1
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Chen H, Gong Z, Zhou H, Han Y. Deciphering chemoresistance in osteosarcoma: Unveiling regulatory mechanisms and function through the lens of noncoding RNA. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22167. [PMID: 38444106 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor and is prevalent in children, adolescents, and elderly individuals. It has the characteristics of high invasion and metastasis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical resection is the most commonly used treatment for OS. However, the efficacy of OS is considerably diminished by chemotherapy resistance. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, are hot topics in the field of chemotherapy resistance research. Several studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs are substantially associated with chemoresistance in OS. Thus, the present study overviews the abnormally expressed ncRNAs in OS and the molecular mechanisms involved in chemoresistance, with an emphasis on their function in promoting or inhibiting chemoresistance. ncRNAs are expected to become potential therapeutic targets for overcoming drug resistance and predictive biomarkers in OS, which are of great significance for enhancing the therapeutic effect and improving the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhujun Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Uotani K, Tazawa H, Hasei J, Fujiwara T, Yoshida A, Yamakawa Y, Omori T, Sugiu K, Komatsubara T, Kondo H, Morita T, Kiyono M, Yokoo S, Hata T, Kunisada T, Takeda K, Urata Y, Fujiwara T, Ozaki T. Fluorescence-guided assessment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas for predicting the efficacy of telomerase-specific oncolytic adenovirus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298292. [PMID: 38377118 PMCID: PMC10878518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone and soft-tissue sarcomas are rare malignancies with histological diversity and tumor heterogeneity, leading to the lack of a common molecular target. Telomerase is a key enzyme for keeping the telomere length and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression is often activated in most human cancers, including bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. For targeting of telomerase-positive tumor cells, we developed OBP-301, a telomerase-specific replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus, in which the hTERT promoter regulates adenoviral E1 gene for tumor-specific viral replication. In this study, we present the diagnostic potential of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing oncolytic adenovirus OBP-401 for assessing virotherapy sensitivity using bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. OBP-401-mediated GFP expression was significantly associated with the therapeutic efficacy of OBP-401 in human bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. In the tumor specimens from 68 patients, malignant and intermediate tumors demonstrated significantly higher expression levels of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and hTERT than benign tumors. OBP-401-mediated GFP expression was significantly increased in malignant and intermediate tumors with high expression levels of CAR and hTERT between 24 and 48 h after infection. Our results suggest that the OBP-401-based GFP expression system is a useful tool for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy on bone and soft-tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Uotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joe Hasei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Yamakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Komatsubara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kondo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Morita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiyono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Suguru Yokoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Medical Materials for Musculoskeletal Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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3
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Alzain AA, Elbadwi FA, Mukhtar RM, Shoaib TH, Abdelmoniem N, Miski SF, Ghazawi KF, Alsulaimany M, Mohamed SGA, Ainousah BE, Hussein HGA, Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM. Design of new Mcl-1 inhibitors for cancer using fragments hybridization, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37962580 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2281637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a critical process that regulates cell survival and death and plays an essential role in cancer development. The Bcl-2 protein family, including myeloid leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), is a key regulator of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and its overexpression in many human cancers has prompted efforts to develop Mcl-1 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. In this study, we aimed to design new Mcl-1 inhibitors using various computational techniques. First, we used the Mcl-1 receptor-ligand complex to build an e-pharmacophore hypothesis and screened a library of 567,000 fragments from the Enamine database. We obtained 410 fragments and used them to design 92,384 novel compounds, which we then docked into the Mcl-1 binding cavity using HTVS, SP, and XP docking modes of Glide. To assess their suitability as drug candidates, we conducted MM-GBSA calculations and ADME prediction, leading to the identification of 10 compounds with excellent binding affinity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. To further investigate the interaction strength, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on the top three Mcl-1 receptor-ligand complexes to study their interaction stability. Overall, our findings suggest that these compounds have promising potential as anticancer agents, pending further experimental validation such as Mcl-1 apoptosis Assay. By combining experimental methods with various in silico approaches, these techniques prove to be invaluable for identifying novel drug candidates with distinct therapeutic applications using fragment-based drug design. This methodology has the potential to expedite the drug discovery process while also reducing its costs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahim A Alzain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Fatima A Elbadwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Rua M Mukhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Tagyedeen H Shoaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Nihal Abdelmoniem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Samar F Miski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud F Ghazawi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Alsulaimany
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bayan E Ainousah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem G A Hussein
