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Wang J, Li J, Wan S, Yi G, Yu X, Luo X, Su X, Shan Y, Cheng Q, Hu Z, Shen Y. Recycling Waste Glyceroborate to Aqueous Lubricant for Tribological Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18558-18572. [PMID: 38049106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to explore the direct recyclability of glyceroborate from medicine pharmaceutical production wastewater into an aqueous lubricant instead of conventional waste processing methods from the tribological view. In order to determine the tribological feasibility, the physicochemical properties of crude pharmaceutical wastewater are investigated and compared with those of pure glycerol to access their potential lubrication properties. The results demonstrated that the crude pharmaceutical wastewater has better friction-reducing and antiwear properties under the same working conditions. Besides outstanding lubricating properties, the friction-induced formation of borate tribo-film and intermediate FeOOH compound favors lowering of the shear stress between the rubbing surfaces. This finding better provides an alternative to transform glyceroborate from medicine pharmaceutical production wastewater after simple distillation processing to a potential aqueous lubricant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Jiugang Hongxing Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Jiayuguan 735100, China
| | - Shanhong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Gewen Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianglong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyang Luo
- Jiugang Hongxing Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Jiayuguan 735100, China
| | - Xiaozhi Su
- Jiugang Hongxing Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Jiayuguan 735100, China
| | - Yu Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Jiangsu Hengsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Taizhou Hailings Hydraulic Machinery Co., Taizhou 225300, China
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Xia C, Li Y, Je M, Kim J, Cho SM, Choi CH, Choi H, Kim TH, Kim JK. Nanocrystalline Iron Pyrophosphate-Regulated Amorphous Phosphate Overlayer for Enhancing Solar Water Oxidation. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:209. [PMID: 36315297 PMCID: PMC9622969 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A rational regulation of the solar water splitting reaction pathway by adjusting the surface composition and phase structure of catalysts is a substantial approach to ameliorate the sluggish reaction kinetics and improve the energy conversion efficiency. In this study, we demonstrate a nanocrystalline iron pyrophosphate (Fe4(P2O7)3, FePy)-regulated hybrid overlayer with amorphous iron phosphate (FePO4, FePi) on the surface of metal oxide nanostructure with boosted photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. By manipulating the facile electrochemical surface treatment followed by the phosphating process, nanocrystalline FePy is localized in the FePi amorphous overlayer to form a heterogeneous hybrid structure. The FePy-regulated hybrid overlayer (FePy@FePi) results in significantly enhanced PEC performance with long-term durability. Compared with the homogeneous FePi amorphous overlayer, FePy@FePi can improve the charge transfer efficiency more significantly, from 60% of FePi to 79% of FePy@FePi. Our density-functional theory calculations reveal that the coexistence of FePi and FePy phases on the surface of metal oxide results in much better oxygen evolution reaction kinetics, where the FePi was found to have a typical down-hill reaction for the conversion from OH* to O2, while FePy has a low free energy for the formation of OH*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Xia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuankai Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeong Je
- Theoretical Materials and Chemistry Group, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaekyum Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechae Choi
- Theoretical Materials and Chemistry Group, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Vyavhare K, Timmons RB, Erdemir A, Edwards BL, Aswath PB. Robust Interfacial Tribofilms by Borate- and Polymer-Coated ZnO Nanoparticles Leading to Improved Wear Protection under a Boundary Lubrication Regime. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1743-1759. [PMID: 33502870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the development of borate- and methacrylate-polymer-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnOBM) via a plasma polymerization technique to replace the harmful conventional antiwear additive zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) in automotive lubricants. Here, the tribochemistry across the interfaces formed between sliding ferrous surfaces and coated and uncoated ZnO nanoparticles is thoroughly studied from the perspective of elucidating the tribofilm formation, wear, and friction performance of a novel ZnOBM-based nanolubricant. Tribological tests conducted under a boundary lubrication regime revealed that oil formulations containing only ZnOBM nanoadditives and a mixture of ZnOBM with a low amount of ZDDP (350 ppm of P) significantly improve wear performance (up to 95%) compared to the base oil. Electrical contact resistance results acquired in situ during tribological tests demonstrated that lubricants containing ZnOBM nanoparticles at sliding interfaces undergo tribochemical reactions to form stable tribofilms that reduce friction and wear. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that ZnOBM nanoparticles, by themselves, form patchy interfacial tribofilms containing iron borate, boron oxide, and zinc oxide and lead to superior tribological performance. Interestingly, ZnOBM nanoparticles interact synergistically with ZDDP to form a hierarchical interface of boron-doped tribofilms, with zinc-iron polyphosphates at the surface and iron oxide, zinc and iron sulfides in the bulk. These encouraging results suggest the potential effective use of the ZnOBM nanoparticles to significantly reduce harmful levels of ZDDP (350 ppm) in the engine oil without compromising the antifriction and antiwear performance and to develop eco-friendly high-performance lubricant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimaya Vyavhare
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19031, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Richard B Timmons
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ali Erdemir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Brian L Edwards
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Pranesh B Aswath
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19031, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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Le M, Tieu A, Zhu H, Ta D, Yu H, Ta T, Tran V. Surface transformation and interactions of iron oxide in glassy lubricant: An ab initio study. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
While reactions driven by mechanical force or stress can be labeled mechanochemical, those specifically occurring at a sliding interface inherit the name tribochemical, which stems from the study of friction and wear: tribology. Increased perception of tribochemical reactions has been gained through technological advancement, and the development of new applications remains on-going. This surprising physico-kinetic process offers great potential in novel reaction pathways for synthesis techniques and nanoparticle interactions, and it could prove to be a powerful cross-disciplinary research area among chemists, engineers, and physicists. In this review article, a survey of the history and recent usage of tribochemical reaction pathways is presented, with a focus on forging new compounds and materials with this sustainable synthesis methodology. In addition, an overview of tribochemistry’s current utility as a synthesis pathway is given and compared to that of traditional mechanochemistry.
