1
|
Malange KF, de Souza DM, Lemes JBP, Fagundes CC, Oliveira ALL, Pagliusi MO, Carvalho NS, Nishijima CM, da Silva CRR, Consonni SR, Sartori CR, Tambeli CH, Parada CA. The Implications of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Biological Activities of Platelet-Rich Plasma. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02072-9. [PMID: 38904872 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a biological blood-derived therapeutic obtained from whole blood that contains higher levels of platelets. PRP has been primarily used to mitigate joint degeneration and chronic pain in osteoarthritis (OA). This clinical applicability is based mechanistically on the release of several proteins by platelets that can restore joint homeostasis. Platelets are the primary source of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) outside the central nervous system. Interestingly, BDNF and PRP share key biological activities with clinical applicability for OA management, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant. However, the role of BDNF in PRP therapeutic activities is still unknown. Thus, this work aimed to investigate the implications of BDNF in therapeutic outcomes provided by PRP therapy in vitro and in-vivo, using the MIA-OA animal model in male Wistar rats. Initially, the PRP was characterized, obtaining a leukocyte-poor-platelet-rich plasma (LP-PRP). Our assays indicated that platelets activated by Calcium release BDNF, and suppression of M1 macrophage polarization induced by LP-PRP depends on BDNF full-length receptor, Tropomyosin Kinase-B (TrkB). OA animals were given LP-PRP intra-articular and showed functional recovery in gait, joint pain, inflammation, and tissue damage caused by MIA. Immunohistochemistry for activating transcriptional factor-3 (ATF-3) on L4/L5 dorsal root ganglia showed the LP-PRP decreased the nerve injury induced by MIA. All these LP-PRP therapeutic activities were reversed in the presence of TrkB receptor antagonist. Our results suggest that the therapeutic effects of LP-PRP in alleviating OA symptoms in rats depend on BDNF/TrkB activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaue Franco Malange
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Douglas Menezes de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Julia Borges Paes Lemes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Costa Fagundes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Anna Lethicia Lima Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Marco Oreste Pagliusi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Santos Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Catarine Massucato Nishijima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Cintia Rizoli Ruiz da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Cesar Renato Sartori
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Claudia Herrera Tambeli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Carlos Amilcar Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Carl Von Linnaeus, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gautam M, Yamada A, Yamada AI, Wu Q, Kridsada K, Ling J, Yu H, Dong P, Ma M, Gu J, Luo W. Distinct local and global functions of mouse Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors in mechanical nociception. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2911. [PMID: 38575590 PMCID: PMC10995180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) in transmitting mechanical hyperalgesia and in alleviating chronic pain have been of great interest but remain contentious. Here we utilized intersectional genetic tools, optogenetics, and high-speed imaging to specifically examine functions of SplitCre labeled mouse Aβ-LTMRs in this regard. Genetic ablation of SplitCre-Aβ-LTMRs increased mechanical nociception but not thermosensation in both acute and chronic inflammatory pain conditions, indicating a modality-specific role in gating mechanical nociception. Local optogenetic activation of SplitCre-Aβ-LTMRs triggered nociception after tissue inflammation, whereas their broad activation at the dorsal column still alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity of chronic inflammation. Taking all data into consideration, we propose a model, in which Aβ-LTMRs play distinctive local and global roles in transmitting or alleviating mechanical hyperalgesia of chronic pain, respectively. Our model suggests a strategy of global activation plus local inhibition of Aβ-LTMRs for treating mechanical hyperalgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gautam
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Akihiro Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ayaka I Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Qinxue Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kim Kridsada
