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Ganesh RA, Sonpatki P, Naik D, John AE, Sathe G, Lakshmikantha A, Chandrachari KP, Bauer L, Knäuper V, Aeschlimann D, Venkatraaman K, Shah N, Sirdeshmukh R. Multi-Omics Analysis of Glioblastoma and Glioblastoma Cell Line: Molecular Insights Into the Functional Role of GPR56 and TG2 in Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841890. [PMID: 35600402 PMCID: PMC9119646 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ADGRG1) is an adhesion GPCR with an essential role in brain development and cancer. Elevated expression of GPR56 was observed in the clinical specimens of Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly invasive primary brain tumor. However, we found the expression to be variable across the specimens, presumably due to the intratumor heterogeneity of GBM. Therefore, we re-examined GPR56 expression in public domain spatial gene expression data and single-cell expression data for GBM, which revealed that GPR56 expression was high in cellular tumors, infiltrating tumor cells, and proliferating cells, low in microvascular proliferation and peri-necrotic areas of the tumor, especially in hypoxic mesenchymal-like cells. To gain a better understanding of the consequences of GPR56 downregulation in tumor cells and other molecular changes associated with it, we generated a sh-RNA-mediated GPR56 knockdown in the GBM cell line U373 and performed transcriptomics, proteomics, and phospho-proteomics analysis. Our analysis revealed enrichment of gene signatures, pathways, and phosphorylation of proteins potentially associated with mesenchymal (MES) transition in the tumor and concurrent increase in cell invasion and migration behavior of the GPR56 knockdown GBM cells. Interestingly, our analysis also showed elevated expression of Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) - a known interactor of GPR56, in the knockdown cells. The inverse expression of GPR56 and TG2 was also observed in intratumoral, spatial gene expression data for GBM and in GBM cell lines cultured in vitro under hypoxic conditions. Integrating all these observations, we propose a putative functional link between the inverse expression of the two proteins, the hypoxic niche and the mesenchymal status in the tumor. Hypoxia-induced downregulation of GPR56 and activation of TG2 may result in a network of molecular events that contribute to the mesenchymal transition of GBM cells, and we propose a putative model to explain this functional and regulatory relationship of the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India.,Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Pranali Sonpatki
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Divya Naik
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Lea Bauer
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Knäuper
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnan Venkatraaman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Nameeta Shah
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Tripathi PH, Akhtar J, Arora J, Saran RK, Mishra N, Polisetty RV, Sirdeshmukh R, Gautam P. Quantitative proteomic analysis of GnRH agonist treated GBM cell line LN229 revealed regulatory proteins inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:133. [PMID: 35109816 PMCID: PMC8812247 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor, a rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family member involved in GnRH signaling, is reported to be expressed in several tumors including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), one of the most malignant and aggressive forms of primary brain tumors. However, the molecular targets associated with GnRH receptor are not well studied in GBM or in other cancers. The present study aims at investigating the effect of GnRH agonist (Gosarelin acetate) on cell proliferation and associated signaling pathways in GBM cell line, LN229. METHODS LN229 cells were treated with different concentrations of GnRH agonist (10-10 M to 10-5 M) and the effect on cell proliferation was analyzed by cell count method. Further, total protein was extracted from control and GnRH agonist treated cells (with maximum reduction in cell proliferation) followed by trypsin digestion, labeling with iTRAQ reagents and LC-MS/MS analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatic analysis was performed for annotation of proteins for the associated molecular function, altered pathways and network analysis using STRING database. RESULTS The treatment with different concentrations of GnRH agonist showed a reduction in cell proliferation with a maximum reduction of 48.2% observed at 10-6 M. Quantitative proteomic analysis after GnRH agonist treatment (10-6 M) led to the identification of a total of 29 differentially expressed proteins with 1.3-fold change (23 upregulated, such as, kininogen-1 (KNG1), alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and 6 downregulated, such as integrator complex subunit 11 (CPSF3L), protein FRG1 (FRG1). Some of them are known [KNG1, AHSG, AFP] while others such as inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 (ITIH2), ITIH4, and LIM domain-containing protein 1 (LIMD1) are novel to GnRH signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed a direct interaction of KNG1, a hub molecule, with GnRH, GnRH receptor, EGFR and other interactors including ITIH2, ITIH4 and AHSG. Overexpression of KNG1 after GnRH agonist treatment was validated using Western blot analysis, while a significant inhibition of EGFR was observed after GnRH agonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests a possible link of GnRH signaling with EGFR signaling pathways likely via KNG1. KNG1 inhibitors may be investigated independently or in combination with GnRH agonist for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka H Tripathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, 412115, India