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Pham ST, Tieu AK, Wan S, Hao J, Zhu H, Tran NV, Do PT. Intrinsic Effect of Alkali Concentration on Oxidation Reactivity and High-Temperature Lubricity of Silicate Melts between Rubbed Steel/Steel Contacts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7850-7860. [PMID: 32551658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated oxidation reactivity and hot lubricity of a sodium silicate melt at different Na2O/SiO2 ratios under elevated temperature stimulation. Static oxidation prevention was achieved at 920 °C when the Na2O/SiO2 ratio reached 1:3 (trisilicate) and 1:2 (disilicate), but it started to deteriorate in the case of 1:1 (metasilicate). At a high concentration of sodium (metasilicate), a severe corrosion reaction between the melt and oxide took place that resulted in a composite coating on the steel substrate. This high-temperature reaction accelerated the formation of ionic charges from the steel base and promoted oxidation. However, friction and wear reduction is proportional to an increase in the sodium oxide fraction. Metasilicate (1:1) exhibited excellent lubricity under the hot frictional test at 920 °C compared to other lubricants. It was due to the formation of the sodium-saturated surfaces and an amorphous silica layer, which was associated with the high-temperature reactivity of sodium toward the oxide surface. In addition, the NaFeO2-Fe2O3 composite film, as the reaction product of individual sodium charge and oxide, plays a significant role in maintaining the tribofilm stability for metasilicate, which was not present for disilicate. This study advances the understanding of how sodium-containing compounds perform oxidation prevention and generate lubricity at hot rubbed surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang T Pham
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Anh Kiet Tieu
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shanhong Wan
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nam V Tran
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Phuong T Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Tribochemistry and Lubrication of Alkaline Glass Lubricants in Hot Steel Manufacturing. LUBRICANTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants8070070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the increasing demand to reduce energy consumption and improve process reliability requires an alternative lubricant with an effective tribological performance and environmentally friendly properties to replace traditional lubricants in hot steel manufacturing. The current work reviews recent comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations in a new generation of alkaline-based glass lubricants, with phosphate, borate, and silicate being intensively researched. This class of lubricants showed an outstanding friction reduction, anti-wear, and anti-oxidation performance on coupled steel pairs over a wide range of temperatures (from 650 °C to 1000 °C). Each type had different tribochemical reactions within itself and with oxidized steel surfaces, which were largely determined by their chemical nature. In addition, the critical role of each structural component was also determined and corroborated by computational simulation. The theoretical studies at quantum and atomic levels reinforced our experimental findings by providing insights into the reaction mechanism using the static and dynamic simulations of the adsorption of lubricant molecules onto iron oxide surfaces. Additionally, the new reactive molecular dynamics (MD) model developed for alkali phosphate will need to be extended further to consider the realistic operating conditions of these lubricants at the atomic scale.
