève , Chemin de Pinchat 22 , 1211 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), TARGID , University of Leuven , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Martin vandeVen
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) , Hasselt University , Agoralaan Bldg. C , 3590 Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) , Hasselt University , Agoralaan Bldg. C , 3590 Diepenbeek , Belgium
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6
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Clarke G, Rogov A, McCarthy S, Bonacina L, Gun'ko Y, Galez C, Le Dantec R, Volkov Y, Mugnier Y, Prina-Mello A. Preparation from a revisited wet chemical route of phase-pure, monocrystalline and SHG-efficient BiFeO 3 nanoparticles for harmonic bio-imaging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10473. [PMID: 29992985 PMCID: PMC6041297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present two new synthetic routes for bismuth ferrite harmonic nanoparticles (BiFeO3 HNPs). Both phase-pure and mixed phase BiFeO3 materials were produced after improvement of the solvent evaporation and sol-gel combustion routes. Metal nitrates with a series of dicarboxylic acids (tartronic, tartaric and mucic) were used to promote crystallization. We found that the longer the carbon backbone with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon, the lower the annealing temperature. We also demonstrate that nanocrystals more readily formed at a given temperature by adding glycerol but to the detriment of phase purity, whereas addition of NaCl in excess with mucic acid promotes the formation of phase-pure, monocrystalline nanoparticles. This effect was possibly associated with a better dispersion of the primary amorphous precursors and formation of intermediate complexes. The nanoparticles have been characterized by XRD, TEM, ζ-potential, photon correlation spectroscopy, two-photon microscopy and Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering measurements. The improved crystallization leads to BiFeO3 HNPs without defect-induced luminescence and with a very high averaged second harmonic efficiency (220 pm/V), almost triple the efficiency previously reported. This development of simple, scalable synthesis routes which yield phase-pure and, crucially, monocrystalline BiFeO3 HNPs demonstrates a significant advance in engineering the properties of nanocrystals for bio-imaging and diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Clarke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,CRANN Institute and AMBER centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, SYMME, F-74000, Annecy, France
| | - Andrii Rogov
- GAP - Biophotonics, Université de Genève, 22 Chemin de Pinchat, CH-1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Sarah McCarthy
- CRANN Institute and AMBER centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luigi Bonacina
- GAP - Biophotonics, Université de Genève, 22 Chemin de Pinchat, CH-1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Yurii Gun'ko
- CRANN Institute and AMBER centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Yuri Volkov
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,CRANN Institute and AMBER centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, First Moscow State Sechenov Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,CRANN Institute and AMBER centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Riporto J, Demierre A, Kilin V, Balciunas T, Schmidt C, Campargue G, Urbain M, Baltuska A, Le Dantec R, Wolf JP, Mugnier Y, Bonacina L. Bismuth ferrite dielectric nanoparticles excited at telecom wavelengths as multicolor sources by second, third, and fourth harmonic generation. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8146-8152. [PMID: 29675533 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08102b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the simultaneous generation of second, third, and fourth harmonics from a single dielectric bismuth ferrite nanoparticle excited using a telecom fiber laser at 1560 nm. We first characterize the signals associated with different nonlinear orders in terms of spectrum, excitation intensity dependence, and relative signal strengths. Successively, on the basis of the polarization-resolved emission curves of the three harmonics, we discuss the interplay of susceptibility tensor components at different orders and show how polarization can be used as an optical handle to control the relative frequency conversion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Riporto
- Applied Physics Department, Université de Genève, 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
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Kabir MM, Choubal AM, Toussaint KC. Application of a reflective microscope objective for multiphoton microscopy. J Microsc 2018; 271:129-135. [PMID: 29676795 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Reflective objectives (ROs) mitigate chromatic aberration across a broad wavelength range. Yet, a systematic performance characterisation of ROs has not been done. In this paper, we compare the performance of a 0.5 numerical-aperture (NA) reflective objective (RO) with a 0.55 NA standard glass objective (SO), using two-photon fluorescence (TPF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG). For experiments spanning ∼1 octave in the visible and NIR wavelengths, the SO leads to defocusing errors of 25-40% for TPF images of subdiffraction fluorescent beads and 10-12% for SHG images of collagen fibres. The corresponding error for the RO is ∼4% for both imaging modalities. This work emphasises the potential utility of ROs for multimodal multiphoton microscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Kabir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Aakash M Choubal
