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Berger C, Klöting N. Leptin Receptor Compound Heterozygosity in Humans and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4475. [PMID: 33922961 PMCID: PMC8123313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor are essential for regulating food intake, energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis and fertility. Mutations within leptin or the leptin receptor cause early-onset obesity and hyperphagia, as described in human and animal models. The effect of both heterozygous and homozygous variants is much more investigated than compound heterozygous ones. Recently, we discovered a spontaneous compound heterozygous mutation within the leptin receptor, resulting in a considerably more obese phenotype than described for the homozygous leptin receptor deficient mice. Accordingly, we focus on compound heterozygous mutations of the leptin receptor and their effects on health, as well as possible therapy options in human and animal models in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berger
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, CRC1052, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Nora Klöting
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, CRC1052, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Lu P, Yang G, Jiang L, He W, Wu W, Qi L, Shen S, Rao J, Zhang P, Xue Z, Jiang C, Fan G, Zhu X. Characterizing disease progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Leptin-deficient rats by integrated transcriptome analysis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:678-687. [PMID: 33302736 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220976530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an aggressive liver disease threatening human health, yet no medicine is developed to treat this disease. In this study, we first discovered that Leptin mutant rats (LepΔI14/ΔI14) exhibit characteristic NASH phenotypes including steatosis, lymphocyte infiltration, and ballooning after postnatal week 16. We then examined NASH progression by performing an integrated analysis of hepatic transcriptome in Leptin-deficient rats from postnatal 4 to 48 weeks. Initially, simple steatosis in LepΔI14/ΔI14 rats were observed with increased expression of the genes encoding for rate-limiting enzymes in lipid metabolism such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. When NASH phenotypes became well developed at postnatal week 16, we found gene expression changes in insulin resistance, inflammation, reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress. As NASH phenotypes further progressed with age, we observed elevated expression of cytokines and chemokines including C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, tumor necrosis factor ɑ, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β together with activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB pathways. Histologically, livers in LepΔI14/ΔI14 rats exhibited increased cell infiltration of MPO+ neutrophils, CD8+ T cells, CD68+ hepatic macrophages, and CCR2+ inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages associated with macrophage polarization from M2 to M1. Subsequent cross-species comparison of transcriptomes in human, rat, and mouse NASH models indicated that Leptin-deficient rats bear more similarities to human NASH patients than previously established mouse NASH models. Taken together, our study suggests that LepΔI14/ΔI14 rats are a valuable pre-clinical rodent model to evaluate NASH drug safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lichun Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wen He
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Wanwan Wu
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingbin Qi
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Shijun Shen
- Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junhua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cells and Ageing, Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Tsingdao 266071, China
| | - Guoping Fan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xianmin Zhu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
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3
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Hu W, Wang L, Du G, Guan Q, Dong T, Song L, Xia Y, Wang X. Effects of Microbiota on the Treatment of Obesity with the Natural Product Celastrol in Rats. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:747-763. [PMID: 32431112 PMCID: PMC7643605 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has become one of the most serious issues threatening the health of humankind, and we conducted this study to examine whether and how celastrol protects against obesity. Methods We fed male Sprague-Dawley rats a high-fat diet and administered celastrol to obese rats for 3 weeks. By recording body weight (BW) and other measures, we identified the effective dose of celastrol for obesity treatment. Feces were collected to perform 16S rRNA sequencing, and hypothalami were extracted for transcriptome sequencing. We then treated leptin knockout rats with celastrol and explored the changes in energy metabolism. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were used to test the acute toxicity of celastrol. Results We observed that celastrol reduced BW and promoted energy expenditure at a dose of 500 µg/kg BW but that food intake was not changed after administration. The diversity of the gut microbiota was improved, with an increased ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, and the gut microbiota played an important role in the anti-obesity effects of celastrol. Hypothalamic transcriptome analysis showed a significant enrichment of the leptin signaling pathway, and we found that celastrol significantly enhanced energy expenditure, which was mediated by the leptin signaling pathway. Acute lethal toxicity of celastrol was not observed at doses ranging from 0 to 62.5 mg/kg BW. Conclusion Our study revealed that celastrol decreased the BW of obese rats by enhancing energy expenditure but not by suppressing food intake and that this effect was mediated by the improvement of the gut microbiota and the activation of the hypothalamic leptin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guizhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Bae HS, Jin YK, Ham S, Kim HK, Shin H, Cho GB, Lee KJ, Lee H, Kim KM, Koo OJ, Jang G, Lee JM, Lee JY. CRISRP/Cas9-mediated knockout of Mct8 reveals a functional involvement of Mct8 in testis and sperm development in a rat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11148. [PMID: 32636400 PMCID: PMC7341756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) has long been believed to play a minor role in male reproduction. However, evidences from experimental model of thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism suggests its role in spermatogenesis. Cellular action of TH requires membrane transport via specific transporters such as monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). SLC16A2 (encodes for MCT8) inactivating mutation in humans can lead to Allan-Herndon Dudley-syndrome, a X-linked psychomotor and growth retardation. These patients present cryptorchidism which suggests a role of MCT8 during spermatogenesis. In this study, we found that Mct8 is highly expressed during early postnatal development and decreases its expression in the adulthood of testis of wild-type male rats. Histological analysis revealed that spermatogonia largely lacks MCT8 expression while spermatocytes and maturing spermatids highly express MCT8. To further understand the role of Mct8 during spermatogenesis, we generated Slc16a2 (encodes MCT8) knockout rats using CRISPR/Cas9. Serum THs (T3 and T4) level were significantly altered in Slc16a2 knockout rats when compared to wild-type littermates during early to late postnatal development. Unlike Slc16a2 knockout mice, Slc16a2 knockout rats showed growth delay during early to late postnatal development. In adult Slc16a2 knockout rats, we observed reduced sperm motility and viability. Collectively, our data unveil a functional involvement of MCT8 in spermatogenesis, underscoring the importance of TH signaling and action during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sook Bae
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Kyeong Jin
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangwoo Ham
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Kyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyejung Shin
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyu-Bon Cho
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Jun Lee
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hohyeon Lee
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Min Kim
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ok-Jae Koo
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea.,School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, 37554, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea.
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Interleukin-4 Improves Metabolic Abnormalities in Leptin-Deficient and High-Fat Diet Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124451. [PMID: 32585823 PMCID: PMC7352748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder that results from complex interactions between genetic predisposition and dietary factors. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), besides its role in immunity, has metabolic effects on insulin efficacy. We studied the effects of IL-4 on metabolic abnormalities in a mice model of obesity involving leptin deficiency and leptin resistance. Leptin-deficient 145E and leptin-resistant high-fat diet (HFD) mice showed lower levels of circulating IL-4. 145E and HFD mice showed a number of abnormalities: Obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, liver injury, and adiposity with concurrent inflammation, decreases in Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and STAT6 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus, liver, and epididymal fat. Independent of leptin-deficient obesity and dietary obesity, a course of 8-week IL-4 supplementation improved obesity and impairment in Akt, STAT3, and STAT6 signaling. Amelioration of cytokine expression, despite variable extents, was closely linked with the actions of IL-4. Additionally, the browning of white adipocytes by IL-4 was found in epididymal white adipose tissues and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Chronic exercise, weight management, and probiotics are recommended to overweight patients and IL-4 signaling is associated with clinical improvement. Thus, IL-4 could be a metabolic regulator and antiobesity candidate for the treatment of obesity and its complications.
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He D, Zhang J, Wu W, Yi N, He W, Lu P, Li B, Yang N, Wang D, Xue Z, Zhang P, Fan G, Zhu X. A novel immunodeficient rat model supports human lung cancer xenografts. FASEB J 2018; 33:140-150. [PMID: 29944447 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800102rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) animal models allow the exogenous growth of human tumors, offering an irreplaceable preclinical tool for oncology research. Mice are the most commonly used host for human PDX models, however their small body size limits the xenograft growth, sample collection, and drug evaluation. Therefore, we sought to develop a novel rat model that could overcome many of these limitations. We knocked out Rag1, Rag2, and Il2rg in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 technology. The development of lymphoid organs is significantly impaired in Rag1-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/Y (designated as SD-RG) rats. Consequently, SD-RG rats are severely immunodeficient with an absence of mature T, B, and NK cells in the immune system. After subcutaneous injection of tumor cell lines of different origin, such as NCI-H460, U-87MG, and MDA-MB-231, the tumors grow significantly faster and larger in SD-RG rats than in nonobese diabetic- Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice. Most important of all, we successfully established a PDX model of lung squamous cell carcinoma in which the grafts recapitulate the histopathologic features of the primary tumor for several passages. In conclusion, the severely immunodeficient SD-RG rats support fast growth of PDX compared with mice, thus holding great potential to serve as a new model for oncology research.-He, D., Zhang, J., Wu, W., Yi, N., He, W., Lu, P., Li, B., Yang, N., Wang, D., Xue, Z., Zhang, P., Fan, G., Zhu, X. A novel immunodeficient rat model supports human lung cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanwan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Yi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Alphacait AL Biotech Company, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yang
- PharmaLegacy Laboratories Company, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xianmin Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Generation and characterization of a hypothyroidism rat model with truncated thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4004. [PMID: 29507327 PMCID: PMC5838214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), a G-protein-coupled receptor, is important for thyroid development and growth. In several cases, frameshift and/or nonsense mutations in TSHR were found in the patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH), however they have not been functionally studied in an animal model. In the present work, we generated a unique TshrDf/Df rat model that recapitulates the phenotypes in TSHR Y444X patient by CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology. In this rat model, TSHR is truncated at the second transmembrane domain, leading to CH phenotypes as what was observed in the patients, including dwarf, thyroid aplasia, infertility, TSH resistant as well as low serum thyroid hormone levels. The phenotypes can be reversed, at least partially, by levothyroxine (L-T4) treatment after weaning. The thyroid development is severely impaired in the TshrDf/Df rats due to the suppression of the thyroid specific genes, i.e., thyroperoxidase (Tpo), thyroglobulin (Tg) and sodium iodide symporter (Nis), at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, the TshrDf/Df rat serves as a brand new genetic model to study CH in human, and will greatly help to shed light into the development of terminal organs that are sensitive to thyroid hormones.
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Guan L, Xu K, Xu S, Li N, Wang X, Xia Y, Wu D. Profiles of metabolic gene expression in the white adipose tissue, liver and hypothalamus in leptin knockout (Lep ΔI14/ΔI14 ) rats. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:528. [PMID: 28866659 PMCID: PMC6307666 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin deficiency is principally linked to metabolic disorders. Leptin knockout (LepΔI14/ΔI14) Sprague Dawley rats created by CRISPR/Cas9 is a new model to study metabolic disorders. We used a whole rat genome oligonucleotide microarray to obtain tissue-specific gene expression profiles of the white adipose tissue, liver and hypothalamus in LepΔI14/ΔI14 and wild-type (WT) rats. We found 1,651 differentially expressed (enriched) genes in white adipose tissue, 916 in the liver, and 306 in the hypothalamus in the LepΔI14/ΔI14 rats compared to WT. Gene ontology category and KEGG pathway analysis of the relationships among differentially expressed genes showed that these genes were represented in a variety of functional categories, including fatty acid metabolism, molecular transducers and cellular processes. The reliability of the data obtained from microarray was verified by quantitative real-time PCR on 14 representative genes. These data will contribute to a greater understanding of different metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leijian Guan
- . State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kaixuan Xu
- . State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- . Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Shuyang Xu
- . School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ningning Li
- . State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- . State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- . State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Di Wu
- . State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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