| | - Javed Akhtar
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Jamia Hamdard- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Jyoti Arora
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Saran
- Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Neetu Mishra
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, 412115, India
| | - Ravindra Varma Polisetty
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Poonam Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Priya R, Jain V, Akhtar J, Chauhan G, Sakhuja P, Goyal S, Agarwal AK, Javed A, Jain AP, Polisetty RV, Sirdeshmukh R, Kar S, Gautam P. Plasma-derived candidate biomarkers for detection of gallbladder carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23554. [PMID: 34876625 PMCID: PMC8651660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a major cancer of the gastrointestinal tract with poor prognosis. Reliable and affordable biomarker-based assays with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of this cancer are a clinical need. With the aim of studying the potential of the plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), we carried out quantitative proteomic analysis of the EV proteins, using three types of controls and various stages of the disease, which led to the identification of 86 proteins with altered abundance. These include 29 proteins unique to early stage, 44 unique to the advanced stage and 13 proteins being common to both the stages. Many proteins are functionally relevant to the tumor condition or have been also known to be differentially expressed in GBC tissues. Several of them are also present in the plasma in free state. Clinical verification of three tumor-associated proteins with elevated levels in comparison to all the three control types—5′-nucleotidase isoform 2 (NT5E), aminopeptidase N (ANPEP) and neprilysin (MME) was carried out using individual plasma samples from early or advanced stage GBC. Sensitivity and specificity assessment based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated a significant association of NT5E and ANPEP with advanced stage GBC and MME with early stage GBC. These and other proteins identified in the study may be potentially useful for developing new diagnostics for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Priya
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Vaishali Jain
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Javed Akhtar
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Geeta Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Puja Sakhuja
- Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - Surbhi Goyal
- Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Amit Javed
- Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Ankit P Jain
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Ravindra Varma Polisetty
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Sudeshna Kar
- Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Poonam Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Ganesh RA, Venkataraman K, Sirdeshmukh R. GPR56: An adhesion GPCR involved in brain development, neurological disorders and cancer. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147055. [PMID: 32798453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) family and one of the important players in the normal development of the brain. It plays a pivotal role in the diverse neurobiological processes, including cortical formation, oligodendrocyte development, and myelination. Mutations in GPR56 are known to cause brain malformation, myelination defects and are also implied in many cancers, including brain tumors. Since its identification almost two decades ago, GPR56 has emerged from an orphaned and uncharacterized GPCR to an increasingly well studied receptor. Yet, much needs to be understood about GPR56, both in terms of its molecular interactions and biological functions that may be relevant in normal health and disease. The review is focussed on the recent available knowledge of GPR56, which would give useful insights into its known and potential roles in the human brain, neurological disorders, and brain tumors like glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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Altered transcriptional regulatory proteins in glioblastoma and YBX1 as a potential regulator of tumor invasion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10986. [PMID: 31358880 PMCID: PMC6662741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied differentially regulated nuclear proteome of the clinical tissue specimens of glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade IV) and lower grades of gliomas (Grade II and III) using high resolution mass spectrometry- based quantitative proteomics approach. The results showed altered expression of many regulatory proteins from the nucleus such as DNA binding proteins, transcription and post transcriptional processing factors and also included enrichment of nuclear proteins that are targets of granzyme signaling – an immune surveillance pathway. Protein - protein interaction network analysis using integrated proteomics and transcriptomics data of transcription factors and proteins for cell invasion process (drawn from another GBM dataset) revealed YBX1, a ubiquitous RNA and DNA-binding protein and a transcription factor, as a key interactor of major cell invasion-associated proteins from GBM. To verify the regulatory link between them, the co-expression of YBX1 and six of the interacting proteins (EGFR, MAPK1, CD44, SOX2, TNC and MMP13) involved in cell invasion network was examined by immunohistochemistry on tissue micro arrays. Our analysis suggests YBX1 as a potential regulator of these key molecules involved in tumor invasion and thus as a promising target for development of new therapeutic strategies for GBM.