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the pivotal regulators of cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154743. [PMID: 37549518 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone tumor that originates from mesenchymal cells. It is considered as the eighth most frequent childhood cancer that mainly affects the tibia and femur among the teenagers and young adults. OS can be usually diagnosed by a combination of MRI and surgical biopsy. The intra-arterial cisplatin (CDDP) and Adriamycin is one of the methods of choices for the OS treatment. CDDP induces tumor cell death by disturbing the DNA replication. Although, CDDP has a critical role in improving the clinical complication in OS patients, a high ratio of CDDP resistance is observed among these patients. Prolonged CDDP administrations have also serious side effects in normal tissues and organs. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of CDDP resistance should be clarified to define the novel therapeutic modalities in OS. Multidrug resistance (MDR) can be caused by various cellular and molecular processes such as drug efflux, detoxification, and signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the key regulators of CDDP response by the post transcriptional regulation of target genes involved in MDR. In the present review we have discussed all of the miRNAs associated with CDDP response in OS cells. It was observed that the majority of reported miRNAs increased CDDP sensitivity in OS cells through the regulation of signaling pathways, apoptosis, transporters, and autophagy. This review highlights the miRNAs as reliable non-invasive markers for the prediction of CDDP response in OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Tantawy SI, Timofeeva N, Sarkar A, Gandhi V. Targeting MCL-1 protein to treat cancer: opportunities and challenges. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1226289. [PMID: 37601693 PMCID: PMC10436212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1226289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evading apoptosis has been linked to tumor development and chemoresistance. One mechanism for this evasion is the overexpression of prosurvival B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, which gives cancer cells a survival advantage. Mcl-1, a member of the BCL-2 family, is among the most frequently amplified genes in cancer. Targeting myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) protein is a successful strategy to induce apoptosis and overcome tumor resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Various strategies to inhibit the antiapoptotic activity of MCL-1 protein, including transcription, translation, and the degradation of MCL-1 protein, have been tested. Neutralizing MCL-1's function by targeting its interactions with other proteins via BCL-2 interacting mediator (BIM)S2A has been shown to be an equally effective approach. Encouraged by the design of venetoclax and its efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, scientists have developed other BCL-2 homology (BH3) mimetics-particularly MCL-1 inhibitors (MCL-1i)-that are currently in clinical trials for various cancers. While extensive reviews of MCL-1i are available, critical analyses focusing on the challenges of MCL-1i and their optimization are lacking. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding clinically relevant MCL-1i and focus on predictive biomarkers of response, mechanisms of resistance, major issues associated with use of MCL-1i, and the future use of and maximization of the benefits from these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady I. Tantawy
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Timofeeva
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aloke Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Liu J, Zhang B, Yang L, Xue J, Zhang Z, Qin L, Bian R. MiR-125b-5p/STAT3 Axis Regulates Drug Resistance in Osteosarcoma Cells by Acting on ABC Transporters. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:9997676. [PMID: 37159751 PMCID: PMC10163973 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9997676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The poor prognosis of the highly malignant tumor osteosarcoma stems from its drug resistance and therefore exploring its resistance mechanisms will help us identify more effective treatment options. However, the effects of miR-125b-5p on drug resistance in osteosarcoma cells are still unclear. Methods To study the effects of miR-125b-5p on drug resistance in osteosarcoma cells. Osteosarcoma-resistant miR-125b-5p was obtained from the databases GeneCards and g:Profiler. CCK8, western blot, and transwell were applied for the detection of the miR-125b-5p effects on proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and drug resistance in osteosarcoma. Bioinformatics is aimed at demonstrating the targeting factor miR-125b-5p, performing protein interaction enrichment analysis by Metascape, and finally validating by binding sites. Results Upregulation of miR-125b-5p restrains proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma and promotes apoptosis. In addition, miR-125b-5p can restore drug sensitivity in drug-resistant osteosarcoma. miR-125-5p restrains the signal transducer and inhibits the transcription 3 (STAT3) expression activator via targeting its 3'-UTR. STAT3 affects drug-resistant osteosarcoma to regulate the ABC transporter. Conclusion miR-125b-5p/STAT3 axis mediates the drug resistance of osteosarcoma by acting on ABC transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Trauma Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yueyuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong City, 226001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of Trauma Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Oncology, Sheyang People's Hospital, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224300, China
| | - Jianhua Xue
- Department of Trauma Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Zexu Zhang
- Department of Trauma Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Lili Qin
- Department of Endoscopic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Rongpeng Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224000, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224000, China
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7
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Kaloni D, Diepstraten ST, Strasser A, Kelly GL. BCL-2 protein family: attractive targets for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2023; 28:20-38. [PMID: 36342579 PMCID: PMC9950219 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family members or abnormal reduction of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, both resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, are frequently detected in diverse malignancies. The critical role of the pro-survival and pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins in the regulation of apoptosis makes them attractive targets for the development of agents for the treatment of cancer. This review describes the roles of the various pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 protein family in normal development and organismal function and how defects in the control of apoptosis promote the development and therapy resistance of cancer. Finally, we discuss the development of inhibitors of pro-survival BCL-2 proteins, termed BH3-mimetic drugs, as novel agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Kaloni
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sarah T Diepstraten
