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Wang S, Gonzalez G, Owen DR, Sun L, Liu Y, Zwart T, Chen Y, Xiang L. Toward real-time, volumetric dosimetry for FLASH-capable clinical synchrocyclotrons using protoacoustic imaging. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 39073707 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fast low angle shot hyperfractionation (FLASH) radiotherapy (RT) holds promise for improving treatment outcomes and reducing side effects but poses challenges in radiation delivery accuracy due to its ultra-high dose rates. This necessitates the development of novel imaging and verification technologies tailored to these conditions. PURPOSE Our study explores the effectiveness of proton-induced acoustic imaging (PAI) in tracking the Bragg peak in three dimensions and in real time during FLASH proton irradiations, offering a method for volumetric beam imaging at both conventional and FLASH dose rates. METHODS We developed a three-dimensional (3D) PAI technique using a 256-element ultrasound detector array for FLASH dose rate proton beams. In the study, we tested protoacoustic signal with a beamline of a FLASH-capable synchrocyclotron, setting the distal 90% of the Bragg peak around 35 mm away from the ultrasound array. This configuration allowed us to assess various total proton radiation doses, maintaining a consistent beam output of 21 pC/pulse. We also explored a spectrum of dose rates, from 15 Gy/s up to a FLASH rate of 48 Gy/s, by administering a set number of pulses. Furthermore, we implemented a three-dot scanning beam approach to observe the distinct movements of individual Bragg peaks using PAI. All these procedures utilized a proton beam energy of 180 MeV to achieve the maximum possible dose rate. RESULTS Our findings indicate a strong linear relationship between protoacoustic signal amplitudes and delivered doses (R2 = 0.9997), with a consistent fit across different dose rates. The technique successfully provided 3D renderings of Bragg peaks at FLASH rates, validated through absolute Gamma index values. CONCLUSIONS The protoacoustic system demonstrates effectiveness in 3D visualization and tracking of the Bragg peak during FLASH proton therapy, representing a notable advancement in proton therapy quality assurance. This method promises enhancements in protoacoustic image guidance and real-time dosimetry, paving the way for more accurate and effective treatments in ultra-high dose rate therapy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Leshan Sun
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Mevion Medical Systems, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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2
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Kim K, Pandey PK, Gonzalez G, Chen Y, Xiang L. Simulation study of protoacoustics as a real-time in-line dosimetry tool for FLASH proton therapy. Med Phys 2024; 51:5070-5080. [PMID: 38116792 PMCID: PMC11186976 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Applying ultra-high dose rates to radiation therapy, otherwise known as FLASH, has been shown to be just as effective while sparing more normal tissue compared to conventional radiation therapy. However, there is a need for a dosimeter that is able to detect such high instantaneous dose, particularly in vivo. To fulfill this need, protoacoustics is introduced, which is an in vivo range verification method with submillimeter accuracy. PURPOSE The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of using protoacoustics as a method of in vivo real-time monitoring during FLASH proton therapy and investigating the resulting protoacoustic signal when dose per pulse and pulsewidth are varied through multiple simulation studies. METHODS The dose distribution of a proton pencil beam was calculated through a Monte Carlo toolbox, TOPAS. Next, the k-Wave toolbox in MATLAB was used for performing protoacoustic simulations, where the initial proton dose deposition was inputted to model acoustic propagations, which were also used for reconstructions. Simulations involving the manipulation of the dose per pulse and pulsewidth were performed, and the temporal and spatial resolution for protoacoustic reconstructions were investigated as well. A 3D reconstruction was performed with a multiple beam spot profile to investigate the spatial resolution as well as determine the feasibility of 3D imaging with protoacoustics. RESULTS Our results showed consistent linearity in the increasing dose-per-pulse, even up to rates considered for FLASH. The simulations and reconstructions were performed for a range of pulsewidths from 0.1 to 10 μs. The results show the characteristics of the proton beam after convolving the protoacoustic signal with the varying pulsewidths. 3D reconstruction was successfully performed with each beam being distinguishable using an 8 cm × 8 cm planar array. These simulation results show that measurements using protoacoustics has the potential for in vivo dosimetry in FLASH therapy during patient treatments in real time. CONCLUSION Through this simulation study, the use of protoacoustics in FLASH therapy was verified and explored through observations of varying parameters, such as the dose per pulse and pulsewidth. 2D and 3D reconstructions were also completed. This study shows the significance of using protoacoustics and provides necessary information, which can further be explored in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Caron J, Gonzalez G, Pandey PK, Wang S, Prather K, Ahmad S, Xiang L, Chen Y. Single pulse protoacoustic range verification using a clinical synchrocyclotron. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae. [PMID: 36634371 PMCID: PMC10567060 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Proton therapy as the next generation radiation-based cancer therapy offers dominant advantages over conventional radiation therapy due to the utilization of the Bragg peak; however, range uncertainty in beam delivery substantially mitigates the advantages of proton therapy. This work reports using protoacoustic measurements to determine the location of proton Bragg peak deposition within a water phantom in real time during beam delivery.Approach.In protoacoustics, proton beams have a definitive range, depositing a majority of the dose at the Bragg peak; this dose is then converted to heat. The resulting thermoelastic expansion generates a 3D acoustic wave, which can be detected by acoustic detectors to localize the Bragg peak.Main results.Protoacoustic measurements were performed with a synchrocyclotron proton machine over the exhaustive energy range from 45.5 to 227.15 MeV in clinic. It was found that the amplitude of the acoustic waves is proportional to proton dose deposition, and therefore encodes dosimetric information. With the guidance of protoacoustics, each individual proton beam (7 pC/pulse) can be directly visualized with sub-millimeter (<0.7 mm) resolution using single beam pulse for the first time.Significance.The ability to localize the Bragg peak in real-time and obtain acoustic signals proportional to dose within tumors could enable precision proton therapy and hope to progress towardsin vivomeasurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Caron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Siqi Wang
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Kiana Prather
- University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
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Sueyasu S, Takayanagi T, Miyazaki K, Kuriyama Y, Ishi Y, Uesugi T, Unlu MB, Kudo N, Chen Y, Kasamatsu K, Fujii M, Kobayashi M, Rohringer W, Matsuura T. Ionoacoustic application of an optical hydrophone to detect proton beam range in water. Med Phys 2022; 50:2438-2449. [PMID: 36565440 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton range uncertainty has been the main factor limiting the ability of proton therapy to concentrate doses to tumors to their full potential. Ionoacoustic (IA) range verification is an approach to reducing this uncertainty by detecting thermoacoustic waves emitted from an irradiated volume immediately following a pulsed proton beam delivery; however, the signal weakness has been an obstacle to its clinical application. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the conventional piezoelectric hydrophone (PH), the detector-sensitive volume needs to be large, but it could narrow the range of available beam angles and disturb real-time images obtained during beam delivery. PURPOSE To prevent this issue, we investigated a millimeter-sized optical hydrophone (OH) that exploits the laser interferometric principle. For two types of IA waves [γ-wave emitted from the Bragg peak (BP) and a spherical IA wave with resonant frequency (SPIRE) emitted from the gold fiducial marker (GM)], comparisons were made with PH in terms of waveforms, SNR, range detection accuracy, and signal intensity robustness against the small detector misalignment, particularly for SPIRE. METHODS A 100-MeV proton beam with a 27 ns pulse width and 4 mm beam size was produced using a fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator and was irradiated to the water phantom. The GM was set on the beam's central axis. Acrylic plates of various thicknesses, up to 12 mm, were set in front of the phantoms to shift the proton range. OH was set distal and lateral to the beam, and the range was estimated using the time-of-flight method for γ-wave and by comparing with the calibration data (SPIRE intensity versus the distance between the GM and BP) derived from an IA wave transport simulation for SPIRE. The BP dose per pulse was 0.5-0.6 Gy. To measure the variation in SPIRE amplitude against the hydrophone misalignment, the hydrophone was shifted by ± 2 mm at a maximum in lateral directions. RESULTS Despite its small size, OH could detect γ-wave with a higher SNR than the conventional PH (diameter, 29 mm), and a single measurement was sufficient to detect the beam range with a submillimeter accuracy in water. In the SPIRE measurement, OH was far more robust against the detector misalignment than the focused PH (FPH) used in our previous study [5%/mm (OH) versus 80%/mm (FPH)], and the correlation between the measured SPIRE intensity and the distance between the GM and BP agreed well with the simulation results. However, the OH sensitivity was lower than the FPH sensitivity, and about 5.6-Gy dose was required to decrease the intensity variation among measurements to less than 10%. CONCLUSION The miniature OH was found to detect weak IA signals produced by proton beams with a BP dose used in hypofractionated regimens. The OH sensitivity improvement at the MHz regime is worth exploring as the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sueyasu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taisuke Takayanagi
- Hitachi Ltd, Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Miyazaki
- Hitachi Ltd, Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kuriyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomonori Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mehmet Burcin Unlu
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nobuki Kudo
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ye Chen
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koki Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Planetary Exploration Research Institute, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Taeko Matsuura
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Investigation on Accuracy of Stopping Power Ratio Prediction Based on Spectral CT. J Med Biol Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-022-00761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Schauer J, Wieser HP, Huang Y, Ruser H, Lascaud J, Würl M, Chmyrov A, Vidal M, Herault J, Ntziachristos V, Assmann W, Parodi K, Dollinger G. Proton beam range verification by means of ionoacoustic measurements at clinically relevant doses using a correlation-based evaluation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:925542. [PMID: 36408153 PMCID: PMC9670173 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Bragg peak located at the end of the ion beam range is one of the main advantages of ion beam therapy compared to X-Ray radiotherapy. However, verifying the exact position of the Bragg peak within the patient online is a major challenge. The goal of this work was to achieve submillimeter proton beam range verification for pulsed proton beams of an energy of up to 220 MeV using ionoacoustics for a clinically relevant dose deposition of typically 2 Gy per fraction by i) using optimal proton beam characteristics for ionoacoustic signal generation and ii) improved signal detection by correlating the signal with simulated filter templates. Methods A water tank was irradiated with a preclinical 20 MeV proton beam using different pulse durations ranging from 50 ns up to 1 μs in order to maximise the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ionoacoustic signals. The ionoacoustic signals were measured using a piezo-electric ultrasound transducer in the MHz frequency range. The signals were filtered using a cross correlation-based signal processing algorithm utilizing simulated templates, which enhances the SNR of the recorded signals. The range of the protons is evaluated by extracting the time of flight (ToF) of the ionoacoustic signals and compared to simulations from a Monte Carlo dose engine (FLUKA). Results Optimised SNR of 28.0 ± 10.6 is obtained at a beam current of 4.5 μA and a pulse duration of 130 ns at a total peak dose deposition of 0.5 Gy. Evaluated ranges coincide with Monte Carlo simulations better than 0.1 mm at an absolute range of 4.21 mm. Higher beam energies require longer proton pulse durations for optimised signal generation. Using the correlation-based post-processing filter a SNR of 17.8 ± 5.5 is obtained for 220 MeV protons at a total peak dose deposition of 1.3 Gy. For this clinically relevant dose deposition and proton beam energy, submillimeter range verification was achieved at an absolute range of 303 mm in water. Conclusion Optimal proton pulse durations ensure an ideal trade-off between maximising the ionoacoustic amplitude and minimising dose deposition. In combination with a correlation-based post-processing evaluation algorithm, a reasonable SNR can be achieved at low dose levels putting clinical applications for online proton or ion beam range verification into reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Schauer
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jannis Schauer,
| | - Hans-Peter Wieser
- Faculty of Physics, Chair of Medical and Experimental Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Yuanhui Huang
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinrich Ruser
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Julie Lascaud
- Faculty of Physics, Chair of Medical and Experimental Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Matthias Würl
- Faculty of Physics, Chair of Medical and Experimental Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Andriy Chmyrov
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Vidal
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne (CAL), Department of Radiation Oncology, Nice, France
| | - Joel Herault
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne (CAL), Department of Radiation Oncology, Nice, France
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Walter Assmann
- Faculty of Physics, Chair of Medical and Experimental Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Faculty of Physics, Chair of Medical and Experimental Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
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van der Heyden B, Heymans SV, Carlier B, Collado-Lara G, Sterpin E, D’hooge J. Deep learning for dose assessment in radiotherapy by the super-localization of vaporized nanodroplets in high frame rate ultrasound imaging. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac6cc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. External beam radiotherapy is aimed to precisely deliver a high radiation dose to malignancies, while optimally sparing surrounding healthy tissues. With the advent of increasingly complex treatment plans, the delivery should preferably be verified by quality assurance methods. Recently, online ultrasound imaging of vaporized radiosensitive nanodroplets was proposed as a promising tool for in vivo dosimetry in radiotherapy. Previously, the detection of sparse vaporization events was achieved by applying differential ultrasound (US) imaging followed by intensity thresholding using subjective parameter tuning, which is sensitive to image artifacts. Approach. A generalized deep learning solution (i.e. BubbleNet) is proposed to localize vaporized nanodroplets on differential US frames, while overcoming the aforementioned limitation. A 5-fold cross-validation was performed on a diversely composed 5747-frame training/validation dataset by manual segmentation. BubbleNet was then applied on a test dataset of 1536 differential US frames to evaluate dosimetric features. The intra-observer variability was determined by scoring the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) on 150 frames segmented twice. Additionally, the BubbleNet generalization capability was tested on an external test dataset of 432 frames acquired by a phased array transducer at a much lower ultrasound frequency and reconstructed with unconventional pixel dimensions with respect to the training dataset. Main results. The median DSC in the 5-fold cross validation was equal to ∼0.88, which was in line with the intra-observer variability (=0.86). Next, BubbleNet was employed to detect vaporizations in differential US frames obtained during the irradiation of phantoms with a 154 MeV proton beam or a 6 MV photon beam. BubbleNet improved the bubble-count statistics by ∼30% compared to the earlier established intensity-weighted thresholding. The proton range was verified with a −0.8 mm accuracy. Significance. BubbleNet is a flexible tool to localize individual vaporized nanodroplets on experimentally acquired US images, which improves the sensitivity compared to former thresholding-weighted methods.
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Abstract
Acoustic biosensors are widely used in physical, chemical, and biosensing applications. One of the major concerns in acoustic biosensing is the delicacy of the medium through which acoustic waves propagate and reach acoustic sensors. Even a small airgap diminishes acoustic signal strengths due to high acoustic impedance mismatch. Therefore, the presence of a coupling medium to create a pathway for an efficient propagation of acoustic waves is essential. Here, we have reviewed the chemical, physical, and acoustic characteristics of various coupling material (liquid, gel-based, semi-dry, and dry) and present a guide to determine a suitable application-specific coupling medium.
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9
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Wieser HP, Huang Y, Schauer J, Lascaud J, Würl M, Lehrack S, Radonic D, Vidal M, Hérault J, Chmyrov A, Ntziachristos V, Assmann W, Parodi K, Dollinger G. Experimental demonstration of accurate Bragg peak localization with ionoacoustic tandem phase detection (iTPD). Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34847532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac3ead] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the exact stopping location of ions inside the patient would allow full exploitation of their ballistic properties for patient treatment. The localized energy deposition of a pulsed particle beam induces a rapid temperature increase of the irradiated volume and leads to the emission of ionoacoustic (IA) waves. Detecting the time-of-flight (ToF) of the IA wave allows inferring information on the Bragg peak location and can henceforth be used forin-vivorange verification. A challenge for IA is the poor signal-to-noise ratio at clinically relevant doses and viable machines. We present a frequency-based measurement technique, labeled as ionoacoustic tandem phase detection (iTPD) utilizing lock-in amplifiers. The phase shift of the IA signal to a reference signal is measured to derive theToF. Experimental IA measurements with a 3.5 MHz lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducer and lock-in amplifiers were performed in water using 22 MeV proton bursts. A digital iTPD was performedin-silicoat clinical dose levels on experimental data obtained from a clinical facility and secondly, on simulations emulating a heterogeneous geometry. For the experimental setup using 22 MeV protons, a localization accuracy and precision obtained through iTPD deviates from a time-based reference analysis by less than 15μm. Several methodological aspects were investigated experimentally in systematic manner. Lastly, iTPD was evaluatedin-silicofor clinical beam energies indicating that iTPD is in reach of sub-mm accuracy for fractionated doses < 5 Gy. iTPD can be used to accurately measure theToFof IA signals online via its phase shift in frequency domain. An application of iTPD to the clinical scenario using a single pulsed beam is feasible but requires further development to reach <1 Gy detection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Wieser
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Y Huang
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Schauer
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - J Lascaud
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - M Würl
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - S Lehrack
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - D Radonic
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - M Vidal
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne-Fédération Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de Lanterne, F-06200 Nice, France
| | - J Hérault
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne-Fédération Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de Lanterne, F-06200 Nice, France
| | - A Chmyrov
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - V Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - W Assmann
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - K Parodi
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - G Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
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Yao S, Hu Z, Xie Q, Yang Y, Peng H. Further investigation of 3D dose verification in proton therapy utilizing acoustic signal, wavelet decomposition and machine learning. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34768245 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Online dose verification in proton therapy is a critical task for quality assurance. We further studied the feasibility of using a wavelet-based machine learning framework to accomplishing that goal in three dimensions, built upon our previous work in 1D. The wavelet decomposition was utilized to extract features of acoustic signals and a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) recurrent neural network (RNN) was used. The 3D dose distributions of mono-energetic proton beams (multiple beam energies) inside a 3D CT phantom, were generated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The 3D propagation of acoustic signal was modeled using the k-Wave toolbox. Three different beamlets (i.e. acoustic pathways) were tested, one with its own model. The performance was quantitatively evaluated in terms of mean relative error (MRE) of dose distribution and positioning error of Bragg peak (ΔBP), for two signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Due to the lack of experimental data for the time being, two SNR conditions were modeled (SNR = 1 and 5). The model is found to yield good accuracy and noise immunity for all three beamlets. The results exhibit an MRE below 0.6% (without noise) and 1.2% (SNR = 5), andΔBPbelow 1.2 mm (without noise) and 1.3 mm (SNR = 5). For the worst-case scenario (SNR = 1), the MRE andΔBPare below 2.3% and 1.9 mm, respectively. It is encouraging to find out that our model is able to identify the correlation between acoustic waveforms and dose distributions in 3D heterogeneous tissues, as in the 1D case. The work lays a good foundation for us to advance the study and fully validate the feasibility with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhuan Yao
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongsheng Hu
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xie
- ProtonSmart Ltd, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China; Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, 430072, People's Republic of China.,ProtonSmart Ltd, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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Lascaud J, Dash P, Wieser HP, Kalunga R, Würl M, Assmann W, Parodi K. Investigating the accuracy of co-registered ionoacoustic and ultrasound images in pulsed proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34438378 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The sharp spatial and temporal dose gradients of pulsed ion beams result in an acoustic emission (ionoacoustics), which can be used to reconstruct the dose distribution from measurements at different positions. The accuracy of range verification from ionoacoustic images measured with an ultrasound linear array configuration is investigated both theoretically and experimentally for monoenergetic proton beams at energies relevant for pre-clinical studies (20 and 22 MeV). The influence of the linear sensor array arrangement (length up to 4 cm and number of elements from 5 to 200) and medium properties on the range estimation accuracy are assessed using time-reversal reconstruction. We show that for an ideal homogeneous case, the ionoacoustic images enable a range verification with a relative error lower than 0.1%, however, with limited lateral dose accuracy. Similar results were obtained experimentally by irradiating a water phantom and taking into account the spatial impulse response (geometry) of the acoustic detector during the reconstruction of pressures obtained by moving laterally a single-element transducer to mimic a linear array configuration. Finally, co-registered ionoacoustic and ultrasound images were investigated using silicone inserts immersed in the water phantom across the proton beam axis. By accounting for the sensor response and speed of sound variations (deduced from co-registration with ultrasound images) the accuracy is improved to a few tens of micrometers (relative error less than to 0.5%), confirming the promise of ongoing developments for ionoacoustic range verification in pre-clinical and clinical proton therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lascaud
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Pratik Dash
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Wieser
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Ronaldo Kalunga
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Matthias Würl
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Walter Assmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
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12
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Yu Y, Qi P, Peng H. Feasibility study of 3D time-reversal reconstruction of proton-induced acoustic signals for dose verification in the head and the liver: A simulation study. Med Phys 2021; 48:4485-4497. [PMID: 34120348 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo range and dose verification based on proton-induced acoustics (protoacoustics) is potentially a useful tool for proton therapy. Built upon our previous study with two-dimensional reconstruction, the time reversal (TR) method was extended to three-dimensional (3D) and evaluated at two treatment sites (head and liver) through simulation, with the emphasis on a number of aspects such as increased spatial coverage, computational workload, and signal interference among slices. METHODS Two mono-energetic pencil beams were modeled in each site. The k-Wave toolbox was used to investigate the propagation and TR reconstruction of acoustic waves. The performance was quantitatively assessed based on mean square error (MSE) for dose verification and Bragg peak localization error (ΔBP ) for range verification, with regard to five parameters: number of sensors, sampling duration, sampling timestep, spill time, and noise level. RESULTS The respective impacts of five parameters are examined. Under the optimum setting, the achievable ΔBP can be limited within 1 voxel (voxel size: 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 ) and the achievable MSE can be limited below 0.02, for the head case (56 sensors) and the liver case (204 sensors), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of range and dose verification utilizing the 3D TR method is demonstrated, as the very first step. In spite of several challenges unique to the 3D case (spatial coverage, computational workload, and signal interference among slices, etc.), promising performance is found and can be further improved through optimizing the deployment of sensors. The proposed approach may find potential use in several applications: beam diagnostics, in vivo dosimetry, and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yu
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pengyuan Qi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,ProtonSmart Ltd, Wuhan, China
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13
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Kawula M, Binder TM, Liprandi S, Viegas R, Parodi K, Thirolf PG. Sub-millimeter precise photon interaction position determination in large monolithic scintillators via convolutional neural network algorithms. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34062523 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac06e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the development and application of a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based algorithm to precisely determine the interaction position ofγ-quanta in large monolithic scintillators. Those are used as an absorber component of a Compton camera (CC) system under development for ion beam range verification via prompt-gamma imaging. We examined two scintillation crystals: LaBr3:Ce and CeBr3. Each crystal had dimensions of 50.8 mm × 50.8 mm × 30 mm and was coupled to a 64-fold segmented multi-anode photomultiplier tube (PMT) with an 8 × 8 pixel arrangement. We determined the spatial resolution for three photon energies of 662, 1.17 and 1.33 MeV obtained from 2D detector scans with tightly collimated137Cs and60Co photon sources. With the new algorithm we achieved a spatial resolution for the CeBr3 crystal below 1.11(8) mm and below 0.98(7) mm for the LaBr3:Ce detector for all investigated energies between 662 keV and 1.33 MeV. We thereby improved the performance by more than a factor of 2.5 compared to the previously used categorical average pattern algorithm, which is a variation of the well-established k-nearest neighbor algorithm. The trained CNN has a low memory footprint and enables the reconstruction of up to 104events per second with only one GPU. Those improvements are crucial on the way to future clinicalin vivoapplicability of the CC for ion beam range verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawula
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - T M Binder
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany.,KETEK GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - S Liprandi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - R Viegas
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany.,University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - K Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - P G Thirolf
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
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14
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Heymans SV, Carlier B, Toumia Y, Nooijens S, Ingram M, Giammanco A, d'Agostino E, Crijns W, Bertrand A, Paradossi G, Himmelreich U, D'hooge J, Sterpin E, Van Den Abeele K. Modulating ultrasound contrast generation from injectable nanodroplets for proton range verification by varying the degree of superheat. