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Gill TB, Pavlov S, Kidd CS, Dean P, Burnett AD, Dunn A, Li L, Abrosimov NV, Hübers HW, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Freeman JR. 2D Time-Domain Spectroscopy for Determination of Energy and Momentum Relaxation Rates of Hydrogen-Like Donor States in Germanium. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1447-1455. [PMID: 38645998 PMCID: PMC11027176 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
We present measurements of the coherence times of excited states of hydrogen-like arsenic impurities in germanium (Ge:As) using a table-top two-dimensional time-domain spectroscopy (2D-TDS) system. We show that this laboratory system is capable of resolving the coherence lifetimes of atomic-like excited levels of impurity centers in semiconductors, such as those used in solid-state quantum information technologies, on a subpicosecond time scale. By fitting the coherent nonlinear response of the system with the known intracenter transition frequencies, we are able to monitor coherent population transfer and decay of the transitions from the 2p0 and 2p± states for different low excitation pulse fields. Furthermore, by examining the off-diagonal resonances in the 2D frequency-domain map, we are able to identify coherences between excited electronic states that are not visible via conventional single-frequency pump-probe or Hahn-echo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Gill
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sergei Pavlov
- Institute
of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace
Center (DLR), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Connor S. Kidd
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Paul Dean
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Burnett
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Aniela Dunn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Lianhe Li
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | | | - Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers
- Institute
of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace
Center (DLR), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - A. Giles Davies
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Joshua R. Freeman
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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Broadband Anisotropy in Terahertz Metamaterial With Single-Layer Gap Ring Array. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142255. [PMID: 31337026 PMCID: PMC6678317 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To convert the polarization of terahertz waves pumped by a femtosecond laser in a terahertz time domain system, a broadband anisotropic metamaterial is proposed. The metamaterial is constructed with a single-layer gapped metallic ring array, which supports different resonant modes in orthogonal directions. With the aid of simulations and measurements, the anisotropy of the terahertz transmission is demonstrated and discussed. The experimental results of THz transmission in the metamaterial indicate that the anisotropic band is as wide as 0.56 THz, which accords well with our theoretical prediction.
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Abstract
Organic crystals with second-order optical nonlinearity feature very high and ultra-fast optical nonlinearities and are therefore attractive for various photonics applications. During the last decade, they have been found particularly attractive for terahertz (THz) photonics. This is mainly due to the very intense and ultra-broadband THz-wave generation possible with these crystals. We review recent progress and challenges in the development of organic crystalline materials for THz-wave generation and detection applications. We discuss their structure, intrinsic properties, and advantages compared to inorganic alternatives. The characteristic properties of the most widely employed organic crystals at present, such as DAST, DSTMS, OH1, HMQ-TMS, and BNA are analyzed and compared. We summarize the most important principles for THz-wave generation and detection, as well as organic THz-system configurations based on either difference-frequency generation or optical rectification. In addition, we give state-of-the-art examples of very intense and ultra-broadband THz systems that rely on organic crystals. Finally, we present some recent breakthrough demonstrations in nonlinear THz photonics enabled by very intense organic crystalline THz sources, as well as examples of THz spectroscopy and THz imaging using organic crystals as THz sources for various scientific and technological applications.
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Shang S, Li R, Ping L, Luo W, Hai M, Yang Z, Wang D, Cao H, He W. Large-sized benzo[e]indolium salt single crystals with high optical nonlinearity. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01082c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new benzo[e]indolium salts with highly efficient nonlinear optical performance and excellent crystal characteristics were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Shang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Ruian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
| | - Linjun Ping
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Wenzhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics
- Ministry of Education
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100037
- China
| | - Mingtan Hai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Wanli He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
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A THz Receiver with Novel Features and Functionality. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18113793. [PMID: 30404168 PMCID: PMC6263713 DOI: 10.3390/s18113793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presented THz receiver is based on an antenna coupled titanium micro-bolometer. A new geometrical design improves the robustness and extends the lifetime of the sensor. A study of sensor lifetime using different biasing currents is presented. The lifetime was verified by several tests and over 1000 operating hours. A new micro-bolometer sensitivity measurement algorithm is presented in the paper and measurement results using the proposed algorithm are shown. The new algorithm was developed to be suitable for ATM production testing. In the paper, a novel feature called "sensitivity boosting" is described, together with its influence on sensitivity and lifetime.
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Ilyakov IE, Kitaeva GK, Shishkin BV, Akhmedzhanov RA. Electro-optic sampling of terahertz waves by laser pulses with an edge-cut spectrum in birefringent crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1704-1707. [PMID: 28454140 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a terahertz detection technique based on variations of the energy of femtosecond laser pulses with an edge-cut spectrum in birefringent electro-optic crystal-periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). The method is compared with the standard electro-optic detection scheme utilizing GaP crystal. The experimental results show that the studied technique is suited for use with birefringent crystals and allows one to achieve a much better response to the terahertz wave radiation at quasi-phase-matching frequencies of PPLN.
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