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He Z, Wang J, Fike BJ, Li X, Li C, Mendis BL, Li P. A portable droplet generation system for ultra-wide dynamic range digital PCR based on a vibrating sharp-tip capillary. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113458. [PMID: 34216876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monodisperse droplet has been widely used as a versatile tool in different disciplines including biosensing. Existing methods still struggle to balance the droplet generation performance with system simplicity. Here we introduce a novel droplet generation scheme based on the acoustic streaming generated from a vibrating sharp-tip capillary. The unique fluid pattern enables efficient droplet generation without any external pressure sources. This method achieved real-time modulation of droplet size over an ultra-wide range (6.77-661 μm), high throughput (up to 5000 droplets/s), and good monodispersity (<4%) with a power consumption below 60 mW. This method has enabled a multi-volume digital PCR with a dynamic range of ~6 orders of magnitude and multiplexing capability. It has also enabled a simple protocol to produce cell-laden alginate microcapsules in variable sizes with excellent biocompatibility. Overall, the present method combines high performance with small footprint and portability, which will be especially valuable for droplet applications requiring variable droplet size and performed in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi He
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Bethany J Fike
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Xiaojun Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | | | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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2
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Rahman MK, Phung TH, Oh S, Kim SH, Ng TN, Kwon KS. High-Efficiency Electrospray Deposition Method for Nonconductive Substrates: Applications of Superhydrophobic Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18227-18236. [PMID: 33826287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When highly insulating materials are used as substrates for electronic devices, manufacturing yields become worse, and electronic components are often damaged due to undissipated electrostatic charges on such substrates. In the case of electrospray deposition, the problem of undissipated charges is particularly vexing. If charges accumulated on the substrate are not properly compensated, a repulsive force is generated against the incoming charged droplets, which negatively affects the uniformity and deposition rate of the coating layer. In order to overcome this limitation, we demonstrated a new electrospray method, which can significantly increase the deposition efficiency even in the presence of accumulated charges on nonconductive substrates. A highly reliable superhydrophobic layer was uniformly deposited on highly insulating substrates, including printed circuit board (PCB), polyester (PET), and polyimide (PI) substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khalilur Rahman
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-City, Chungnam 31538, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Comilla University, Cumilla-3506, Bangladesh
| | - Thanh Huy Phung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-City, Chungnam 31538, South Korea
| | - Soobin Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-City, Chungnam 31538, South Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-City, Chungnam 31538, South Korea
| | - Tse Nga Ng
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Kye-Si Kwon
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-City, Chungnam 31538, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-City, Chungnam 31538, South Korea
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Liu C, Li J, Chen H, Zare RN. Scale-up of microdroplet reactions by heated ultrasonic nebulization. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9367-9373. [PMID: 32110301 PMCID: PMC7017870 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03701b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatically higher rates for a variety of chemical reactions have been reported in microdroplets compared with those in the liquid bulk phase. However, the scale-up of microdroplet chemical synthesis has remained a major challenge to the practical application of microdroplet chemistry. Heated ultrasonic nebulization (HUN) was found as a new way for scaling up chemical synthesis in microdroplets. Four reactions were examined, a base-catalyzed Claisen-Schmidt condensation, an oximation reaction from a ketone, a two-phase oxidation reaction without the use of a phase-transfer-catalyst, and an Eschenmoser coupling reaction. These reactions show acceleration of one to three orders of magnitude (122, 23, 6536, and 62) in HUN microdroplets compared to the same reactions in bulk solution. Then, using the present method, the scale-up of the reactions was achieved at an isolated rate of 19 mg min-1 for the product of the Claisen-Schmidt condensation, 21 mg min-1 for the synthesis of benzophenone oxime from benzophenone, 31 mg min-1 for the synthesis of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde from 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol, and 40 mg min-1 for the enaminone product of the Eschenmoser coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China .
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China .
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science , New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark , NJ 07102 , USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China .
