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Hui X, Rajendran P, Zulkifli MAI, Ling T, Pramanik M. Android mobile-platform-based image reconstruction for photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:046009. [PMID: 37122476 PMCID: PMC10133999 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.4.046009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance In photoacoustic tomography (PAT), numerous reconstruction algorithms have been utilized to recover initial pressure rise distribution from the acquired pressure waves. In practice, most of these reconstructions are carried out on a desktop/workstation and the mobile-based reconstructions are far-flung. In recent years, mobile phones are becoming so ubiquitous, and most of them encompass a higher computing ability. Hence, realizing PAT image reconstruction on a mobile platform is intrinsic, and it will enhance the adaptability of PAT systems with point-of-care applications. Aim To implement PAT image reconstruction in Android-based mobile platforms. Approach For implementing PAT image reconstruction in Android-based mobile platforms, we proposed an Android-based application using Python to perform beamforming process in Android phones. Results The performance of the developed application was analyzed on different mobile platforms using both simulated and experimental datasets. The results demonstrate that the developed algorithm can accomplish the image reconstruction of in vivo small animal brain dataset in 2.4 s. Furthermore, the developed application reconstructs PAT images with comparable speed and no loss of image quality compared to that on a laptop. Employing a two-fold downsampling procedure could serve as a viable solution for reducing the time needed for beamforming while preserving image quality with minimal degradation. Conclusions We proposed an Android-based application that achieves image reconstruction on cheap, small, and universally available phones instead of relatively bulky expensive desktop computers/laptops/workstations. A beamforming speed of 2.4 s is achieved without hampering the quality of the reconstructed image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Hui
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Singapore
| | | | | | - Tong Ling
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Singapore
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- Iowa State University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ames, Iowa, United States
- Address all correspondence to Manojit Pramanik,
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2
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Kim K, Lee WG. Portable, Automated and Deep-Learning-Enabled Microscopy for Smartphone-Tethered Optical Platform Towards Remote Homecare Diagnostics: A Review. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2200979. [PMID: 36420919 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally new pandemic diseases induce urgent demands for portable diagnostic systems to prevent and control infectious diseases. Smartphone-based portable diagnostic devices are significantly efficient tools to user-friendly connect personalized health conditions and collect valuable optical information for rapid diagnosis and biomedical research through at-home screening. Deep learning algorithms for portable microscopes also help to enhance diagnostic accuracy by reducing the imaging resolution gap between benchtop and portable microscopes. This review highlighted recent progress and continued efforts in a smartphone-tethered optical platform through portable, automated, and deep-learning-enabled microscopy for personalized diagnostics and remote monitoring. In detail, the optical platforms through smartphone-based microscopes and lens-free holographic microscopy are introduced, and deep learning-based portable microscopic imaging is explained to improve the image resolution and accuracy of diagnostics. The challenges and prospects of portable optical systems with microfluidic channels and a compact microscope to screen COVID-19 in the current pandemic are also discussed. It has been believed that this review offers a novel guide for rapid diagnosis, biomedical imaging, and digital healthcare with low cost and portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- Intelligent Optical Module Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
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3
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Jeon HJ, Kim HS, Chung E, Lee DY. Nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensor with a systemic quantification algorithm for noninvasive glucose monitoring. Theranostics 2022; 12:6308-6338. [PMID: 36168630 PMCID: PMC9475463 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus accompanies an abnormally high glucose level in the bloodstream. Early diagnosis and proper glycemic management of blood glucose are essential to prevent further progression and complications. Biosensor-based colorimetric detection has progressed and shown potential in portable and inexpensive daily assessment of glucose levels because of its simplicity, low-cost, and convenient operation without sophisticated instrumentation. Colorimetric glucose biosensors commonly use natural enzymes that recognize glucose and chromophores that detect enzymatic reaction products. However, many natural enzymes have inherent defects, limiting their extensive application. Recently, nanozyme-based colorimetric detection has drawn attention due to its merits including high sensitivity, stability under strict reaction conditions, flexible structural design with low-cost materials, and adjustable catalytic activities. This review discusses various nanozyme materials, colorimetric analytic methods and mechanisms, recent machine learning based analytic methods, quantification systems, applications and future directions for monitoring and managing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jae Jeon
