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Wenfei Z, Xiang T, Chen C, Yang T, Yun T, Zhibiao C, Ge Z. Isoliquiritigenin attenuates neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage through inhibition of NF-κB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14436. [PMID: 38395608 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to neurological dysfunction in the patients who suffer from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a bioactive component extracted from Genus Glycyrrhiza. This work is to investigate whether ISL ameliorates neuroinflammation after SAH. In this study, intravascular perforation of male Sprague-Dawley rats was used to establish a SAH model. ISL was administered by intraperitoneal injection 6 h after SAH in rats. The mortality, SAH grade, neurological score, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were examined at 24 h after the treatment. Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, Iba-1, and MPO were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Besides, the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were analyzed by western blot. The experimental data suggested that ISL treatment could ameliorate neurological impairment, attenuate brain edema, and ameliorate BBB injury after SAH in rats. ISL treatment repressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and meanwhile inhibited the expression of Iba-1 and MPO. ISL also repressed NF-κB p65 expression as well as the transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In addition, ISL significantly suppressed the expression levels of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. These findings suggest that ISL inactivates NLRP3 pathway by inhibiting NF-κB p65 translocation, thereby repressing the neuroinflammation after SAH, and it is a potential drug for the treatment of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wenfei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Wuhan First Stomatological Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Nursing, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Yun
- Department of Stomatology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Zhibiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Sato T, Sawashita Y, Yoshikawa Y, Yamakage M. Japanese Traditional Herbal Medicine, Rikkunshito, Partially Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cureus 2024; 16:e54485. [PMID: 38516440 PMCID: PMC10954439 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can cause additional damage to an ischemic myocardium, even after successful reperfusion therapy. Inflammation is a mechanism that exacerbates myocardial damage after I/R injury. Rikkunshito (RKT) is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine widely used to treat gastrointestinal symptoms. It attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in some diseases of the heart; however, it remains unclear whether RKT exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury. To elucidate this, we evaluated the effects of RKT pre-treatment by oral administration on the myocardium in a mouse model of in vivo I/R injury. METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to a group receiving distilled water (DW) or one receiving RKT (1000 mg/kg/day) for 14 days orally. For each of the RKT and DW groups, a sham group, an I/R 2 h group, and an I/R 24 h group were created. On day 15, myocardial I/R surgery was performed. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated for 30 min, and reperfusion time was set at 2 h or 24 h. The myocardial infarct size (IS) was measured after 2 h of reperfusion, and cardiac cytokine mRNA expression levels were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after 2 h and 24 h of reperfusion. RESULTS RKT pre-treatment significantly suppressed the cardiac mRNA expression level of interleukin-1β in the RKT-I/R 2 h group compared to the DW-I/R 2 h group (P < 0.05). Additionally, RKT significantly suppressed the mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor-β compared to DW; the same result was obtained for the expression levels of interleukin-6. However, RKT did not reduce the IS or mRNA expression levels of the cardiac congestive markers natriuretic peptide a (NPPA) and natriuretic peptide b (NPPB). In addition, RKT did not alter the plasma concentration of ghrelin and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), which have been reported to be stimulated by RKT. CONCLUSION This study showed that pre-treatment of RKT for myocardial I/R injury partially suppressed inflammation-related cytokines. However, further studies are needed on the effect of RKT on the reduction of myocardial infarction size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Sato
- Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JPN
| | | | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JPN
| | - Michiaki Yamakage
- Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JPN
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Wang KL, Yu YC, Chen HY, Chiang YF, Ali M, Shieh TM, Hsia SM. Recent Advances in Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)-Containing Herbs Alleviating Radiotherapy- and Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Reactions in Cancer Treatment. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060535. [PMID: 35736467 PMCID: PMC9227067 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They also impose a large economic burden on patients, their families, and health insurance systems. Notably, cancers and the adverse reactions to their therapeutic options, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, dramatically affect the quality of life of afflicted patients. Therefore, developing approaches to manage chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions gained greater attention in recent years. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), a perennial plant that is one of the most frequently used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, has been heavily investigated in relation to cancer therapy. Licorice/licorice-related regimes, used in combination with chemotherapy, may improve the adverse effects of chemotherapy. However, there is little awareness of licorice-containing herbs alleviating reactions to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or to other induced adverse reactions in cancer treatment. We aimed to provide a descriptive review, and to emphasize the possibility that licorice-related medicines could be used as an adjuvant regimen with chemotherapy to improve quality of life (QoL) and to reduce side effects, thus, improving compliance with chemotherapy. The experimental method involved searching different databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Wang Fang database, as of May 2022, to identify any relevant studies. Despite a lack of high-quality and large-scale randomized controlled trials, we still discovered the potential benefits of licorice-containing herbs from published clinical studies. These studies find that licorice-containing herbs, and their active ingredients, reduce the adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and improve the QoL of patients. This comprehensive review will serve as a cornerstone to encourage more scientists to evaluate and develop effective Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions to improve the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lee Wang
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 20301, Taiwan;
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Ying-Chun Yu
- Sex Hormonal Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40403, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Yi-Fen Chiang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Food and Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Yamada C, Hattori T, Ohnishi S, Takeda H. Ghrelin Enhancer, the Latest Evidence of Rikkunshito. Front Nutr 2021; 8:761631. [PMID: 34957179 PMCID: PMC8702727 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rikkunshito is a Japanese herbal medicine (Kampo) that has been attracting attention and researched by many researchers not only in Japan but also worldwide. There are 214 rikkunshito articles that can be searched on PubMed by August 2021. The reason why rikkunshito has attracted so much attention is due to an epoch-making report (Gastroenterology, 2008) discovered that rikkunshito promotes the secretion of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin. Since then, many researchers have discovered that rikkunshito has a direct effect on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, and an effect of enhancing the ghrelin signal to the brain. Additionally, a lot of evidence that rikkunshito is expected to be effective for various gastrointestinal diseases have also been demonstrated. Numerous basic and clinical studies have suggested that rikkunshito affects (i) various discomforts caused by anticancer drugs, gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, (ii) various stress-induced anorexia, (iii) hypophagia in the elderly, and (iv) healthy lifespan. In this review, as one who discovered the ghrelin enhancer effect of rikkunshito, we will review the research of rikkunshito so far and report on the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Gastroenterology, Tokeidai Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D. The Good, the Bad and the Unknown Aspects of Ghrelin in Stress Coping and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:594484. [PMID: 33192444 PMCID: PMC7652849 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.594484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released by specialized X/A cells in the stomach and activated by acylation. Following its secretion, it binds to ghrelin receptors in the periphery to regulate energy balance, but it also acts on the central nervous system where it induces a potent orexigenic effect. Several types of stressors have been shown to stimulate ghrelin release in rodents, including nutritional stressors like food deprivation, but also physical and psychological stressors such as foot shocks, social defeat, forced immobilization or chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mechanism through which these stressors drive ghrelin release from the stomach lining remains unknown and, to date, the resulting consequences of ghrelin release for stress coping remain poorly understood. Indeed, ghrelin has been proposed to act as a stress hormone that reduces fear, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rodents but some studies suggest that ghrelin may - in contrast - promote such behaviors. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of the ghrelin system in stress coping. We discuss whether ghrelin release is more than a byproduct of disrupted energy homeostasis following stress exposure. Furthermore, we explore the notion that ghrelin receptor signaling in the brain may have effects independent of circulating ghrelin and in what way this might influence stress coping in rodents. Finally, we examine how the ghrelin system could be utilized as a therapeutic avenue in stress-related psychiatric disorders (with a focus on anxiety- and trauma-related disorders), for example to develop novel biomarkers for a better diagnosis or new interventions to tackle relapse or treatment resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Yamada C, Iizuka S, Nahata M, Hattori T, Takeda H. Vulnerability to psychological stress-induced anorexia in female mice depends on blockade of ghrelin signal in nucleus tractus solitarius. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4666-4682. [PMID: 32754963 PMCID: PMC7520439 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Women have a higher incidence of eating disorders than men. We investigated whether the effects of ghrelin on feeding are affected by sex and stress, and to elucidate the mechanisms that may cause sex differences in stress‐mediated anorexia, focusing on ghrelin. Experimental Approach Acylated ghrelin was administered to naïve and psychologically stressed male and female C57BL/6J mice, followed by measurements of food intake and plasma hormone levels. Ovariectomy was performed to determine the effects of ovary‐derived oestrogen on stress‐induced eating disorders in female mice. The numbers of Agrp or c‐Fos mRNA‐positive cells and estrogen receptor α/c‐Fos protein‐double‐positive cells were assessed. Key Results Ghrelin administration to naïve female mice caused a higher increase in food intake, growth hormone secretion, Agrp mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and c‐Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) than in male mice. In contrast, psychological stress caused a more sustained reduction in food intake in females than males. The high sensitivity of naïve females to exogenous ghrelin was attenuated by stress exposure. The stress‐induced decline in food intake was not abolished by ovariectomy. Estrogen receptor‐α but not ‐β antagonism prevented the decrease in food intake under stress. Estrogen receptor‐α/c‐Fos‐double‐positive cells in the NTS were significantly increased by stress only in females. Conclusion and Implications Stress‐mediated eating disorders in females may be due to blockade of ghrelin signalling via estrogen receptor‐α activation in the NTS. Targeting the ghrelin signal in the brain could be a new treatment strategy to prevent these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Usefulness of a Kampo Medicine on Stress-Induced Delayed Gastric Emptying in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3797219. [PMID: 32089720 PMCID: PMC7013301 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3797219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression often occur with gastrointestinal symptoms. Although the Japanese traditional medicine (Kampo medicine) bukuryoingohangekobokuto (BGH) is approved for treating anxiety, neurotic gastritis, and heartburn, its effect on gastrointestinal motility remains poorly known. This study aimed to examine the effect of BGH on delayed gastric emptying in stress model mice and clarified its action mechanism. Seven-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were acclimated for a week and fasted overnight. Stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), was intracerebroventricularly injected to mice, and solid nutrient meal (ground chow and distilled water) was orally administered 1 hour after. Gastric contents were collected to evaluate gastric emptying rates by measuring its dry weight. Injection of CRF (0.3 or 1.0 μg/mouse) significantly delayed the 2-hour gastric emptying in mice. BGH (1.0 g/kg), which was administered 30 minutes before the CRF injection, significantly ameliorated the delayed gastric emptying induced by CRF (0.3 μg/mouse). BGH (0.5, 1.0 g/kg) significantly enhanced the 1-hour gastric emptying and slightly increased the 2-hour gastric emptying in mice without CRF injection. In vitro functional assays showed that components of BGH antagonized or inhibited CRF type-2, dopamine D2/D3, neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors, or acetylcholinesterase. In conclusion, the components of BGH may exert synergistic effects on improving gastric emptying via various targets. BGH is considered to be potentially useful for treating gastrointestinal dysmotility with psychological symptoms.
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Kim YS, Kim JW, Ha NY, Kim J, Ryu HS. Herbal Therapies in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implication. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:601. [PMID: 32754057 PMCID: PMC7365888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) is still unclear and various complex mechanisms have been suggested to be involved. In many cases, improvement of symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in patients with FGIDs is difficult to achieve with the single-targeted treatments alone and clinical application of these treatments can be challenging owing to the side effects. Herbal preparations as complementary and alternative medicine can control multiple treatment targets of FGIDs simultaneously and relatively safely. To date, many herbal ingredients and combination preparations have been proposed across different countries and together with a variety of traditional medicine. Among the herbal therapies that are comparatively considered to have an evidence base are iberogast (STW-5) and peppermint oil, which have been mainly studied and used in Europe, and rikkunshito and motilitone (DA-9701), which are extracted from natural substances in traditional medicine, are the focus of this review. These herbal medications have multi-target pharmacology similar to the etiology of FGIDs, such as altered intestinal sensory and motor function, inflammation, neurohormonal abnormality, and have displayed comparable efficacy and safety in controlled trials. To achieve the treatment goal of refractory FGIDs, extensive and high quality studies on the pharmacological mechanisms and clinical effects of these herbal medications as well as efforts to develop new promising herbal compounds are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sung Kim
- Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute, Gut and Food Healthcare, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea.,Good Breath Clinic, Gunpo, South Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na-Yeon Ha
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Seung Ryu
- Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute, Gut and Food Healthcare, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea.,Brain-Gut Stress Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology, Wonkwang University Hospital, Iksan, South Korea