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Chen C, Liu W, Jiang P, Hong T. Coaxial Electrohydrodynamic Atomization for the Production of Drug-Loaded Micro/Nanoparticles. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E125. [PMID: 30769856 PMCID: PMC6412865 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization (CEHDA) presents a promising technology for preparing drug-loaded micro/nanoparticles with core-shell structures. Recently, CEHDA has attracted tremendous attention based on its specific advantages, including precise control over particle size and size distribution, reduced initial burst release and mild preparation conditions. Moreover, with different needles, CEHDA can produce a variety of drug-loaded micro/nanoparticles for drug delivery systems. In this review, we summarize recent advances in using double-layer structure, multilayer structure and multicomponent encapsulation strategies for developing micro/nanoparticles. The merits of applying multiplexed electrospray sources for high-throughput production are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Wenfang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Tingting Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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Shojaeian M, Lehr FX, Göringer HU, Hardt S. On-Demand Production of Femtoliter Drops in Microchannels and Their Use as Biological Reaction Compartments. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3484-3491. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sharma K, Hongo A, Nishigaki K, Takamura Y, Biyani M. 'Head-to-Head' mRNA display for the translation of multi-copied proteins with a free C-terminus. Anal Biochem 2018; 557:77-83. [PMID: 30031739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
With the development of various methods for affinity-based selection of proteins such as phage display, ribosomal display, and mRNA display, the progress in this field has been gradually shifting to function-based selection, such as through single-molecule observation, genetic selection, and compartmentalization technologies. In this vein, we present an opposite link mode of mRNA display termed as a 'Head-to-Head' (H2H) link. The key technique in H2H, formation of a covalent bond between O6-benzylguanine (BG) and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), was demonstrated to be workable in H2H ligation, where mRNA is linked to a nascent AGT via a BG-DNA linker, resulting in a "(C-terminus) protein-BG-DNA linker-mRNA (5'-terminus)" conjugate. Thus, a head (N-terminus) to head (5'-terminus) linkage is formed. Among the advantages of H2H, the generation of multi-copied proteins is the most promising and was proven to be possible owing to the restored stop codon, which had been intentionally removed in the conventional mRNA display. Another advantage is obviously having a free C-terminus of the protein, which can be used for modifications such as C-terminal methylation, α-amidation, and others, which occur in nature. A superior merit of H2H is that it makes it possible to use a single construct commonly in mRNA display (affinity-based) and compartmentalization technologies (function-based) without requiring complicated construct changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Aya Hongo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishigaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Center for Single Nanoscale Innovative Devices, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST venture business laboratory, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Takamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Center for Single Nanoscale Innovative Devices, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Manish Biyani
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Center for Single Nanoscale Innovative Devices, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST venture business laboratory, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi city, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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Pan Z, Men Y, Senapati S, Chang HC. Immersed AC electrospray (iACE) for monodispersed aqueous droplet generation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:044113. [PMID: 30174772 PMCID: PMC6095705 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a new immersed alternating current (AC) electrospray droplet generation method that can generate monodispersed water-in-oil droplets, with diameters ranging from 5 μm to 150 μm, in a stationary oil phase. This method offers high through-put, easy size tuning, and droplets with a viscous aqueous phase at high ionic strengths (raw physiological samples). Yet, it does not require coordinated flows of the dispersed/continuous phases or even a microfluidic chip. The design relies on a small constant back pressure (less than 0.1 atm) to drive the water phase through a nozzle (glass micropipette) and a non-isotropic AC electric Maxwell pressure to eject it into the oil phase. Undesirable field-induced discharge and nanojet formation at the tip are suppressed with a biocompatible polymer, polyethylene oxide. Its viscoelastic property favors the monodispersed dripping mechanism, with a distinct neck forming at the capillary tip before pinch-off, such that the tip dimension is the only controlling length scale. Consecutive droplets are connected by a whipping filament that disperses the drops away from the high-field nozzle to prevent electro-coalescence. A scaling theory is developed to correlate the droplet size with the applied pressure, the most important tuning parameter, and to determine the optimum frequency. The potential applications of this technology to biological systems are demonstrated with a digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification experiment, with little damage to the nucleic acids and other biomolecules, but with easy adaptive tuning for the optimum droplet number for accurate quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Pan
- Center for Microfluidics and Medical Diagnostics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 Indiana, USA
| | - Yongfan Men
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Satyajyoti Senapati
- Center for Microfluidics and Medical Diagnostics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 Indiana, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Center for Microfluidics and Medical Diagnostics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 Indiana, USA
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Choi A, Seo KD, Kim DW, Kim BC, Kim DS. Recent advances in engineering microparticles and their nascent utilization in biomedical delivery and diagnostic applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:591-613. [PMID: 28101538 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01023g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Complex microparticles (MPs) bearing unique characteristics such as well-tailored sizes, various morphologies, and multi-compartments have been attempted to be produced by many researchers in the past decades. However, a conventionally used method of fabricating MPs, emulsion polymerization, has a limitation in achieving the aforementioned characteristics and several approaches such as the microfluidics-assisted (droplet-based microfluidics and flow lithography-based microfluidics), electrohydrodynamics (EHD)-based, centrifugation-based, and template-based methods have been recently suggested to overcome this limitation. The outstanding features of complex MPs engineered through these suggested methods have provided new opportunities for MPs to be applied in a wider range of applications including cell carriers, drug delivery agents, active pigments for display, microsensors, interface stabilizers, and catalyst substrates. Overall, the engineered MPs expose their potential particularly in the field of biomedical engineering as the increased complexity in the engineered MPs fulfills well the requirements of the high-end applications. This review outlines the current trends of newly developed techniques used for engineered MPs fabrication and focuses on the current state of engineered MPs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, South Korea.
| | - Kyoung Duck Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, South Korea.
| | - Do Wan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, South Korea.
| | - Bum Chang Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, South Korea.
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, South Korea.
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Choi JW, Vasamsetti BMK, Kim KW, Seo SH, Lee DH, Chang SI, Choo J, Kim HY. Analysis of ribonuclease activity in sub-nanoliter droplets by label-free fluorescence measurements. Analyst 2017; 142:2610-2616. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02724e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of a label-free analysis of ribonuclease activity using droplet-based microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Biochemistry
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyu-Wan Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- College of Medicine
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 03087
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Seo
- Department of Biochemistry
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Microbiology
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Technology
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 15588
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Yong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences
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