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Denisov S, Blinchevsky B, Friedman J, Gerbelli B, Ajeer A, Adams L, Greenwood C, Rogers K, Mourokh L, Lazarev P. Vitacrystallography: Structural Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Obtained by X-ray Scattering. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2499. [PMID: 39061139 PMCID: PMC11275015 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With breast cancer being one of the most widespread causes of death for women, there is an unmet need for its early detection. For this purpose, we propose a non-invasive approach based on X-ray scattering. We measured samples from 107 unique patients provided by the Breast Cancer Now Tissue Biobank, with the total dataset containing 2958 entries. Two different sample-to-detector distances, 2 and 16 cm, were used to access various structural biomarkers at distinct ranges of momentum transfer values. The biomarkers related to lipid metabolism are consistent with those of previous studies. Machine learning analysis based on the Random Forest Classifier demonstrates excellent performance metrics for cancer/non-cancer binary decisions. The best sensitivity and specificity values are 80% and 92%, respectively, for the sample-to-detector distance of 2 cm and 86% and 83% for the sample-to-detector distance of 16 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Denisov
- Matur UK Ltd., 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3TW, UK; (S.D.); (B.B.); (P.L.)
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 349, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Benjamin Blinchevsky
- Matur UK Ltd., 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3TW, UK; (S.D.); (B.B.); (P.L.)
- EosDx, Inc., 1455 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (J.F.); (C.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Jonathan Friedman
- EosDx, Inc., 1455 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (J.F.); (C.G.); (K.R.)
- Physics Department, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Barbara Gerbelli
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (B.G.); (A.A.); (L.A.)
| | - Ash Ajeer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (B.G.); (A.A.); (L.A.)
| | - Lois Adams
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (B.G.); (A.A.); (L.A.)
| | - Charlene Greenwood
- EosDx, Inc., 1455 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (J.F.); (C.G.); (K.R.)
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (B.G.); (A.A.); (L.A.)
| | - Keith Rogers
- EosDx, Inc., 1455 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (J.F.); (C.G.); (K.R.)
- Shrivenham Campus, Cranfield University, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Lev Mourokh
- EosDx, Inc., 1455 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (J.F.); (C.G.); (K.R.)
- Physics Department, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Pavel Lazarev
- Matur UK Ltd., 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3TW, UK; (S.D.); (B.B.); (P.L.)
- EosDx, Inc., 1455 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (J.F.); (C.G.); (K.R.)
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Arnold EL, Elarnaut F, Downes D, Evans JPO, Greenwood C, Rogers KD. Conical shell X-ray beam tomosynthesis and micro-computed tomography for microarchitectural characterisation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21480. [PMID: 38057401 PMCID: PMC10700317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone quality is commonly used to diagnose bone diseases such as osteoporosis, with many studies focusing on microarchitecture for fracture prediction. In this study a bovine distal femur was imaged using both micro-computed tomography (µCT) and tomosynthesis using focal construct geometry (FCG) for comparison of microarchitectural parameters. Six regions of interest (ROIs) were compared between the two imaging modalities, with both global and adaptive methods used to binarize the images. FCG images were downsampled to the same pixel size as the µCT images. Bone morphometrics were determined using BoneJ, for each imaging modality, binarization technique and ROI. Bone area/total area was found to have few significant differences between FCG and µCT (p < 0.05 for two of six ROIs). Fractal Dimension had only one significant difference (p < 0.05 for one of six ROIs) between µCT and downsampled FCG (where pixel size was equalized). Trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing were observed to follow trends as observed for the corresponding µCT images, although many absolute values were significantly different (p < 0.05 for between one and six ROIs depending on image types used). This study demonstrates the utility of tomosynthesis for measurement of microarchitectural morphometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Arnold
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, Wiltshire, UK.