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Estrogen enhances human osteoblast survival and function via promotion of autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1498-1507. [PMID: 31255720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen increases bone formation by promoting mineralization and prolonging the lifespan of osteoblasts. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism/s, we identified estrogen-regulated proteins at different stages of human osteoblast differentiation using differential proteomics approach. Among the identified proteins, we observed that estrogen upregulated RAB3GAP1 on day 1 and 5 of differentiation. RAB3GAP1 is critically involved in the process of autophagy, a eukaryotic degradative pathway essential for cell survival. We, therefore, investigated the effect of estrogen on autophagy in differentiating human osteoblasts and their precursors, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs exhibited high autophagic flux which declined during osteoblast differentiation, resulting in high basal apoptosis in osteoblasts. Estrogen reduced apoptosis in differentiating osteoblasts by promoting autophagy, thus contributing towards their longer lifespan. Further, MSCs were resistant against starvation-induced apoptosis, whereas, differentiating osteoblasts showed significant susceptibility towards it. Estrogen, in addition to promoting mineralization, protected differentiating osteoblasts from starvation-induced apoptosis by increasing autophagic flux. Autophagic flux in RAB3GAP1 knockdown osteoblasts appeared diminished, and showed increased apoptosis even in nutrient-rich conditions, and exhibited significantly impaired mineralization. However, irrespective of the presence of estrogen, starvation further enhanced apoptosis in these cells. Furthermore, estrogen failed to promote mineralization in these osteoblasts. Our study illustrates that autophagy is essential for human osteoblast survival and mineralization, and osteoblasts are susceptible to apoptosis due to reduced autophagy during differentiation. Estrogen, via upregulation of RAB3GAP1, promotes autophagy in osteoblasts during differentiation thereby increasing their survival and mineralization capacity. Our study demonstrates the positive role of autophagy in bone homeostasis.
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Gavali S, Gupta MK, Daswani B, Wani MR, Sirdeshmukh R, Khatkhatay MI. LYN, a key mediator in estrogen-dependent suppression of osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:547-557. [PMID: 30579930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen insufficiency at menopause cause accelerated bone loss due to unwarranted differentiation and function of osteoclasts. Unraveling the underlying mechanism/s may identify mediators of estrogen action which can be targeted for improved management of osteoporosis. Towards this, we analyzed the effect of 17β-estradiol on the proteomes of differentiating human osteoclasts. The major proteomic changes observed included upregulation of LYN by estrogen. We, therefore, investigated the effect of estrogen on osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function in control and LYN knockdown conditions. In control condition, estrogen treatment increased the apoptosis rate and suppressed the calcium signaling by reducing the intracellular Ca2+ levels as well as expression and activation of NFATc1 and c-Src during differentiation, resulting in reduced osteoclastogenesis. These osteoclasts were smaller in size with reduced extent of multinuclearity and produced significantly low levels of bone resorbing enzymes. They also exhibited disrupted sealing zone formation with low podosome density, impaired cell polarization and reduced resorption of dentine slices. Interestingly, in LYN knockdown condition, estrogen failed to induce apoptosis and inhibit activation of NFATc1 and c-Src. Compared to effect of estrogen on osteoclast in control condition, LYN knockdown osteoclasts did not show reduction in production of bone resorbing enzymes and had defined sealing zone formation with high podosome density with no impairment in cell polarization. They resorbed significant area on dentine slices. Thus, the inhibitory action of estrogen on osteoclast was severely restrained in LYN knockdown condition, demonstrating the importance of LYN as a key mediator of the effect of estrogen on osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Gavali
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, (ICMR), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru 560066, India; Syngene International Ltd, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Bhavna Daswani
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, (ICMR), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Mohan R Wani
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru 560066, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - M Ikram Khatkhatay
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, (ICMR), Mumbai 400012, India.
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Danda R, Ganapathy K, Sathe G, Madugundu AK, Krishnan UM, Khetan V, Rishi P, Gowda H, Pandey A, Subramanian K, Prasad TSK, Elchuri SV. Membrane Proteome of Invasive Retinoblastoma: Differential Proteins and Biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1700101. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Danda
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation; Sankara Nethralaya; Chennai 600006 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials; SASTRA University; Tanjore 613401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kalaivani Ganapathy
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation; Sankara Nethralaya; Chennai 600006 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore 560066 Karnataka India
| | - Anil K. Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore 560066 Karnataka India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials; SASTRA University; Tanjore 613401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation; Sankara Nethralaya; Chennai 600006 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Pukhraj Rishi
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation; Sankara Nethralaya; Chennai 600006 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore 560066 Karnataka India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE); Manipal 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 21205 Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 21205 Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Oncology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 21205 Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 21205 Baltimore MD USA
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE); Manipal 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Krishnakumar Subramanian
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation; Sankara Nethralaya; Chennai 600006 Tamil Nadu India
| | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore 560066 Karnataka India
| | - Sailaja V. Elchuri
- Department of Nano-Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation; Sankara Nethralya; Chennai 600006 Tamil Nadu India
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