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Ta HT, Tieu AK, Zhu H, Yu H, Tran NV, Tran BH, Wan S, Ta TD. Ab initio study on physical and chemical interactions at borates and iron oxide interface at high temperature. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pham ST, Tieu AK, Wan S, Hao J, Zhu H, Nguyen HH, Mitchell DRG. Oxidative and Frictional Behavior of a Binary Sodium Borate–Silicate Composite in High-Temperature Lubricant Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang T. Pham
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Anh Kiet Tieu
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Shanhong Wan
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Huynh H. Nguyen
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - David R. G. Mitchell
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Xiao W, Sun Q, Banis MN, Wang B, Liang J, Lushington A, Li R, Li X, Sham TK, Sun X. Unveiling the Interfacial Instability of the Phosphorus/Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30763-30773. [PMID: 31343156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a competitive anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), a commercially available red phosphorus, featured with a high theoretical capacity (2596 mA h g-1) and a suitable operating voltage plateau (0.1-0.6 V), has been confronted with a severe structural instability and a rapid capacity degradation upon large volumetric change. In particular, the fundamental determining factors for phosphorus anode materials are yet poorly understood, and their interfacial stability against ambient air has not been explored and clarified. Herein, a high-performance phosphorus/carbon anode material has been fabricated simply through ball-milling the carbon black and red phosphorus, delivering a high reversible capacity of 1070 mA h g-1 at 400 mA g-1 after 200 cycles and a superior rate capability of 479 mA h g-1 at 3200 mA g-1. More importantly, we first reveal the significance of inhibiting the exposure of phosphorus/carbon electrode materials to air, even for a short period, for achieving a good electrochemical performance, which would sharply decrease the reversible capacities. With the assistance of synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, the formation and accumulation of insulating phosphate compounds can be spectroscopically identified, leading to the decay of electrochemical performance. At the same time, these passivation layers on the surface of electrode were found to occur via a self-oxidation process in ambient air. To maintain the electrochemical advantages of phosphorus anodes, it is necessary to inhibit their contact with air through a rational coating or an optimal storage condition. Additionally, the employment of a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive facilitates the decomposition of the electrolyte and favors the formation of a robust solid electrolyte interphase layer, which may suppress the side reactions between the active Na-P compounds and the electrolyte. These findings could help improve the surface protection and interfacial stability of phosphorus anodes for high-performance SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Mohammad Norouzi Banis
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Biqiong Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Jianneng Liang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Andrew Lushington
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Ruying Li
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Xifei Li
- Institute of Advanced Electrochemical Energy & School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an University of Technology , Xi'an 710048 , Shaanxi , China
| | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
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Le MH, Tieu AK, Zhu H, Ta DT, Yu H, Ta TTH, Tran VN, Wan S. Depolymerization of sodium polyphosphates on an iron oxide surface at high temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7819-7835. [PMID: 29505041 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08364e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) studies of pyrophosphate cluster Na4P2O7 and triphosphate cluster Na5P3O10 absorbed and decomposed on an Fe2O3(0001) surface have been conducted. Comparative analyses of the structure properties and adsorption processes during the simulation at elevated temperature have been carried out. The results depict the key interactions including the covalent P-O bonds, pure ionic Na-O or Fe-O interactions. The iron oxide surface plays an important role in the bridging bond decomposition scheme which can both promote and suppress phosphate depolymerization. It is found that the chain length of polyphosphates does not have considerable effects on the decomposition of phosphate clusters. This study provides detailed insights into the interaction of a phosphate cluster on an iron oxide surface at high temperature, and in particular the depolymerization/polymerization of an inorganic phosphate glass lubricant, which has an important behavior under hot metal forming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Le
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Northfield Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Tran BH, Tieu K, Wan S, Zhu H, Cui S, Wang L. Understanding the tribological impacts of alkali element on lubrication of binary borate melt. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28847-28860. [PMID: 35548021 PMCID: PMC9084397 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melt lubricants have been regarded as an effective class to deliver lubrication on moving mechanical contacts at extreme temperatures. Among the elementary constituents, alkali elements play a critical role in governing the physical–chemical characteristics of the lubricant despite the obscurity regarding their intrinsic roles on the rubbing interfaces. The present study attempts to unfold the effects of sodium on the tribological responses of mating steel pair under borate melt lubrication. It has been found that the involvement of Na inspires a total reversal in lubricating potentials of the lone B2O3 melt manifested by remarkable friction reduction, wear inhibition and prolonged load-bearing capacity. These exceptional performances are attributed to the accretion of nanothin Na layers on the contact interfaces. The interfacial occurrences are interpreted from a physico-chemistry perspective while the influences of surface microstructure are also discussed in detail. Multiple characterizations are employed to thoroughly examine the sliding interfaces in multi-dimensions including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In addition, chemical fingerprints of relevant elements are determined by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Loss Energy Spectroscopy (EELS). The involvement of sodium induces dramatic transformation in lubrication potentials of boron oxide melt.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bach H. Tran
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Kiet Tieu
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Shanhong Wan
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Shaogang Cui
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Liping Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
- China
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