| | - Farid Elarnaut
- Imaging Science Group, Nottingham Trent University, Rosalind Franklin Building, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - David Downes
- Imaging Science Group, Nottingham Trent University, Rosalind Franklin Building, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - J Paul O Evans
- Imaging Science Group, Nottingham Trent University, Rosalind Franklin Building, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Charlene Greenwood
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BJ, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Keith D Rogers
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, Wiltshire, UK
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Spence D, Dicken A, Downes D, Rogers K, Evans P. Conical shell illumination incorporating a moving aperture for depth-resolved high-energy X-ray diffraction. Analyst 2023; 148:1123-1129. [PMID: 36727261 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01842j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In many applications, the main limitation of X-ray absorption methods is that the signals measured are a function of the attenuation coefficient, which tells us almost nothing about the chemical or crystallographic nature of objects under inspection. To calculate fundamental crystallographic parameters requires the measurement of diffracted photons from a sample. Standard laboratory diffraction methods have been refined for well over a century and provide 'gold standard' structural models for well-prepared samples and single crystals but have little applicability for thick heterogeneous samples as demanded by many screening applications. We present a new high-energy X-ray diffraction probe, which in comparison with previous depth-resolving hollow beam techniques, requires a single beam, point detector and a simple swept aperture to resolve sample signatures at unknown locations within an inspection space. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to support experiments on both single- and multiple-material localisation and identification. The new probe is configured and tested using low-cost commercial components to provide a rapid and cost-effective solution for applications including explosives detection, process control and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spence
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anthony Dicken
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - David Downes
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Keith Rogers
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, UK
| | - Paul Evans
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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Jing Y, Zhang S, Li M, Zhang R, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Zhang D, Wu L. Structural characterization and biological activities of polysaccharide iron complex synthesized by plant polysaccharides: A review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1013067. [PMID: 36245516 PMCID: PMC9561936 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1013067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia can lead to a variety of functional disorders, which is one of the highest incidence of nutrient deficiency diseases. The direct addition of iron to food will not only brings difficulties to the production of products, but also brings damages to human body. In recent years, international studies have shown that polysaccharide iron complex (PIC) not only has a variety of pharmacological activities of polysaccharide itself, but also has the function of supplementing iron, so it is a good iron supplement. With the advantages of good solubility, high iron content, low gastrointestinal irritation and high bioavailability, PIC is an effective iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia and has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, the different preparation methods, structural characterization, biological activities and clinical applications of PIC synthesized by natural polysaccharides from plant were reviewed, in order to provide theoretical basis for the development and application of PIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Jing
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shilin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mingsong Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruijuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuguang Zheng
- College of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Danshen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lanfang Wu
- College of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Lanfang Wu
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V. KS, Anami BS, Latte MV. A combined feature set for automatic diaphyseal Tibial fracture classification from X-Ray images. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Zioupos P, Kirchner HOK, Peterlik H. Ageing bone fractures: The case of a ductile to brittle transition that shifts with age. Bone 2020; 131:115176. [PMID: 31809904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human bone becomes increasingly brittle with ageing. Bones also fracture differently under slow and fast loadings, being ductile and brittle, respectively. The effects of a combination of these two factors have never been examined before. Here we show that cortical bone is most fracture-resistant at the physiologically prevalent intermediate strain rates of 10-3 s-1 to 10-2 s-1 such as they occur in walking or running, slightly weaker at slower quasistatic and much weaker at fast impact loading rates. In young cortical bone (15 years of age) the ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) occurs at strain rates of 10-2 s-1, in old cortical bone (85 yrs) at speeds lower by a factor of 10 to 40. Other research has shown that the energy required to break bone (per unit of fracture surface) drops as much as 60% between these two ages. Therefore, DBT seems to compound the well-known phenomenon of 'brittle old bones'. Old bones can only cope with slow movement, young ones with both slow and fast movement. These observed material characteristics of (i) a shift of the DBT and (ii) a reduced energy absorption capacity appear to contribute at least as much to the loss of bone quality as the various quantity based (lowered bone density and mineral content) explanations of the past. They also provide a new powerful paradigm, which allows us to demonstrate mechanically, and uniquely, how human bone becomes increasingly brittle with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zioupos
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, DA of the UK, Shrivenham, UK.
| | - Helmut O K Kirchner
- INM- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D22, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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Shevchuk A, Evans JPO, Dicken AJ, Elarnaut F, Downes D, Godber SX, Rogers KD. Combined X-ray diffraction and absorption tomography using a conical shell beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:21092-21101. [PMID: 31510192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.021092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We combine diffraction and absorption tomography by raster scanning samples through a hollow cone of pseudo monochromatic X-rays with a mean energy of 58.4 keV. A single image intensifier takes 90x90 (x,y) snapshots during the scan. We demonstrate a proof-of-principle of our technique using a heterogeneous three-dimensional (x,y,z) phantom (90x90x170 mm3) comprised of different material phases, i.e., copper and sodium chlorate. Each snapshot enables the simultaneous measurement of absorption contrast and diffracted flux. The axial resolution was ~1 mm along the (x,y) orthogonal scan directions and ~7 mm along the z-axis. The tomosynthesis of diffracted flux measurements enable the calculation of d-spacing values with ~0.1 Å full width at half maximum (FWHM) at ~2 Å. Thus the identified materials may be color-coded in the absorption optical sections. Characterization of specific material phases is of particular interest in security screening for the identification of narcotics and a wide range of homemade explosives concealed within complex "everyday objects." Other potential application areas include process control and biological imaging.
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Evans JPO, Godber SX, Elarnaut F, Downes D, Dicken AJ, Rogers KD. X-ray absorption tomography employing a conical shell beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29048-29059. [PMID: 27958570 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate depth-resolved absorption imaging by scanning an object through a conical shell of X-rays. We measure ring shaped projections and apply tomosynthesis to extract optical sections at different axial focal plane positions. Three-dimensional objects have been imaged to validate our theoretical treatment. The novel principle of our method is scalable with respect to both scan size and X-ray energy. A driver for this work is to complement previously reported methods concerning the measurement of diffracted X-rays for structural analysis. The prospect of employing conical shell beams to combine both absorption and diffraction modalities would provide enhanced analytical utility and has many potential applications in security screening, process control and diagnostic imaging.
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