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Ogawa T, Kikuchi S, Tabuchi M, Mitsui E, Une Y, Tazawa H, Kuroda S, Noma K, Ohara T, Kagawa S, Urata Y, Fujiwara T. Modulation of p53 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts prevents peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:249-261. [PMID: 35615263 PMCID: PMC9108396 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment are associated with the establishment and progression of peritoneal metastasis. This study investigated the efficacy of replicative oncolytic adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy (OBP-702) against CAFs and peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer (GC). Higher CAF expression in the primary tumor was associated with poor prognosis of GC, and higher CAF expression was also observed with peritoneal metastasis in immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples. And, we found transcriptional alteration of p53 in CAFs relative to normal gastric fibroblasts (NGFs). CAFs increased the secretion of cancer-promoting cytokines, including interleukin-6, and gained resistance to chemotherapy relative to NGFs. OBP-702 showed cytotoxicity to both GC cells and CAFs but not to NGFs. Overexpression of wild-type p53 by OBP-702 infection caused apoptosis and autophagy of CAFs and decreased the secretion of cancer-promoting cytokines by CAFs. Combination therapy using intraperitoneal administration of OBP-702 and paclitaxel synergistically inhibited the tumor growth of peritoneal metastases and decreased CAFs in peritoneal metastases. OBP-702, a replicative oncolytic adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy, offers a promising biological therapeutic strategy for peritoneal metastasis, modulating CAFs in addition to achieving tumor lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoru Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Corresponding author Satoru Kikuchi, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Motoyasu Tabuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ema Mitsui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuta Une
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinji Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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9
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Torki Z, Ghavi D, Hashemi S, Rahmati Y, Rahmanpour D, Pornour M, Alivand MR. The related miRNAs involved in doxorubicin resistance or sensitivity of various cancers: an update. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:771-793. [PMID: 34510251 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapy agent against a wide variety of tumors. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance diminishes the sensitivity of cancer cells to DOX, which leads to a cancer relapse and treatment failure. Resolutions to this challenge includes identification of the molecular pathways underlying DOX sensitivity/resistance and the development of innovative techniques to boost DOX sensitivity. DOX is classified as a Topoisomerase II poison, which is cytotoxic to rapidly dividing tumor cells. Molecular mechanisms responsible for DOX resistance include effective DNA repair and resumption of cell proliferation, deregulated development of cancer stem cell and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and modulation of programmed cell death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to potentiate the reversal of DOX resistance as they have gene-specific regulatory functions in DOX-responsive molecular pathways. Identifying the dysregulation patterns of miRNAs for specific tumors following treatment with DOX facilitates the development of novel combination therapies, such as nanoparticles harboring miRNA or miRNA inhibitors to eventually prevent DOX-induced chemoresistance. In this article, we summarize recent findings on the role of miRNAs underlying DOX sensitivity/resistance molecular pathways. Also, we provide latest strategies for utilizing deregulated miRNA patterns as biomarkers or miRNAs as tools to overcome chemoresistance and enhance patient's response to DOX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Torki
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Ghavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Hashemi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yazdan Rahmati
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dara Rahmanpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Pornour
- Department of Photo Healing and Regeneration, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Alivand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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10
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Tang Z, Lu Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Chen Z, Wang Q. Research Progress of MicroRNA in Chemotherapy Resistance of Osteosarcoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211034262. [PMID: 34323141 PMCID: PMC8326994 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211034262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant tumor prevalent in adolescents; however, a
clinically effective treatment for this malignancy is lacking. The lack of
effective treatment methods and factors, such as recurrence and drug resistance,
further dampen the prospect of clinically treating OS. In recent years, small
molecule microRNAs (miRNAs) with a length of approximately 20-24 nucleotides
have gradually attracted the attention of the medical community. Studies have
found that miRNAs can regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, cell proliferation,
and cell proliferation. The metabolic response of cancer cells, invasion and
metastasis of cancer cells, and angiogenesis play an important role in the
process of tumorigenesis. miRNAs regulate gene expression by regulating mRNA
expression after transcription. A large amount of data from many studies
indicate that they have diagnostic and prognostic biomarker effects in OS and
are involved in regulating the metabolism of cancer cells and resistance or
sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. Chemotherapy resistance is one of the most
critical problems in clinically treating OS. A large number of basic studies and
systematic summaries are required to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating
the mechanism and drug development of chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, this
article discusses the role of miRNAs in OS resistance. Herein, the related
research progress of the studies is reviewed to provide more useful information
for the development of effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, 586778Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yubao Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, 12426Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, 12426Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, 12426Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College, 12426Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qianfeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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11