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Huasheng Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peter Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gautam M, Yamada A, Yamada A, Wu Q, Kridsada K, Ling J, Yu H, Dong P, Ma M, Gu J, Luo W. Distinct Local and Global Functions of Aβ Low-Threshold Mechanoreceptors in Mechanical Pain Transmission. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2939309. [PMID: 37398333 PMCID: PMC10312941 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2939309/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The roles of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) in transmitting mechanical hyperalgesia and in alleviating chronic pain have been of great interest but remain contentious. Here we utilized intersectional genetic tools, optogenetics, and high-speed imaging to specifically examine functions of SplitCre labeled Aβ-LTMRs in this regard. Genetic ablation of SplitCre-Aβ-LTMRs increased mechanical pain but not thermosensation in both acute and chronic inflammatory pain conditions, indicating their modality-specific role in gating mechanical pain transmission. Local optogenetic activation of SplitCre-Aβ-LTMRs triggered nociception after tissue inflammation, whereas their broad activation at the dorsal column still alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity of chronic inflammation. Taking all data into consideration, we propose a new model, in which Aβ-LTMRs play distinctive local and global roles in transmitting and alleviating mechanical hyperalgesia of chronic pain, respectively. Our model suggests a new strategy of global activation plus local inhibition of Aβ-LTMRs for treating mechanical hyperalgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Minghong Ma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gautam M, Yamada A, Yamada AI, Wu Q, Kridsada K, Ling J, Yu H, Dong P, Ma M, Gu J, Luo W. Distinct Local and Global Functions of Aβ Low-Threshold Mechanoreceptors in Mechanical Pain Transmission. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.16.540962. [PMID: 37293085 PMCID: PMC10245756 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.540962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The roles of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) in transmitting mechanical hyperalgesia and in alleviating chronic pain have been of great interest but remain contentious. Here we utilized intersectional genetic tools, optogenetics, and high-speed imaging to specifically examine functions of Split Cre labeled Aβ-LTMRs in this regard. Genetic ablation of Split Cre -Aβ-LTMRs increased mechanical pain but not thermosensation in both acute and chronic inflammatory pain conditions, indicating their modality-specific role in gating mechanical pain transmission. Local optogenetic activation of Split Cre -Aβ-LTMRs triggered nociception after tissue inflammation, whereas their broad activation at the dorsal column still alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity of chronic inflammation. Taking all data into consideration, we propose a new model, in which Aβ-LTMRs play distinctive local and global roles in transmitting and alleviating mechanical hyperalgesia of chronic pain, respectively. Our model suggests a new strategy of global activation plus local inhibition of Aβ-LTMRs for treating mechanical hyperalgesia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Brakkee EM, DeVinney E, Eijkelkamp N, Coert JH. Sural hypersensitivity after nerve transection depends on anatomical differences in the distal tibial nerve of mice and rats. Ann Anat 2023; 246:152038. [PMID: 36436721 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.152038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various mouse and rat models of neuropathic pain after nerve injury exist. Whilst some models involve a proximal nerve lesion or ligation of the sciatic trifurcation in mice and rats, others consists of a transection or ligation of distal nerves at the tibial bifurcation in mice or rats. The level of nerve cut directly affects the magnitude of hypersensitivity, and anatomical differences between mice and rats might therefore impact the development of hypersensitivity after distal tibial nerve transection as well. METHODS The bifurcation of the distal tibial nerve into the medial and lateral plantar nerve (MPN and LPN), and the presence of anatomical differences in sural and tibial nerve distribution between mice and rat was evaluated. Sural mechanical sensitivity after transection of the MPN or whole tibial nerve was assessed using von Frey test until 8 weeks after surgery in 48 rats and 16 mice. RESULTS The bifurcation of the tibial nerve into the MPN and LPN is situated proximal to the ankle in both mice and rats. The sural nerve joins the LPN in mice, but not in rats. A proximal communicating branch is present between the LPN and MPN in rats, but not in mice. MPN transection in mice caused hypersensitivity of the hindpaw innervated by the sural nerve, but not in rats. In rats, sural hypersensitivity only developed when both MPN and LPN were cut. CONCLUSION Inter-species variation in nerve anatomy should be taken in consideration when performing surgery to induce plantar hypersensitivity in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Brakkee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - E DeVinney
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Axogen, 13631 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL 32615, United States.