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kimani C Toussaint
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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9
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Forcherio GT, Riporto J, Dunklin JR, Mugnier Y, Dantec RL, Bonacina L, Roper DK. Nonlinear optical susceptibility of two-dimensional WS 2 measured by hyper Rayleigh scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:5018-5021. [PMID: 29216169 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyper Rayleigh scattering (HRS) was used to measure the second-order nonlinear susceptibility, χ(2), for liquid exfoliated WS2 monolayers. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first reported application of the HRS technique to assess the bulk-like χ(2) of a two-dimensional (2D) material. The concentration-dependent HRS signal indicated a 4.90±0.30×10-25 esu first hyperpolarizability for 42 nm WS2 monolayers under 1064 nm laser irradiation using para-nitroaniline as an external reference. The corresponding value of χxxx(2) was calculated to be 460±28 pm V-1. This was within 46% of independent density functional theory predictions. Agreement with theory was improved over related microscopy-based approaches. These results support the use of HRS to evaluate 2D materials for nonlinear frequency mixing applications.
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10
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Dubreil L, Leroux I, Ledevin M, Schleder C, Lagalice L, Lovo C, Fleurisson R, Passemard S, Kilin V, Gerber-Lemaire S, Colle MA, Bonacina L, Rouger K. Multi-harmonic Imaging in the Second Near-Infrared Window of Nanoparticle-Labeled Stem Cells as a Monitoring Tool in Tissue Depth. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6672-6681. [PMID: 28644009 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the therapeutic potential of cell-based strategies, it is of paramount importance to elaborate and validate tools for monitoring the behavior of injected cells in terms of tissue dissemination and engraftment properties. Here, we apply bismuth ferrite harmonic nanoparticles (BFO HNPs) to in vitro expanded human skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (hMuStem cells), an attractive therapeutic avenue for patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We demonstrate the possibility of stem cell labeling with HNPs. We also show that the simultaneous acquisition of second- and third-harmonic generation (SHG and THG) from BFO HNPs helps separate their response from tissue background, with a net increase in imaging selectivity, which could be particularly important in pathologic context that is defined by a highly remodelling tissue. We demonstrate the possibility of identifying <100 nm HNPs in depth of muscle tissue at more than 1 mm from the surface, taking full advantage of the extended imaging penetration depth allowed by multiphoton microscopy in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II). Based on this successful assessment, we monitor over 14 days any modification on proliferation and morphology features of hMuStem cells upon exposure to PEG-coated BFO HNPs at different concentrations, revealing their high biocompatibility. Successively, we succeed in detecting individual HNP-labeled hMuStem cells in skeletal muscle tissue after their intramuscular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dubreil
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Isabelle Leroux
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Mireille Ledevin
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Cindy Schleder
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Lydie Lagalice
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Claire Lovo
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Romain Fleurisson
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Solene Passemard
- Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vasyl Kilin
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève , 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Anne Colle
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Luigi Bonacina
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève , 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Karl Rouger
- PAnTher, INRA, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL) , Nantes F-44307, France
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11
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Nonlinear Diffuse fs-Pulse Reflectometry of Harmonic Upconversion Nanoparticles. PHOTONICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Boksebeld M, Kilin V, Géloën A, Ceccone G, Jaffal A, Schmidt C, Alekseev S, Lysenko V, Wolf JP, Bonacina L, Souteyrand E, Chevolot Y, Monnier V. Folate-modified silicon carbide nanoparticles as multiphoton imaging nanoprobes for cancer-cell-specific labeling. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SHG-active SiC nanoparticles were modified with folic acid for cancer-cell-specific labelling.
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