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Sugiu K, Tazawa H, Hasei J, Yamakawa Y, Omori T, Komatsubara T, Mochizuki Y, Kondo H, Osaki S, Fujiwara T, Yoshida A, Kunisada T, Ueda K, Urata Y, Kagawa S, Ozaki T, Fujiwara T. Oncolytic virotherapy reverses chemoresistance in osteosarcoma by suppressing MDR1 expression. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:513-524. [PMID: 34114067 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor primarily affecting children and adolescents. The prognosis of chemotherapy-refractory OS patients is poor. We developed a tumor suppressor p53-expressing oncolytic adenovirus (OBP-702) that exhibits antitumor effects against human OS cells. Here, we demonstrate the chemosensitizing effect of OBP-702 in human OS cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of doxorubicin (DOX) and OBP-702 were assessed using parental and DOX-resistant OS cells (U2OS, MNNG/HOS) and a DOX-resistant MNNG/HOS xenograft tumor model. RESULTS DOX-resistant OS cells exhibited high multidrug resistant 1 (MDR1) expression, which was suppressed by OBP-702 or MDR1 siRNA, resulting in enhanced DOX-induced apoptosis. Compared to monotherapy, OBP-702 and DOX combination therapy significantly suppressed tumor growth in the DOX-resistant MNNG/HOS xenograft tumor model. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that MDR1 is an attractive therapeutic target for chemoresistant OS. Tumor-specific virotherapy is thus a promising strategy for reversing chemoresistance in OS patients via suppression of MDR1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Sugiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Joe Hasei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Yamakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tadashi Komatsubara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mochizuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kondo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shuhei Osaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Medical Materials for Musculoskeletal Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Project for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuo Urata
- Oncolys BioPharma, Inc., Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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12
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Omori T, Tazawa H, Yamakawa Y, Osaki S, Hasei J, Sugiu K, Komatsubara T, Fujiwara T, Yoshida A, Kunisada T, Urata Y, Kagawa S, Ozaki T, Fujiwara T. Oncolytic virotherapy promotes radiosensitivity in soft tissue sarcoma by suppressing anti-apoptotic MCL1 expression. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250643. [PMID: 33886686 PMCID: PMC8061981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare cancer that develops from soft tissues in any part of the body. Despite major advances in the treatment of STS, patients are often refractory to conventional radiotherapy, leading to poor prognosis. Enhancement of sensitivity to radiotherapy would therefore improve the clinical outcome of STS patients. We previously revealed that the tumor-specific, replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus OBP-301 kills human sarcoma cells. In this study, we investigated the radiosensitizing effect of OBP-301 in human STS cells. The in vitro antitumor effect of OBP-301 and ionizing radiation in monotherapy or combination therapy was assessed using highly radiosensitive (RD-ES and SK-ES-1) and moderately radiosensitive (HT1080 and NMS-2) STS cell lines. The expression of markers for apoptosis and DNA damage were evaluated in STS cells after treatment. The therapeutic potential of combination therapy was further analyzed using SK-ES-1 and HT1080 cells in subcutaneous xenograft tumor models. The combination of OBP-301 and ionizing radiation showed a synergistic antitumor effect in all human STS cell lines tested, including those that show different radiosensitivity. OBP-301 was found to enhance irradiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage via suppression of anti-apoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1), which was expressed at higher levels in moderately radiosensitive cell lines. The combination of OBP-301 and ionizing radiation showed a more profound antitumor effect compared to monotherapy in SK-ES-1 (highly radiosensitive) and HT1080 (moderately radiosensitive) subcutaneous xenograft tumors. OBP-301 is a promising antitumor reagent to improve the therapeutic potential of radiotherapy by increasing radiation-induced apoptosis in STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Omori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasuaki Yamakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Osaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joe Hasei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Komatsubara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Medical Materials for Musculoskeletal Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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13
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Mochizuki Y, Tazawa H, Demiya K, Kure M, Kondo H, Komatsubara T, Sugiu K, Hasei J, Yoshida A, Kunisada T, Urata Y, Kagawa S, Ozaki T, Fujiwara T. Telomerase-specific oncolytic immunotherapy for promoting efficacy of PD-1 blockade in osteosarcoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1405-1417. [PMID: 33151368 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors including anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody have recently improved clinical outcome in certain cancer patients; however, osteosarcoma (OS) patients are refractory to PD-1 blockade. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as novel immunogenic therapy to augment antitumor immune response. We developed a telomerase-specific replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus OBP-502 that induces lytic cell death via binding to integrins. In this study, we assessed the combined effect of PD-1 blockade and OBP-502 in OS cells. The expression of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was analyzed in two murine OS cells (K7M2, NHOS). The cytopathic activity of OBP-502 in both cells was analyzed using the XTT assay. OBP-502-induced immunogenic cell death was assessed by analyzing the level of extracellular ATP and high-mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1). Subcutaneous tumor models for K7M2 and NHOS cells were used to evaluate the antitumor effect and number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells in combination therapy. K7M2 and NHOS cells showed high expression of integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5, but not CAR. OBP-502 significantly suppressed the viability of both cells, in which PD-L1 expression and the release of ATP and HMGB1 were significantly increased. Intratumoral injection of OBP-502 significantly augmented the efficacy of PD-1 blockade on subcutaneous K2M2 and NHOS tumor models via enhancement of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Our results suggest that telomerase-specific oncolytic virotherapy is a promising antitumor strategy to promote the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mochizuki
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. .,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Koji Demiya
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Miho Kure
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kondo
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tadashi Komatsubara
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Joe Hasei
- Sports Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Medical Materials for Musculoskeletal Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuo Urata