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana 47906, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Shik Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Euiheon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- AI Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Photon Science Technology, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Elixir Pharmatech Inc., Seoul 07463, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li N, Okmi A, Jabegu T, Zheng H, Chen K, Lomashvili A, Williams W, Maraba D, Kravchenko I, Xiao K, He K, Lei S. van der Waals Semiconductor Empowered Vertical Color Sensor. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8619-8629. [PMID: 35436098 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic artificial vision is receiving significant attention nowadays, particularly for the development of neuromorphic electronic devices, artificial intelligence, and microrobotics. Nevertheless, color recognition, the most critical vision function, is missed in the current research due to the difficulty of downscaling of the prevailing color sensing devices. Conventional color sensors typically adopt a lateral color sensing channel layout and consume a large amount of physical space, whereas compact designs suffer from an unsatisfactory color detection accuracy. In this work, we report a van der Waals semiconductor-empowered vertical color sensing structure with the emphasis on compact device profile and precise color recognition capability. More attractive, we endow color sensor hardware with the function of chromatic aberration correction, which can simplify the design of an optical lens system and, in turn, further downscales the artificial vision systems. Also, the dimension of a multiple pixel prototype device in our study confirms the scalability and practical potentials of our developed device architecture toward the above applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxin Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Aisha Okmi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- Department of Physics, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tara Jabegu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hongkui Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Kuangcai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Alexander Lomashvili
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Westley Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Diren Maraba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ivan Kravchenko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Kai Xiao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sidong Lei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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5
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Miskovic V, Malafronte E, Minetti C, Machrafi H, Varon C, Iorio CS. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals for Temperature Mapping. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:806362. [PMID: 35646874 PMCID: PMC9133408 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.806362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound management in Space is an important factor to be considered in future Human Space Exploration. It demands the development of reliable wound monitoring systems that will facilitate the assessment and proper care of wounds in isolated environments, such as Space. One possible system could be developed using liquid crystal films, which have been a promising solution for real-time in-situ temperature monitoring in healthcare, but they are not yet implemented in clinical practice. To progress in the latter, the goal of this study is twofold. First, it provides a full characterization of a sensing element composed of thermotropic liquid crystals arrays embedded between two elastomer layers, and second, it discusses how such a system compares against non-local infrared measurements. The sensing element evaluated here has an operating temperature range of 34–38°C, and a quick response time of approximately 0.25 s. The temperature distribution of surfaces obtained using this system was compared to the one obtained using the infrared thermography, a technique commonly used to measure temperature distributions at the wound site. This comparison was done on a mimicked wound, and results indicate that the proposed sensing element can reproduce the temperature distributions, similar to the ones obtained using infrared imaging. Although there is a long way to go before implementing the liquid crystal sensing element into clinical practice, the results of this work demonstrate that such sensors can be suitable for future wound monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Miskovic
- Service Chimie-Physique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Vanja Miskovic,
| | - Elena Malafronte
- Service Chimie-Physique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Minetti
- Service Chimie-Physique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hatim Machrafi
- Service Chimie-Physique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- GIGA-In Silico Medicine, Université de Liége, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carolina Varon
- Service Chimie-Physique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Zuo C, Qian J, Feng S, Yin W, Li Y, Fan P, Han J, Qian K, Chen Q. Deep learning in optical metrology: a review. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:39. [PMID: 35197457 PMCID: PMC8866517 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the advances in scientific foundations and technological implementations, optical metrology has become versatile problem-solving backbones in manufacturing, fundamental research, and engineering applications, such as quality control, nondestructive testing, experimental mechanics, and biomedicine. In recent years, deep learning, a subfield of machine learning, is emerging as a powerful tool to address problems by learning from data, largely driven by the availability of massive datasets, enhanced computational power, fast data storage, and novel training algorithms for the deep neural network. It is currently promoting increased interests and gaining extensive attention for its utilization in the field of optical metrology. Unlike the traditional "physics-based" approach, deep-learning-enabled optical metrology is a kind of "data-driven" approach, which has already provided numerous alternative solutions to many challenging problems in this field with better performances. In this review, we present an overview of the current status and the latest progress of deep-learning technologies in the field of optical metrology. We first briefly introduce both traditional image-processing algorithms in optical metrology and the basic concepts of deep learning, followed by a comprehensive review of its applications in various optical metrology tasks, such as fringe denoising, phase retrieval, phase unwrapping, subset correlation, and error compensation. The open challenges faced by the current deep-learning approach in optical metrology are then discussed. Finally, the directions for future research are outlined.