| | - N Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - J H Coert
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Braden K, Campolo M, Li Y, Chen Z, Doyle TM, Giancotti LA, Esposito E, Zhang J, Cuzzocrea S, Arnatt CK, Salvemini D. Activation of GPR183 by 7 α,25-Dihydroxycholesterol Induces Behavioral Hypersensitivity through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor- κB. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:172-181. [PMID: 36116795 PMCID: PMC9553113 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR183 in the development of neuropathic pain. Further investigation of the signaling pathways downstream of GPR183 is needed to support the development of GPR183 antagonists as analgesics. In rodents, intrathecal injection of its ligand, 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC), causes time-dependent development of mechano-and cold- allodynia (behavioral hypersensitivity). These effects are blocked by the selective small molecule GPR183 antagonist, SAE-14. However, the molecular mechanisms engaged downstream of GPR183 in the spinal cord are not known. Here, we show that 7α,25-OHC-induced behavioral hypersensitivity is Gα i dependent, but not β-arrestin 2-dependent. Non-biased transcriptomic analyses of dorsal-horn spinal cord (DH-SC) tissues harvested at the time of peak hypersensitivity implicate potential contributions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In support, we found that the development of 7α,25-OHC/GPR183-induced mechano-allodynia was associated with significant activation of MAPKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK], p38) and redox-sensitive transcription factors (NF-κB) and increased formation of inflammatory and neuroexcitatory cytokines. SAE-14 blocked these effects and behavioral hypersensitivity. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into how GPR183 signaling in the spinal cord produces hypersensitivity through MAPK and NF-κB activation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Using a multi-disciplinary approach, we have characterized the molecular mechanisms underpinning 7α,25-OHC/GPR183-induced hypersensitivity in mice. Intrathecal injections of the GPR183 agonist 7α,25-OHC induce behavioral hypersensitivity, and these effects are blocked by the selective GPR183 antagonist SAE-14. We found that 7α,25-OHC-induced allodynia is dependent on MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and results in an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. This study provides a first insight into how GPR183 signaling in the spinal cord is pronociceptive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Braden
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Zhoumou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Timothy M Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Luigino Antonio Giancotti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Christopher Kent Arnatt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A., D.S.); Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (K.B., Y.L., Z.C., T.M.D., L.A.G., J.Z., C.K.A.,D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (M.C., E.E., S.C.); and Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.K.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of surgical damage to spinal nerve on dorsal root ganglion genes expression: Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes. Asian J Surg 2022; 45:2618-2625. [PMID: 35184964 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain can cause significant physical and economic burden, and there are no effective long-term treatments. We conducted a bioinformatics analysis to identify mechanisms to determine strategies for more effective treatments of neuropathic pain. METHOD GSE24982 and GSE63442 microarray datasets were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to analyze transcriptome differences of neuropathic pain in the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). We filtered the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two datasets and conducted Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the shared DEGs. The Protein-Protein Interaction network was used to determine the hub genes, which were verified in the GSE30691 dataset. miRDB and miRWalk Databases were used to predict potential miRNA of the selected DEGs. We made the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rat model and qPCR was used to verify the differential expression of hub genes. RESULTS A total of 182 overlapped DEGs were found between GSE24982 and GSE63442 datasets. The GO and KEGG analysis showed that the selected DEGs were enriched in infection, transmembrane transport of ion channels, and synaptic transmission. We identified seven hub genes (Atf3, Aif1, Ctss, Gfap, Scg2, Jun, and Vgf). qPCR verified the expression differences of the hub genes in the DRGs after SNL model. Predicted miRNA targeting each selected hub genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS Seven hub genes related to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and potential targeting miRNA were identified, expanding understanding of the mechanism of neuropathic pain and facilitating treatment development.
Collapse
|
8
|
Activation of PKCε-ALDH2 Axis Prevents 4-HNE-Induced Pain in Mice. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121798. [PMID: 34944441 PMCID: PMC8698646 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cε (PKCε) is highly expressed in nociceptor neurons and its activation has been reported as pro-nociceptive. Intriguingly, we previously demonstrated that activation of the mitochondrial PKCε substrate aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) results in anti-nociceptive effects. ALDH2 is a major enzyme responsible for the clearance of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), an oxidative stress byproduct accumulated in inflammatory conditions and sufficient to induce pain hypersensitivity in rodents. Here we determined the contribution of the PKCε-ALDH2 axis during 4-HNE-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Using knockout mice, we demonstrated that PKCε is essential for the nociception recovery during 4-HNE-induced hypersensitivity. We also found that ALDH2 deficient knockin mice display increased 4-HNE-induced nociceptive behavior. As proof of concept, the use of a selective peptide activator of PKCε (ΨεHSP90), which favors PKCε translocation to mitochondria and activation of PKCε-ALDH2 axis, was sufficient to block 4-HNE-induced hypersensitivity in WT, but not in ALDH2-deficient mice. Similarly, ΨεHSP90 administration prevented mechanical hypersensitivity induced by endogenous production of 4-HNE after carrageenan injection. These findings provide evidence that selective activation of mitochondrial PKCε-ALDH2 axis is important to mitigate aldehyde-mediated pain in rodents, suggesting that ΨεHSP90 and small molecules that mimic it may be a potential treatment for patients with pain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zanata GC, Pinto LG, da Silva NR, Lopes AHP, de Oliveira FFB, Schivo IRS, Cunha FQ, McNaughton P, Cunha TM, Silva RL. Blockade of bradykinin receptors or angiotensin II type 2 receptor prevents paclitaxel-associated acute pain syndrome in mice. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:189-198. [PMID: 32965065 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel (PCX) is the first-line choice for the treatment of several types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. However, patients who receive even a single dose with PCX commonly develop mechanical and cold allodynia, a symptom known as PCX-associated acute pain syndrome (P-APS). Here, we assessed possible involvement of kinin-kallikrein and renin-angiotensin systems in P-APS in mice. METHODS Male mice C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) and knockouts for bradykinin receptors, B1 (B1-/- ) and B2 (B2-/- ), were used. Mechanical and cold allodynia were evaluated by using von Frey filaments and acetone test, respectively. P-APS was induced by administration of PCX 4 mg/kg, i.v.. ACE inhibitors (captopril and enalapril), antagonists for angiotensin II type 1 (losartan) and type 2 ([AT2R]; PD123319 and EMA 401) receptors were administrated prior the treatment with PCX. RT-PCR was used to analyse the expression of mRNA for B1, B2 and AT2R receptors. RESULTS Administration of PCX in B1-/- and B2-/- mice induced lower mechanical and cold allodynia compared to the WT. However, the pre-treatment with ACE inhibitors reduced the development of mechanical and cold allodynia in P-APS. Surprisingly, we found that mice pre-treatment with the PD123319 or EMA401, but not losartan, prevented the development of mechanical and cold allodynia induced by PCX. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated the involvement of bradykinin receptors B1 and B2 as well as AT2R in the induction of P-APS in mice, and suggest the use of AT2R antagonists as a potential therapy for the prevention of P-APS in humans. SIGNIFICANCE Kinin-kallikrein and renin-angiotensin systems, through B1, B2 and AT2 receptors, potentiates paclitaxel-associated acute pain syndrome (P-APS) in mice. Antagonists for AT2R are potential alternatives to prevent P-APS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziele C Zanata
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Barão de Maua University Center, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa G Pinto
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole R da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H P Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisco F B de Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ieda R S Schivo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Peter McNaughton
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rangel L Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Davoli-Ferreira M, de Lima KA, Fonseca MM, Guimarães RM, Gomes FI, Cavallini MC, Quadros AU, Kusuda R, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM. Regulatory T cells counteract neuropathic pain through inhibition of the Th1 response at the site of peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2020; 161:1730-1743. [PMID: 32701834 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory/immune response at the site of peripheral nerve injury participates in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Nevertheless, little is known about the local regulatory mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve injury that counteracts the development of pain. Here, we investigated the contribution of regulatory T (Treg) cells to the development of neuropathic pain by using a partial sciatic nerve ligation model in mice. We showed that Treg cells infiltrate and proliferate in the site of peripheral nerve injury. Local Treg cells suppressed the development of neuropathic pain mainly through the inhibition of the CD4 Th1 response. Treg cells also indirectly reduced neuronal damage and neuroinflammation at the level of the sensory ganglia. Finally, we identified IL-10 signaling as an intrinsic mechanism by which Treg cells counteract neuropathic pain development. These results revealed Treg cells as important inhibitory modulators of the immune response at the site of peripheral nerve injury that restrains the development of neuropathic pain. In conclusion, the boosting of Treg cell function/activity might be explored as a possible interventional approach to reduce neuropathic pain development after peripheral nerve damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Davoli-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Dr. de Lima is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Dr. Fonseca is now with the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kalil A de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Dr. de Lima is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Dr. Fonseca is now with the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Miriam M Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela M Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco I Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C Cavallini
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Dr. de Lima is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Dr. Fonseca is now with the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Andreza U Quadros