- Oncolys BioPharma, Inc, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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14
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Ishikawa W, Kikuchi S, Ogawa T, Tabuchi M, Tazawa H, Kuroda S, Noma K, Nishizaki M, Kagawa S, Urata Y, Fujiwara T. Boosting Replication and Penetration of Oncolytic Adenovirus by Paclitaxel Eradicate Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:262-271. [PMID: 32728614 PMCID: PMC7378855 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is the most frequent form of distant metastasis and recurrence in gastric cancer, and the prognosis is extremely poor due to the resistance of systemic chemotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing attenuated adenovirus with oncolytic potency (OBP-401) synergistically suppressed the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer in combination with paclitaxel (PTX). OBP-401 synergistically suppressed the viability of human gastric cancer cells in combination with PTX. PTX enhanced the antitumor effect of OBP-401 due to enhanced viral replication in cancer cells. The combination therapy increased induction of mitotic catastrophe, resulting in accelerated autophagy and apoptosis. Peritoneally disseminated nodules were selectively visualized as GFP-positive spots by i.p. administration of OBP-401 in an orthotopic human gastric cancer peritoneal dissemination model. PTX enhanced the deep penetration of OBP-401 into the disseminated nodules. Moreover, a non-invasive in vivo imaging system demonstrated that the combination therapy of i.p. OBP-401 administration with PTX significantly inhibited growth of peritoneal metastatic tumors and the amount of malignant ascites. i.p. virotherapy with PTX may be a promising treatment strategy for the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoru Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Corresponding author: Satoru Kikuchi, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Tabuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinji Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nishizaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuo Urata
- Oncolys BioPharma, Inc., Tokyo 106-0032, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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15
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Structure-Activity Relationships and Molecular Docking Analysis of Mcl-1 Targeting Renieramycin T Analogues in Patient-derived Lung Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040875. [PMID: 32260280 PMCID: PMC7226000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins are promising targets for cancer therapy. Here, we investigated the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and performed molecular docking analysis of renieramycin T (RT) and its analogues and identified the critical functional groups of Mcl-1 targeting. RT have a potent anti-cancer activity against several lung cancer cells and drug-resistant primary cancer cells. RT mediated apoptosis through Mcl-1 suppression and it also reduced the level of Bcl-2 in primary cells. For SAR study, five analogues of RT were synthesized and tested for their anti-cancer and Mcl-1- and Bcl-2-targeting effects. Only two of them (TM-(-)-18 and TM-(-)-4a) exerted anti-cancer activities with the loss of Mcl-1 and partly reduced Bcl-2, while the other analogues had no such effects. Specific cyanide and benzene ring parts of RT's structure were identified to be critical for its Mcl-1-targeting activity. Computational molecular docking indicated that RT, TM-(-)-18, and TM-(-)-4a bound to Mcl-1 with high affinity, whereas TM-(-)-45, a compound with a benzene ring but no cyanide for comparison, showed the lowest binding affinity. As Mcl-1 helps cancer cells evading apoptosis, these data encourage further development of RT compounds as well as the design of novel drugs for treating Mcl-1-driven cancers.
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16
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Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Targeting of the ERK Signaling Pathway Inhibits Invasive Propensity in Human Pancreatic Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:107-117. [PMID: 32322667 PMCID: PMC7163052 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells have an exceptional ability to invade nerves through pronounced crosstalk between nerves and cancer cells; however, the mechanism of PDAC cell invasion remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of telomerase-specific oncolytic adenoviruses, OBP-301 and tumor suppressor p53-armed OBP-702, against human PDAC cells. Highly invasive PDAC cells exhibited higher levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) expression independent of KRAS expression; ERK1/2 inhibitor or small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment significantly reduced the migration and invasion of PDAC cells, suggesting that the ERK signaling pathway is associated with the invasiveness of PDAC cells. OBP-702 infection suppressed ERK signaling and inhibited PDAC cell migration and invasion more efficiently than OBP-301. OBP-702 also effectively inhibited PDAC cell invasion even when invasiveness was enhanced by administration of motility stimulators, such as nerve and neurosecretory factors. Moreover, noninvasive whole-body imaging analyses showed that OBP-702 significantly suppressed tumor growth in an orthotopic PDAC xenograft model, although both viruses were equally effective against subcutaneous tumors, suggesting that OBP-702 can influence the orthotopic tumor microenvironment. Our data suggest that oncolytic virus-mediated disruption of ERK signaling is a promising antitumor strategy for attenuating the invasiveness of PDAC cells.
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17
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Analysis and Identification of Tumorigenic Targets of MicroRNA in Cancer Cells by Photoreactive Chemical Probes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041545. [PMID: 32102467 PMCID: PMC7073161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactive RNA probes have unique advantages in the identification of microRNA (miR) targets due to their ability for efficient conjugation to the target sequences by covalent crosslinking, providing stable miR-mRNA complexes for further analysis. Here, we report a highly efficient and straightforward method for miR target identification that is based on photo-reactive chemical probes and RNA-seq technology (denotes PCP-Seq). UV reactive probes were prepared by incorporating psoralen in the specific position of the seed sequence of miR. Cancer cells that were transfected with the miR probes were treated with UV, following the isolation of poly(A) RNA and sequencing of the transcriptome. Quantitative analysis of RNA-seq reads and subsequent validation by qPCR, dual luciferase assay as well as western blotting confirmed that PCP-Seq could highly efficiently identify multiple targets of different miRs in the lung cancer cell line, such as targets PTTG1 and PTGR1 of miR-29a and ILF2 of miR-34a. Collectively, our data showed that PCP-Seq is a robust strategy for miR targets identification, and unique in the identification of the targets that escape degradation by miRISC and maintain normal cellular level, although their translation is repressed.