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Grants
- 61722506, 61705105, 62075096 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 61722506, 61705105, 62075096 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 61722506, 61705105, 62075096 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 61722506, 61705105, 62075096 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 61722506, 61705105, 62075096 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 61722506, 61705105, 62075096 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFF0106403) Leading Technology of Jiangsu Basic Research Plan (BK20192003) National Defense Science and Technology Foundation of China (2019-JCJQ-JJ-381) "333 Engineering" Research Project of Jiangsu Province (BRA2016407) Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (30920032101, 30919011222) Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense (3091801410411)
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zuo
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shijie Feng
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kemao Qian
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Qian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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7
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Senanayake IC, Pem D, Rathnayaka AR, Wijesinghe SN, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Phookamsak R, Kularathnage ND, Gomdola D, Harishchandra D, Dissanayake LS, Xiang MM, Ekanayaka AH, McKenzie EHC, Hyde KD, Zhang HX, Xie N. Predicting global numbers of teleomorphic ascomycetes. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi. The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated. This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches, viz. by numbers of described fungi, by fungus:substrate ratio, by ecological distribution, by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota. The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted, “2.2–3.8 million” species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90% of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually. The Catalogue of Life, Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement. The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million, ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million. However, only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories. The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22. Therefore, where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes? The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots, poorly-studied areas and species complexes. Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles, lichenicolous fungi, human pathogens, marine fungi, and fungicolous fungi. Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier species. Nomenclatural issues, such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs, synonyms, conspecific names, illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species. Interspecies introgression results in new species, while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.
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8
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Cugmas B, Štruc E, Kovče U, Lužar K, Olivry T. Evaluation of native canine skin color by smartphone-based dermatoscopy. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:299-304. [PMID: 35064590 PMCID: PMC9907669 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skin color, predominantly determined by the chromophores of melanin, hemoglobin, and exogenous carotenoids, is often measured to serve various medical and cosmetic applications. Although colorimetry has been used to evaluate the skin erythema in allergic dogs, the native canine skin color remains unknown. METHODS We measured the skin color in 101 healthy dogs using a calibrated optical system with a smartphone and a mobile dermatoscope DermLite DL1. The results were retrieved in the CIELAB color system and compared to the human color ranges. RESULTS The lightness (L*) of canine skin ranged from 28.5 to 78.3, which is slightly broader than that of human skin. There was a difference of 3.9 in redness (a*) between canine and human skin, but this variation could be attributed to the similarly valued colorimetric error of the optical system. Nonetheless, the skin yellowness was significantly different for dogs and humans (respective median b* of 12.3 versus 16.6, p < 0.01). This difference might be due to canids not being able to accumulate typically yellowish carotenoids. Furthermore, the native canine skin color did not exhibit a typical dependence between the coordinates of lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*), known as the individual typology angle, °ITA. CONCLUSION We reported the first dataset of the native canine skin color in the CIELAB color space. We discovered a similarity in skin lightness and a difference in skin yellowness. However, further studies are needed for a more precise comparison of skin redness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Cugmas