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Kusuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Castro-Jorge LA, de Carvalho RVH, Klein TM, Hiroki CH, Lopes AH, Guimarães RM, Fumagalli MJ, Floriano VG, Agostinho MR, Slhessarenko RD, Ramalho FS, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, da Fonseca BAL, Zamboni DS. The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved with the pathogenesis of Mayaro virus. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007934. [PMID: 31479495 PMCID: PMC6743794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus that circulates in Latin America and is emerging as a potential threat to public health. Infected individuals develop Mayaro fever, a severe inflammatory disease characterized by high fever, rash, arthralgia, myalgia and headache. The disease is often associated with a prolonged arthralgia mediated by a chronic inflammation that can last months. Although the immune response against other arboviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), has been extensively studied, little is known about the pathogenesis of MAYV infection. In this study, we established models of MAYV infection in macrophages and in mice and found that MAYV can replicate in bone marrow-derived macrophages and robustly induce expression of inflammasome proteins, such as NLRP3, ASC, AIM2, and Caspase-1 (CASP1). Infection performed in macrophages derived from Nlrp3-/-, Aim2-/-, Asc-/-and Casp1/11-/-mice indicate that the NLRP3, but not AIM2 inflammasome is essential for production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β. We also determined that MAYV triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and potassium efflux. In vivo infections performed in inflammasome-deficient mice indicate that NLRP3 is involved with footpad swelling, inflammation and pain, establishing a role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the MAYV pathogenesis. Accordingly, we detected higher levels of caspase1-p20, IL-1β and IL-18 in the serum of MAYV-infected patients as compared to healthy individuals, supporting the participation of the NLRP3-inflammasome during MAYV infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza A. de Castro-Jorge
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renan V. H. de Carvalho
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Taline M. Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. Hiroki
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H. Lopes
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafaela M. Guimarães
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcílio Jorge Fumagalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor G. Floriano
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mayara R. Agostinho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Silva Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Benedito A. L. da Fonseca
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dario S. Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL265: a novel topical treatment to alleviate corneal pain and inflammation. Pain 2019; 160:307-321. [PMID: 30412056 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ocular pain is a core symptom of inflammatory or traumatic disorders affecting the anterior segment. To date, the management of chronic ocular pain remains a therapeutic challenge in ophthalmology. The main endogenous opioids (enkephalins) play a key role in pain control but exhibit only transient analgesic effects due to their rapid degradation. The aim of this study was to explore the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of topical administration of PL265 (a dual enkephalinase inhibitor) on murine models of corneal pain. On healthy corneas, chronic PL265 topical administration did not alter corneal integrity nor modify corneal mechanical and chemical sensitivity. Then, on murine models of corneal pain, we showed that repeated instillations of PL265 (10 mM) significantly reduced corneal mechanical and chemical hypersensitivity. PL265-induced corneal analgesia was completely antagonized by naloxone methiodide, demonstrating that PL265 antinociceptive effects were mediated by peripheral corneal opioid receptors. Moreover, flow cytometry (quantification of CD11b+ cells) and in vivo confocal microscopy analysis revealed that instillations of PL265 significantly decreased corneal inflammation in a corneal inflammatory pain model. Chronic PL265 topical administration also decreased Iba1 and neuronal injury marker (ATF3) staining in the nucleus of primary sensory neurons of ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. These results open a new avenue for ocular pain treatment based on the enhancement of endogenous opioid peptides' analgesic effects in tissues of the anterior segment of the eye. Dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL265 seems to be a promising topical treatment for safe and effective alleviation of ocular pain and inflammation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vieira JS, Toreti JA, de Carvalho RC, de Araújo JE, Silva ML, Silva JR. Analgesic Effects Elicited by Neuroactive Mediators Injected into the ST 36 Acupuncture Point on Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain in Mice. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2018; 11:280-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
14
|
Bolon B, Krinke G, Butt MT, Rao DB, Pardo ID, Jortner BS, Garman RH, Jensen K, Andrews-Jones L, Morrison JP, Sharma AK, Thibodeau MS. STP Position Paper: Recommended Best Practices for Sampling, Processing, and Analysis of the Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves and Somatic and Autonomic Ganglia) during Nonclinical Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:372-402. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318772484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) toxicity is surveyed inconsistently in nonclinical general toxicity studies. These Society of Toxicologic Pathology “best practice” recommendations are designed to ensure consistent, efficient, and effective sampling, processing, and evaluation of PNS tissues for four different situations encountered during nonclinical general toxicity (screening) and dedicated neurotoxicity studies. For toxicity studies where neurotoxicity is unknown or not anticipated (situation 1), PNS evaluation may be limited to one sensorimotor spinal nerve. If somatic PNS neurotoxicity is suspected (situation 2), analysis minimally should include three spinal nerves, multiple dorsal root ganglia, and a trigeminal ganglion. If autonomic PNS neuropathy is suspected (situation 3), parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia should be assessed. For dedicated neurotoxicity studies where a neurotoxic effect is expected (situation 4), PNS sampling follows the strategy for situations 2 and/or 3, as dictated by functional or other compound/target-specific data. For all situations, bilateral sampling with unilateral processing is acceptable. For situations 1–3, PNS is processed conventionally (immersion in buffered formalin, paraffin embedding, and hematoxylin and eosin staining). For situation 4 (and situations 2 and 3 if resources and timing permit), perfusion fixation with methanol-free fixative is recommended. Where PNS neurotoxicity is suspected or likely, at least one (situations 2 and 3) or two (situation 4) nerve cross sections should be postfixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium before hard plastic resin embedding; soft plastic embedding is not a suitable substitute for hard plastic. Special methods may be used if warranted to further characterize PNS findings. Initial PNS analysis should be informed, not masked (“blinded”). Institutions may adapt these recommendations to fit their specific programmatic requirements but may need to explain in project documentation the rationale for their chosen PNS sampling, processing, and evaluation strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T. Butt
- Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepa B. Rao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Bernard S. Jortner
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert H. Garman
- Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc., Murrysville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karl Jensen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
A Combined Water Extract of Frankincense and Myrrh Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in Mice via Modulation of TRPV1. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3710821. [PMID: 28740739 PMCID: PMC5504955 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3710821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frankincense and myrrh are widely used in clinics as a pair of herbs to obtain a synergistic effect for relieving pain. To illuminate the analgesia mechanism of frankincense and myrrh, we assessed its effect in a neuropathic pain mouse model. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) plays a crucial role in neuropathic pain and influences the plasticity of neuronal connectivity. We hypothesized that the water extraction of frankincense and myrrh (WFM) exerted its analgesia effect by modulating the neuronal function of TRPV1. In our study, WFM was verified by UHPLC-TQ/MS assay. In vivo study showed that nociceptive response in mouse by heat and capsaicin induced were relieved by WFM treatment. Furthermore, thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia were also alleviated by WFM treatment in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) mouse model. CCI resulted in increased TRPV1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in predominantly small-to-medium neurons. However, after WFM treatment, TRPV1 expression was reverted in real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence experiments. Calcium response to capsaicin was also decreased in cultured DRG neurons from CCI model mouse after WFM treatment. In conclusion, WFM alleviated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hypersensitivity via modulating TRPV1.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Amin B, Mehri S, Mirnajafi-Zadeh SJ, Hosseinzadeh H. Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and rosmarinic acid in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:441-449. [PMID: 28012923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosemary, Rosmarinus (R.) officinalis L. is a well-known plant with several useful properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative. It has been used in folk medicine to alleviate rheumatic pain, stomachache and dysmenorrhea. Rosemary has several constituents such as rosmarinic acid which can be responsible for therapeutic properties been noted with rosemary. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of R. officinalis and rosmarinic acid in a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain to verify usage of rosemary in folk medicine. METHODS Rats underwent CCI, were treated with either normal saline, ethanolic extract of aerial parts of R. officinalis (400mg/kg, i.p.) or rosmarinic acid (40mg/kg, i.p.) from the day of surgery (day 0) for 14days. The anti-inflammatory effects of R. officinalis extract and rosmarinic acid were evaluated by assessing the levels of some spinal inflammatory markers including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) through western blotting and nitric oxide (NO) production via Griess reaction on days 7 and 14 post-surgery. RESULTS CCI rats exhibited a marked expression in the levels of inflammatory markers (COX2, PGE-2, IL-1β, MMP2 and NO) on both days 7 (p<0.001) and 14 (p<0.001). Rosmarinic acid and ethanolic extract of R. officinalis were able to decrease amounts of mentioned inflammatory markers on both days 7 (p<0.001) and 14 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our data support the traditional use of R. officinalis as an effective remedy for pain relief and inflammatory disorders. It also suggests that the ethanolic extract of R. officinalis and rosmarinic acid through modulating neuro-inflammation might be potential candidates in treating neuropathic pain and different neurological disorders associated with inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahareh Amin
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|