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18
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Tazawa H, Hasei J, Yano S, Kagawa S, Ozaki T, Fujiwara T. Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma: A New Target for Telomerase-Specific Oncolytic Virotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020478. [PMID: 32085583 PMCID: PMC7072448 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is widely and frequently used as a virus vector in cancer gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel antitumor treatment for inducing lytic cell death in tumor cells without affecting normal cells. Based on the Ad5 genome, we have generated three types of telomerase-specific replication-competent oncolytic adenoviruses: OBP-301 (Telomelysin), green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing OBP-401 (TelomeScan), and tumor suppressor p53-armed OBP-702. These viruses drive the expression of the adenoviral E1A and E1B genes under the control of the hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase-encoding gene) promoter, providing tumor-specific virus replication. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of three hTERT promoter-driven oncolytic adenoviruses against bone and soft-tissue sarcoma cells with telomerase activity. OBP-301 induces the antitumor effect in monotherapy or combination therapy with chemotherapeutic drugs via induction of autophagy and apoptosis. OBP-401 enables visualization of sarcoma cells within normal tissues by serving as a tumor-specific labeling reagent for fluorescence-guided surgery via induction of GFP expression. OBP-702 exhibits a profound antitumor effect in OBP-301-resistant sarcoma cells via activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Taken together, telomerase-specific oncolytic adenoviruses are promising antitumor reagents that are expected to provide novel therapeutic options for the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tazawa
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.Y.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-7491; Fax: +81-86-235-7492
| | - Joe Hasei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (J.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Shuya Yano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.Y.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.Y.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
- Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (J.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.Y.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
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19
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Liu AS, Yu HY, Yang YL, Xue FY, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhou ZY, Zhang B, Li L, Sun CZ, Huang P, Huang JF. A Chemotherapy-Driven Increase in Mcl-1 Mediates the Effect of miR-375 on Cisplatin Resistance in Osteosarcoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11667-11677. [PMID: 32021245 PMCID: PMC6942534 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s231125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most difficult cancers to treat due to its resistance to chemotherapy. The essential role played by Mcl-1 in promoting chemoresistance has been observed in a variety of cancers, including OS, while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods We investigated the expression of Mcl-1 in 42 paired OS specimens obtained before and after adjuvant chemotherapy, and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. Loss and gain of function studies were performed to analyze the effects of Mcl-1 modulations on the chemosensitivity, and the mechanism involved in the deregulation of Mcl-1 in OS cells. Results In OS specimens, the expression of Mcl-1 was significantly upregulated after chemotherapy, and high Mcl-1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival and an increased recurrence rate. Furthermore, we demonstrated that chemotherapy-driven increased Mcl-1 decreased chemosensitivity by promoting tumour proliferation and inhibiting DNA damage. Moreover, Mcl-1 was found to be a direct target of miR-375 in OS cells. The knockdown of Mcl-1 phenocopied miR-375 downregulation, and the overexpression of miR-375 rescued the effects of cisplatin-induced DNA damage mediated by Mcl-1. Conclusion Our data indicated that chemotherapy-driven increase in the expression of Mcl-1 plays a critical role in chemoresistance, and the intervention of the miR-375/Mcl-1 axis may offer a novel strategy to enhance chemosensitivity in OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Song Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lin Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Yao Xue
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Zheng Sun
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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20
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Viera GM, Salomao KB, de Sousa GR, Baroni M, Delsin LEA, Pezuk JA, Brassesco MS. miRNA signatures in childhood sarcomas and their clinical implications. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 21:1583-1623. [PMID: 30949930 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progresses in multimodal treatments have significantly improved the outcomes for childhood cancer. Nonetheless, for about one-third of patients with Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, or osteosarcoma steady remission has remained intangible. Thus, new biomarkers to improve early diagnosis and the development of precision-targeted medicine remain imperative. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in the basic understanding of miRNAs function and in interpreting the contribution of their dysregulation to cancer development and progression. On this basis, this review focuses on what has been learned about the pivotal roles of miRNAs in the regulation of key genes implicated in childhood sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Viera
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - K B Salomao
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - G R de Sousa
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - M Baroni
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - L E A Delsin
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - J A Pezuk
- Anhanguera University of Sao Paulo, UNIAN/SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - M S Brassesco
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil.