- Biophotonics laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.,Veterinary clinic Zamba, Vets4science Ltd, Celje, Slovenia
| | | | - Urška Kovče
- Veterinary clinic Zamba, Vets4science Ltd, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Katja Lužar
- Veterinary clinic Zamba, Vets4science Ltd, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Cellphone enabled point-of-care assessment of breast tumor cytology and molecular HER2 expression from fine-needle aspirates. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:85. [PMID: 34215753 PMCID: PMC8253731 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of breast cancer in limited-resource settings is hindered by a lack of low-cost, logistically sustainable approaches toward molecular and cellular diagnostic pathology services that are needed to guide therapy. To address these limitations, we have developed a multimodal cellphone-based platform—the EpiView-D4—that can evaluate both cellular morphology and molecular expression of clinically relevant biomarkers directly from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of breast tissue specimens within 1 h. The EpiView-D4 is comprised of two components: (1) an immunodiagnostic chip built upon a “non-fouling” polymer brush-coating (the “D4”) which quantifies expression of protein biomarkers directly from crude cell lysates, and (2) a custom cellphone-based optical microscope (“EpiView”) designed for imaging cytology preparations and D4 assay readout. As a proof-of-concept, we used the EpiView-D4 for assessment of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) expression and validated the performance using cancer cell lines, animal models, and human tissue specimens. We found that FNA cytology specimens (prepared in less than 5 min with rapid staining kits) imaged by the EpiView-D4 were adequate for assessment of lesional cellularity and tumor content. We also found our device could reliably distinguish between HER2 expression levels across multiple different cell lines and animal xenografts. In a pilot study with human tissue (n = 19), we were able to accurately categorize HER2-negative and HER2-positve tumors from FNA specimens. Taken together, the EpiView-D4 offers a promising alternative to invasive—and often unavailable—pathology services and may enable the democratization of effective breast cancer management in limited-resource settings.
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Kap Ö, Kılıç V, Hardy JG, Horzum N. Smartphone-based colorimetric detection systems for glucose monitoring in the diagnosis and management of diabetes. Analyst 2021; 146:2784-2806. [PMID: 33949379 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic conditions resulting in high blood sugar levels over prolonged periods that affects hundreds of millions of patients worldwide. Measuring glucose concentration enables patient-specific insulin therapy, and is essential to reduce the severity of the disease, potential complications, and related mortalities. Recent advances and developments in smartphone-based colorimetric glucose detection systems are discussed in this review. The importance of glucose monitoring, data collection, transfer, and analysis, via non-invasive/invasive methods is highlighted. The review also presents various approaches using 3D-printed materials, screen-printed electrodes, polymer templates, designs allowing multiple glucose analysis, bioanalytes and/or nanostructures for glucose detection. The positive effects of advances in improving the performance of smartphone-based platforms are introduced along with future directions and trends in the application of emerging technologies in smartphone-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Kap
- Department of Engineering Sciences, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 Turkey.
| | - Volkan Kılıç
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 Turkey
| | - John G Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK and Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Nesrin Horzum
- Department of Engineering Sciences, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 Turkey.
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11
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Dabbagh SR, Rabbi F, Doğan Z, Yetisen AK, Tasoglu S. Machine learning-enabled multiplexed microfluidic sensors. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:061506. [PMID: 33343782 PMCID: PMC7733540 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput, cost-effective, and portable devices can enhance the performance of point-of-care tests. Such devices are able to acquire images from samples at a high rate in combination with microfluidic chips in point-of-care applications. However, interpreting and analyzing the large amount of acquired data is not only a labor-intensive and time-consuming process, but also prone to the bias of the user and low accuracy. Integrating machine learning (ML) with the image acquisition capability of smartphones as well as increasing computing power could address the need for high-throughput, accurate, and automatized detection, data processing, and quantification of results. Here, ML-supported diagnostic technologies are presented. These technologies include quantification of colorimetric tests, classification of biological samples (cells and sperms), soft sensors, assay type detection, and recognition of the fluid properties. Challenges regarding the implementation of ML methods, including the required number of data points, image acquisition prerequisites, and execution of data-limited experiments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Kemal Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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12
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Cugmas B, Štruc E. Accuracy of an Affordable Smartphone-Based Teledermoscopy System for Color Measurements in Canine Skin. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6234. [PMID: 33142901 PMCID: PMC7662536 DOI: 10.3390/s20216234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quality smartphone cameras and affordable dermatoscopes have enabled teledermoscopy to become a popular medical and veterinary tool for analyzing skin lesions such as melanoma and erythema. However, smartphones acquire images in an unknown RGB color space, which prevents a standardized colorimetric skin analysis. In this work, we supplemented a typical veterinary teledermoscopy system with a conventional color calibration procedure, and we studied two mid-priced smartphones in evaluating native and erythematous canine skin color. In a laboratory setting with the ColorChecker, the teledermoscopy system reached CIELAB-based color differences ΔE of 1.8-6.6 (CIE76) and 1.1-4.5 (CIE94). Intra- and inter-smartphone variability resulted in the color differences (CIE76) of 0.1, and 2.0-3.9, depending on the selected color range. Preliminary clinical measurements showed that canine skin is less red and yellow (lower a* and b* for ΔE of 10.7) than standard Caucasian human skin. Estimating the severity of skin erythema with an erythema index led to errors between 0.5-3%. After constructing a color calibration model for each smartphone, we expedited clinical measurements without losing colorimetric accuracy by introducing a simple image normalization on a white standard. To conclude, the calibrated teledermoscopy system is fast and accurate enough for various colorimetric applications in veterinary dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Cugmas
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Rainis Blvd., LV-1586 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Eva Štruc
- Vetamplify SIA, Veterinary Services, 57/59–32 Krišjāņa Valdemāra Str., LV-1010 Rīga, Latvia;
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13
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Dincer C, Bruch R, Costa-Rama E, Fernández-Abedul MT, Merkoçi A, Manz A, Urban GA, Güder F. Disposable Sensors in Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806739. [PMID: 31094032 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Disposable sensors are low-cost and easy-to-use sensing devices intended for short-term or rapid single-point measurements. The growing demand for fast, accessible, and reliable information in a vastly connected world makes disposable sensors increasingly important. The areas of application for such devices are numerous, ranging from pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, forensic, and food sciences to wearables and clinical diagnostics, especially in resource-limited settings. The capabilities of disposable sensors can extend beyond measuring traditional physical quantities (for example, temperature or pressure); they can provide critical chemical and biological information (chemo- and biosensors) that can be digitized and made available to users and centralized/decentralized facilities for data storage, remotely. These features could pave the way for new classes of low-cost systems for health, food, and environmental monitoring that can democratize sensing across the globe. Here, a brief insight into the materials and basics of sensors (methods of transduction, molecular recognition, and amplification) is provided followed by a comprehensive and critical overview of the disposable sensors currently used for medical diagnostics, food, and environmental analysis. Finally, views on how the field of disposable sensing devices will continue its evolution are discussed, including the future trends, challenges, and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Dincer
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
- University of Freiburg, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Bruch
- University of Freiburg, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Estefanía Costa-Rama
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Arben Merkoçi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Manz
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology in Europe, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gerald Anton Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Yin P, Li H, Ozcan A. Optical refractometry using lensless holography and autofocusing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29614-29628. [PMID: 30469923 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional optical refractometry methods are often limited by a narrow measurement range, complex hardware, or relatively high cost. Here, we present a novel refractometry method to measure the bulk refractive index (RI) of materials (including solids and liquids) using lensless holographic on-chip imaging and autofocusing, which is simple, cost-effective, and has a large RI measurement range. As a proof of concept, two compact prototypes were built to measure the RIs of solid materials and liquids, respectively, and they were tested by measuring the RIs of a ZnSe plate and a microscopy immersion oil. Experimental results show that our devices have an average accuracy of ~3 × 10-4 RI unit (RIU) with an estimated precision of ~3 × 10-3 RIU for solids; and an average accuracy of ~1 × 10-4 RIU with an estimated precision of ~3 × 10-4 RIU for liquids. We believe that this cost-effective and portable RI measurement platform holds promise to be used in laboratory and industrial settings.
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15
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Wang P, Kricka LJ. Current and Emerging Trends in Point-of-Care Technology and Strategies for Clinical Validation and Implementation. Clin Chem 2018; 64:1439-1452. [PMID: 29884677 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.287052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care technology (POCT) provides actionable information at the site of care to allow rapid clinical decision-making. With healthcare emphasis shifting toward precision medicine, population health, and chronic disease management, the potential impact of POCT continues to grow, and several prominent POCT trends have emerged or strengthened in the last decade. CONTENT This review summarizes current and emerging trends in POCT, including technologies approved or cleared by the Food and Drug Administration or in development. Technologies included have either impacted existing clinical diagnostics applications (e.g., continuous monitoring and targeted nucleic acid testing) or are likely to impact diagnostics delivery in the near future. The focus is limited to in vitro diagnostics applications, although in some sections, technologies beyond in vitro diagnostics are also included given the commonalities (e.g., ultrasound plug-ins for smart phones). For technologies in development (e.g., wearables, noninvasive testing, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, paper-based diagnostics, nanopore-based devices, and digital microfluidics), we also discuss their potential clinical applications and provide perspectives on strategies beyond technological and analytical proof of concept, with the end goal of clinical implementation and impact. SUMMARY The field of POCT has witnessed strong growth over the past decade, as evidenced by new clinical or consumer products or research and development directions. Combined with the appropriate strategies for clinical needs assessment, validation, and implementation, these and future POCTs may significantly impact care delivery and associated outcomes and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- William Pepper Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Heath System, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Larry J Kricka
- William Pepper Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Heath System, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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16
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Advances in point-of-care technologies for molecular diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:494-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Wu Y, Ozcan A. Lensless digital holographic microscopy and its applications in biomedicine and environmental monitoring. Methods 2017; 136:4-16. [PMID: 28864356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical compound microscope has been a major tool in biomedical imaging for centuries. Its performance relies on relatively complicated, bulky and expensive lenses and alignment mechanics. In contrast, the lensless microscope digitally reconstructs microscopic images of specimens without using any lenses, as a result of which it can be made much smaller, lighter and lower-cost. Furthermore, the limited space-bandwidth product of objective lenses in a conventional microscope can be significantly surpassed by a lensless microscope. Such lensless imaging designs have enabled high-resolution and high-throughput imaging of specimens using compact, portable and cost-effective devices to potentially address various point-of-care, global-health and telemedicine related challenges. In this review, we discuss the operation principles and the methods behind lensless digital holographic on-chip microscopy. We also go over various applications that are enabled by cost-effective and compact implementations of lensless microscopy, including some recent work on air quality monitoring, which utilized machine learning for high-throughput and accurate quantification of particulate matter in air. Finally, we conclude with a brief future outlook of this computational imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wu
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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18
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Zhang Y, Shin Y, Sung K, Yang S, Chen H, Wang H, Teng D, Rivenson Y, Kulkarni RP, Ozcan A. 3D imaging of optically cleared tissue using a simplified CLARITY method and on-chip microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700553. [PMID: 28819645 PMCID: PMC5553818 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sectioning and optical imaging of tissue samples using traditional immunohistochemical techniques can be costly and inaccessible in resource-limited areas. We demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) imaging and phenotyping in optically transparent tissue using lens-free holographic on-chip microscopy as a low-cost, simple, and high-throughput alternative to conventional approaches. The tissue sample is passively cleared using a simplified CLARITY method and stained using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine to target cells of interest, enabling bright-field optical imaging and 3D sectioning of thick samples. The lens-free computational microscope uses pixel super-resolution and multi-height phase recovery algorithms to digitally refocus throughout the cleared tissue and obtain a 3D stack of complex-valued images of the sample, containing both phase and amplitude information. We optimized the tissue-clearing and imaging system by finding