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Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of isoliquiritigenin in kainic acid-induced epileptic rats via the TLR4/MYD88 signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:1143-1153. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Zhu X, Liu J, Huang S, Zhu W, Wang Y, Chen O, Xue J. Neuroprotective effects of isoliquiritigenin against cognitive impairment via suppression of synaptic dysfunction, neuronal injury, and neuroinflammation in rats with kainic acid-induced seizures. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:358-366. [PMID: 31030091 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is a dynamic process initiated by insults to brain and commonly accompanied by cognitive impairment. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a flavonoid in licorice, has a broad spectrum of biological effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the protective effects of ISL against cognitive impairment in epileptic processes and the underlying molecular mechanism are not well understood. To address these questions, we established an reproducible seizure model by intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid (KA) in 21-day-old rats; ISL was intraperitoneally administered three times prior to KA injection, and changes in cognitive function; synaptic plasticity; neuronal injury; number of glial cells; and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-like (NRF)2 signaling and NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP)3 inflammasome components in the hippocampus were examined. Rats with KA-induced seizures showed longer average escape latency and decreases in the number of platform crossings and average time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze; ISL pretreatment reversed this decline in cognitive impairment and increased the protein levels of synaptophysin, postsynaptic density-95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor while reducing the number of Fluoro Jade B-positive cells, microglia, and astrocytes; cleaved-Caspase-3 and -9 protein levels; and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 production. It also enhanced the nuclear localization of NRF2, hemeoxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) 1, and reversed the upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome components NLRP3 and Caspase-1 induced by KA injection. Thus, ISL protects against cognitive impairment in KA-induced epileptic processes possibly through regulation of NRF2 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jiankun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Shanying Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yibiao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Nursing School, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jiang Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Effects of rikkunshito on renal fibrosis and inflammation in angiotensin II-infused mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6201. [PMID: 30996242 PMCID: PMC6470237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease involves an activated renin-angiotensin system and systemic inflammation which ultimately develop renal injury. Rikkunshito (RKT) has been reported to exert anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects through enhancement of ghrelin signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects of RKT on renal fibrosis and inflammation in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced renal injury model. Ang II-infused mice exhibited hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, moderate albuminuria and renal pathological changes such as mild urinary cast, interstitial macrophage infiltration and modest interstitial fibrosis. RKT had no evident effects on the Ang II-induced renal functional insufficiency and fibrosis, but attenuated renal interstitial macrophage infiltration. In addition, RKT significantly restored the Ang II-induced alteration in the expression of renal fibrosis- and inflammation-related genes such as type 3 collagen, transforming growth factor-β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6. Furthermore, although RKT did not affect the expression of renal ghrelin receptor, an Ang II-induced decrease in renal sirtuin 1 expression, a critical down-stream pathway of the ghrelin receptor, was restored by RKT. These findings suggest that RKT potentially has a renal anti-inflammatory effect in the development of renal injury, and this effect could be mediated by the ghrelin signaling pathway.
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Basic Study of Drug-Drug Interaction between Memantine and the Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine Yokukansan. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010115. [PMID: 30597998 PMCID: PMC6337661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies were conducted as part of a group of studies to clarify the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between memantine (MEM), a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease, and yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine used to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. The pharmacokinetic studies showed that there were no statistically significant differences in MEM concentrations in the plasma, brain, and urine between mice treated with MEM alone and with MEM plus YKS. Regarding candidate active ingredients of YKS, there were also no statistically significant differences in concentrations of geissoschizine methyl ether in the plasma and brain, urine, glycyrrhetinic acid in the plasma, and isoliquiritigenin in the urine, in mice treated with YKS alone or with MEM plus YKS. The pharmacological studies showed that isoliquiritigenin, which has an N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonistic effect, did not affect the inhibitory effect of MEM on NMDA-induced intracellular Ca2+ influx in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. Moreover, YKS did not affect either the ameliorative effects of MEM on NMDA-induced learning and memory impairment, or the MEM-induced decrease in locomotor activities in mice. These results suggest that there is probably no pharmacokinetic or pharmacological interaction between MEM and YKS in mice, but more detailed studies are needed in the future. Our findings provide important information for future studies, to clarify the DDI more regarding the efficacy and safety of combined use of these drugs in a clinical situation.
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Tominaga K, Sakata Y, Kusunoki H, Odaka T, Sakurai K, Kawamura O, Nagahara A, Takeuchi T, Fujikawa Y, Oshima T, Kato M, Furuta T, Murakami K, Chiba T, Miwa H, Kinoshita Y, Higuchi K, Kusano M, Iwakiri R, Fujimoto K, Tack JF, Arakawa T. Rikkunshito simultaneously improves dyspepsia correlated with anxiety in patients with functional dyspepsia: A randomized clinical trial (the DREAM study). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13319. [PMID: 29498457 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD), a heterogeneous disorder, involves multiple pathogenetic mechanisms. Developing treatments for FD has been challenging. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to determine the efficacy of rikkunshito, a Japanese herbal medicine, in FD patients. METHODS FD patients (n = 192) who met the Rome III criteria without Helicobacter pylori infection, predominant heartburn, and depression were enrolled at 56 hospitals in Japan. After 2 weeks of single-blind placebo treatment, 128 patients with continuous symptoms were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of rikkunshito (n = 64) or placebo (n = 61). The primary efficacy endpoint was global assessment of overall treatment efficacy (OTE). The secondary efficacy endpoints were improvements in upper gastrointestinal symptoms evaluated by the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM), the Global Overall Symptom scale (GOS), and the modified Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (m-FSSG), and psychological symptoms evaluated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). KEY RESULTS Rikkunshito increased OTE compared to placebo at 8 weeks (P = .019). Rikkunshito improved upper gastrointestinal symptoms (PAGI-SYM, GOS, and m-FSSG) at 8 weeks, especially postprandial fullness/early satiety (P = .015 and P = .001) and bloating (P = .007 and P = .002) of the PAGI-SYM subscales at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Improvement of HADS at 8 weeks (P = .027) correlated with those of PAGI-SYM (r = .302, P = .001), GOS (r = .186, P = .044), and m-FSSG (r = .462, P < .001), postprandial fullness/early satiety (r = .226, P = .014), dyspepsia (r = .215, P = .019), and PDS (r = .221, P = .016). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Rikkunshito may be beneficial for FD patients to simultaneously treat gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tominaga
- Premier Developmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Sakata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - H Kusunoki
- Department of General Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki-city, Okayama, Japan
| | - T Odaka
- Odaka Medical and Gastrointestinal Clinic, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - O Kawamura
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - A Nagahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - T Takeuchi
- Premier Developmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Fujikawa
- Premier Developmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - M Kato
- National Hospital Organization Hakodate Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - T Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - K Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - T Chiba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - H Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Y Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - K Higuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kusano
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - R Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - K Fujimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - J F Tack
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Arakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Lee S, Youn K, Lim G, Lee J, Jun M. In Silico Docking and In Vitro Approaches towards BACE1 and Cholinesterases Inhibitory Effect of Citrus Flavanones. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071509. [PMID: 29932100 PMCID: PMC6100189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, distinctively characterized by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss, finally resulting in neuronal death. β-Site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and cholinesterases have been identified as therapeutic targets for AD, and the discovery of their inhibitors is of critical importance for developing preventive strategies for AD. To discover natural multi-target compounds possessing BACE1, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory properties, major citrus flavanones including hesperetin, naringenin, and hesperidin were evaluated. In vitro anti-AD activities were performed via BACE1 and cholinesterases inhibition assays, as well as enzyme kinetic predictions. For the design of potential inhibitors of AD-related enzymes, molecular docking analysis was performed. Based on the biological evaluation, hesperidin demonstrated the best inhibitory properties toward BACE1, AChE, and BChE, with IC50 values of 10.02 ± 1.12, 22.80 ± 2.78, and 48.09 ± 0.74 µM, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that all tested compounds were found to be noncompetitive inhibitors against BACE1 and cholineseterases. In addition, molecular docking studies of these compounds demonstrated negative binding energies for BACE1, AChE, and BChE, indicating high affinity and tight binding capacity for the target enzymes. The present study suggested that the selected citrus flavanones could act together as multiple inhibitors of BACE1, AChE, and BChE, indicating preventive and therapeutic potential against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungeun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
| | - Kumju Youn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
| | - GyuTae Lim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Bioinformatics, KIRBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Bioinformatics, KIRBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
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Open Label Trial of the Efficacy and Safety Profile of Rikkunshito used for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2017; 87:1-8. [PMID: 28912900 PMCID: PMC5583142 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) usually experience distress related not only to motor dysfunction, but also to nonmotor symptoms, including gastrointestinal dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of a traditional Japanese medicine, rikkunshito (RKT), used for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms, associated with anorexia and dyspepsia, in patients with PD. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to either Group A (4-week treatment period with 7.5 g/d RKT followed by a 4-week off-treatment period) or Group B (4-week off-treatment period followed by a 4-week treatment period with 7.5 g/d RKT). Appetite, quality of life for gastrointestinal symptoms, and depression were assessed using a visual analog scale, the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale and the Self-Rating Depression Scale, respectively. The gastric emptying examination and assay of plasma acylated ghrelin level were performed using the 13C-acetate breath test and commercially available assay kits, respectively. RESULTS RKT treatment produced a significant increase in the appetite score (1.84 [2.34]; P < 0.05), compared to a decrease in the score over the off-treatment period (-1.36 [2.94]). The mean score for abdominal pain, on the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, and for self-reported depression, on the Self-Rating Depression Scale, also decreased significantly with RKT treatment (P < 0.05), compared with the off-treatment period scores. No effect of RKT on plasma acylated ghrelin level and rate of gastric emptying was identified. CONCLUSIONS RKT may improve anorexia in patients with PD. The positive effects of RKT on depression and anorexia may improve the overall quality of life of these patients. The benefits of RKT identified in our pilot study will need to be confirmed in a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. UMIN Clinical Trial Registry identifier: UMIN000009626.
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Zeng J, Chen Y, Ding R, Feng L, Fu Z, Yang S, Deng X, Xie Z, Zheng S. Isoliquiritigenin alleviates early brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage via suppressing ROS- and/or NF-κB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:119. [PMID: 28610608 PMCID: PMC5470182 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces potently oxidative stress responses and inflammatory processes. Isoliquiritigenin (ILG) is a flavonoid with a chalcone structure and can activate nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant system, negatively regulate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathways, but its role and potential molecular mechanisms in the pathology following ICH remain unclear. The present study aimed to explore the effects of ILG after ICH and underlying mechanisms. METHODS ICH model was induced by collagenase IV (0.2 U in 1 μl sterile normal saline) in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-320 g. Different doses of ILG (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally at 30 min, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after modeling, respectively. Rats were intracerebroventricularly administrated with control scramble small interfering RNA (siRNA) or Nrf2 siRNA at 24 h before ICH induction, and after 24 h, ICH model was established with or without ILG (20 mg/kg) treatment. All rats were dedicated at 24 or 72 h after ICH. Neurological deficits, histological damages, brain water content (BWC), blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and neuronal degeneration were evaluated; quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out; catalase, superoxide dismutase activities and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione/oxidized glutathione contents were measured. RESULTS ILG (20 and 40 mg/kg) markedly alleviated neurological deficits, histological damages, BBB disruption, brain edema, and neuronal degeneration, but there was no significant difference between two dosages. ILG (20 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways and activated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant system. Gene silencing of Nrf2 aggravated the neurological deficits, brain edema, and neuronal degeneration and increased the protein levels of NF-κB p65, NLRP3 inflammasome components, and IL-1β. ILG delivery significantly attenuated the effects of Nrf2 siRNA interference mentioned above. CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal administration of ILG after ICH reduced early brain impairments and neurological deficits, and the mechanisms were involved in the regulation of ROS and/or NF-κB on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by the triggering of Nrf2 activity and Nrf2-induced antioxidant system. In addition, our experimental results may make ILG a potential candidate for a novel therapeutical strategy for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenghao Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaoqing Campus of Central Hospital of Zibo, Gaoqing People's Hospital, Gaoqing, Zibo, 256300, Shandong, China
| | - Xinqing Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, 999 Brain Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510510, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichong Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Levine
- Health Solutions, Mayo Clinic Arizona and Arizona State University, Suite 200 CRB, 13400 East Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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