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21
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Kim YJ, Cubitt B, Chen E, Hull MV, Chatterjee AK, Cai Y, Kuhn JH, de la Torre JC. The ReFRAME library as a comprehensive drug repurposing library to identify mammarenavirus inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104558. [PMID: 31302150 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several mammarenaviruses, chiefly Lassa virus (LASV) in Western Africa and Junín virus (JUNV) in the Argentine Pampas, cause severe disease in humans and pose important public health problems in their endemic regions. Moreover, mounting evidence indicates that the worldwide-distributed mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected human pathogen of clinical significance. The lack of licensed mammarenavirus vaccines and partial efficacy of current anti-mammarenavirus therapy limited to an off-label use of the nucleoside analog ribavirin underscore an unmet need for novel therapeutics to combat human pathogenic mammarenavirus infections. This task can be facilitated by the implementation of "drug repurposing" strategies to reduce the time and resources required to advance identified antiviral drug candidates into the clinic. We screened a drug repurposing library of 11,968 compounds (Repurposing, Focused Rescue and Accelerated Medchem [ReFRAME]) and identified several potent inhibitors of LCMV multiplication that had also strong anti-viral activity against LASV and JUNV. Our findings indicate that enzymes of the rate-limiting steps of pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis, the pro-viral MCL1 apoptosis regulator, BCL2 family member protein and the mitochondrial electron transport complex III, play critical roles in the completion of the mammarenavirus life cycle, suggesting they represent potential druggable targets to counter human pathogenic mammarenavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell V Hull
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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22
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Donadoni M, Cicalese S, Sarkar DK, Chang SL, Sariyer IK. Alcohol exposure alters pre-mRNA splicing of antiapoptotic Mcl-1L isoform and induces apoptosis in neural progenitors and immature neurons. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:447. [PMID: 31171771 PMCID: PMC6554352 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing and expression of splice variants of genes in the brain may lead to the modulation of protein functions, which may ultimately influence behaviors associated with alcohol dependence and neurotoxicity. We recently showed that ethanol exposure can lead to pre-mRNA missplicing of Mcl-1, a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family, by downregulating the expression levels of serine/arginine rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1). Little is known about the physiological expression of these isoforms in neuronal cells and their role in toxicity induced by alcohol exposure during the developmental period. In order to investigate the impact of alcohol exposure on alternative splicing of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA and its role in neurotoxicity, we developed a unique primary human neuronal culture model where neurospheres (hNSPs), neural progenitors (hNPCs), immature neurons, and mature neurons were cultured from the matching donor fetal brain tissues. Our data suggest that neural progenitors and immature neurons are highly sensitive to the toxic effects of ethanol, while mature neuron cultures showed resistance to ethanol exposure. Further analysis of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA alternative splicing by semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis revealed that ethanol exposure causes a significant decrease in Mcl-1L/Mcl-1S ratio in a dose and time dependent manner in neural progenitors. Interestingly, ectopic expression of Mcl-1L isoform in neural progenitors was able to recover the viability loss and apoptosis induced by alcohol exposure. Altogether, these observations suggest that alternative splicing of Mcl-1 may play a crucial role in neurotoxicity associated with alcohol exposure in the developing fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Stephanie Cicalese
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Dipak K Sarkar
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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23
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Alizadeh M, Safarzadeh A, Beyranvand F, Ahmadpour F, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baghbanzadeh A, Baradaran B. The potential role of miR‐29 in health and cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19280-19297. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Safarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Fatemeh Beyranvand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Khorramabad Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | | | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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24
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Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1), a member of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, is a key regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis. Frequent overexpression of MCL-1 in human primary and drug-resistant cancer cells makes it an attractive cancer therapeutic target. Significant progress has been made in the development of small-molecule MCL-1 inhibitors in recent years, and three MCL-1 selective inhibitors have advanced to clinical trials. This review briefly discusses recent advances in the development of small molecules targeting MCL-1 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School,
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,
| | - Longchuan Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,
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25
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Henriques AC, Ribeiro D, Pedrosa J, Sarmento B, Silva PMA, Bousbaa H. Mitosis inhibitors in anticancer therapy: When blocking the exit becomes a solution. Cancer Lett 2018; 440-441:64-81. [PMID: 30312726 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) remain amongst the most important antimitotic drugs used against a broad range of malignancies. By perturbing spindle assembly, MTAs activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which induces mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis. However, besides toxic side effects and resistance, mitotic slippage and failure in triggering apoptosis in various cancer cells are limiting factors of MTAs efficacy. Alternative strategies to target mitosis without affecting microtubules have, thus, led to the identification of small molecules, such as those that target spindle Kinesins, Aurora and Polo-like kinases. Unfortunately, these so-called second-generation of antimitotics, encompassing mitotic blockers and mitotic drivers, have failed in clinical trials. Our recent understanding regarding the mechanisms of cell death during a mitotic arrest pointed out apoptosis as the main variable, providing an opportunity to control the cell fates and influence the effectiveness of antimitotics. Here, we provide an overview on the second-generation of antimitotics, and discuss possible strategies that exploit SAC activity, mitotic slippage/exit and apoptosis induction, in order to improve the efficacy of anticancer strategies that target mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Henriques
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joel Pedrosa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M A Silva
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Pol JG, Lévesque S, Workenhe ST, Gujar S, Le Boeuf F, Clements DR, Fahrner JE, Fend L, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1503032. [PMID: 30524901 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1503032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada.,Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek R Clements
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Villejuif, France.,Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - John C Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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27
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PTBP1 enhances miR-101-guided AGO2 targeting to MCL1 and promotes miR-101-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:552. [PMID: 29748555 PMCID: PMC5945587 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) is a key anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the BCL-2 protein family. To preserve normal cellular homeostasis, cells must maintain strict control over MCL1 expression. Overexpression of MCL1 has been identified as a key contributor to tumorigenesis, and further enables resistance to a number of anti-cancer chemotherapies. Thus, there is an ongoing interest to develop selective MCL1 inhibitors. In order to better target MCL1, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate MCL1 expression in cells. While MCL1 expression is tightly controlled by multiple mechanisms, the post-transcriptional regulation of MCL1 mRNA is poorly studied. Our previous work identified that polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) binds to MCL1 mRNA and represses MCL1 expression by destabilizing MCL1 mRNA. In this report, we show that PTBP1 modulates MCL1 expression by regulating the microRNA (miRNA) direction of the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) to MCL1. We demonstrate that PTBP1 enhances miR-101-guided AGO2 interaction with MCL1, thereby regulating miR-101-induced apoptosis and clonogenic cell survival inhibition in cells. Taken together, not only do these studies expand our understanding on the regulation of MCL1, they also demonstrate that PTBP1 and miRNAs can function cooperatively on a shared target mRNA.
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28
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Abstract
Cancer is a daunting global problem confronting the world's population. The most frequent therapeutic approaches include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and more recently immunotherapy. In the case of chemotherapy, patients ultimately develop resistance to both single and multiple chemotherapeutic agents, which can culminate in metastatic disease which is a major cause of patient death from solid tumors. Chemoresistance, a primary cause of treatment failure, is attributed to multiple factors including decreased drug accumulation, reduced drug-target interactions, increased populations of cancer stem cells, enhanced autophagy activity, and reduced apoptosis in cancer cells. Reprogramming tumor cells to undergo drug-induced apoptosis provides a promising and powerful strategy for treating resistant and recurrent neoplastic diseases. This can be achieved by downregulating dysregulated antiapoptotic factors or activation of proapoptotic factors in tumor cells. A major target of dysregulation in cancer cells that can occur during chemoresistance involves altered expression of Bcl-2 family members. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic molecules (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1) are frequently upregulated in acquired chemoresistant cancer cells, which block drug-induced apoptosis. We presently overview the potential role of Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins in the development of cancer chemoresistance and overview the clinical approaches that use Bcl-2 inhibitors to restore cell death in chemoresistant and recurrent tumors.
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29
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Yamakawa Y, Tazawa H, Hasei J, Osaki S, Omori T, Sugiu K, Komatsubara T, Uotani K, Fujiwara T, Yoshida A, Kunisada T, Urata Y, Kagawa S, Ozaki T, Fujiwara T. Role of zoledronic acid in oncolytic virotherapy: Promotion of antitumor effect and prevention of bone destruction. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1870-1880. [PMID: 28685948 PMCID: PMC5581539 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive malignant bone tumor that causes bone destruction. Although tumor‐specific replicating oncolytic adenovirus OBP‐301 induces an antitumor effect in an osteosarcoma tumor, it cannot prevent bone destruction. Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a clinically available agent that inhibits bone destruction. In this study, we investigated the potential of combination therapy with OBP‐301 and ZOL against osteosarcomas with bone destruction. The antitumor activity of OBP‐301 and ZOL in monotherapy or combination therapy was assessed using three human osteosarcoma cell lines (143B, MNNG/HOS, SaOS‐2). The cytotoxic effect of OBP‐301 and/or ZOL was measured by assay of cell apoptosis. The effect of OBP‐301 and ZOL on osteoclast activation was investigated. The potential of combination therapy against tumor growth and bone destruction was analyzed using an orthotopic 143B osteosarcoma xenograft tumor model. OBP‐301 and ZOL decreased the viability of human osteosarcoma cells. Combination therapy with OBP‐301 and ZOL displayed a synergistic antitumor effect, in which OBP‐301 promoted apoptosis through suppression of anti‐apoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1). Combination therapy significantly inhibited tumor‐mediated osteoclast activation, tumor growth and bone destruction compared to monotherapy. These results suggest that combination therapy of OBP‐301 and ZOL suppresses osteosarcoma progression via suppression of MCL1 and osteoclast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yamakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joe Hasei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Osaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Komatsubara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kouji Uotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Medical Materials for Musculoskeletal Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Kollinerová S, Dostál Z, Modrianský M. MicroRNA hsa-miR-29b potentiates etoposide toxicity in HeLa cells via down-regulation of Mcl-1. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:289-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li X, Yan ML, Yu Q. Identification of candidate drugs for the treatment of metastatic osteosarcoma through a subpathway analysis method. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4378-4384. [PMID: 28599440 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the third most frequent type of cancer in adolescents and represents >56% of all bone tumors. In addition, metastatic OS frequently demonstrates resistance to conventional chemotherapy; thus, the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with metastatic OS is warranted. In the present study, the metabolic mechanisms underlying OS metastasis were investigated using a subpathway analysis method and lead to the identification of candidate drugs for the treatment of metastatic OS. Using the GSE14827 microarray dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, 546 differentially expressed genes were identified between samples from patients with OS who did or did not develop metastatic OS. Furthermore, nine significantly enriched metabolic subpathways were identified, which may be involved in OS metastasis. Finally, using an integrated analysis of metastatic OS-associated subpathways and drug-affected subpathways, 98 small molecule drug candidates capable of targeting the metastatic OS-associated subpathways were identified. This method identified existing anti-cancer drugs, including semustine, in addition to predicting potential drugs, such as lansoprazole, for the treatment of metastatic OS. Transwell and wound healing assays demonstrated that lansoprazole reduced the invasiveness and migration of U2OS cells. These small molecule drug candidates identified through a bioinformatics approach may provide insights into novel therapy options for the treatment of patients with metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Lan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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