the optimal illumination wavelength, tissue thickness, sample preparation parameters, and the number of heights of the lens-free image acquisition and implemented a sparsity-based denoising algorithm to maximize the imaging volume and minimize the amount of the acquired data while also preserving the contrast-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed images. As a proof of concept, we achieved 3D imaging of neurons in a 200-μm-thick cleared mouse brain tissue over a wide field of view of 20.5 mm2. The lens-free microscope also achieved more than an order-of-magnitude reduction in raw data compared to a conventional scanning optical microscope imaging the same sample volume. Being low cost, simple, high-throughput, and data-efficient, we believe that this CLARITY-enabled computational tissue imaging technique could find numerous applications in biomedical diagnosis and research in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yoonjung Shin
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kevin Sung
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sam Yang
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Harrison Chen
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongda Wang
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Da Teng
- Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yair Rivenson
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rajan P. Kulkarni
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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19
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Kim B, Lee YJ, Park JG, Yoo D, Hahn YK, Choi S. A portable somatic cell counter based on a multi-functional counting chamber and a miniaturized fluorescence microscope. Talanta 2017; 170:238-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Mobile phone-based biosensing: An emerging “diagnostic and communication” technology. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:549-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Meng X, Tian X, Kong Y, Sun A, Yu W, Qian W, Song X, Cui H, Xue L, Liu C, Wang S. Rapid in-focus corrections on quantitative amplitude and phase imaging using transport of intensity equation method. J Microsc 2017; 266:253-262. [PMID: 28248423 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transport of intensity equation (TIE) method can acquire sample phase distributions with high speed and accuracy, offering another perspective for cellular observations and measurements. However, caused by incorrect focal plane determination, blurs and halos are induced, decreasing resolution and accuracy in both retrieved amplitude and phase information. In order to obtain high-accurate sample details, we propose TIE based in-focus correction technique for quantitative amplitude and phase imaging, which can locate focal plane and then retrieve both in-focus intensity and phase distributions combining with numerical wavefront extraction and propagation as well as physical image recorder translation. Certified by both numerical simulations and practical measurements, it is believed the proposed method not only captures high-accurate in-focus sample information, but also provides a potential way for fast autofocusing in microscopic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Meng
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Tian
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Present Address: Advanced Photonics Research Center, Laser Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y Kong
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - A Sun
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - W Yu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - W Qian
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Song
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - H Cui
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - L Xue
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Meng X, Huang H, Yan K, Tian X, Yu W, Cui H, Kong Y, Xue L, Liu C, Wang S. Smartphone based hand-held quantitative phase microscope using the transport of intensity equation method. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:104-109. [PMID: 27929181 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to realize high contrast imaging with portable devices for potential mobile healthcare, we demonstrate a hand-held smartphone based quantitative phase microscope using the transport of intensity equation method. With a cost-effective illumination source and compact microscope system, multi-focal images of samples can be captured by the smartphone's camera via manual focusing. Phase retrieval is performed using a self-developed Android application, which calculates sample phases from multi-plane intensities via solving the Poisson equation. We test the portable microscope using a random phase plate with known phases, and to further demonstrate its performance, a red blood cell smear, a Pap smear and monocot root and broad bean epidermis sections are also successfully imaged. Considering its advantages as an accurate, high-contrast, cost-effective and field-portable device, the smartphone based hand-held quantitative phase microscope is a promising tool which can be adopted in the future in remote healthcare and medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Huachuan Huang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China and School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Keding Yan
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Haoyang Cui
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Liang Xue
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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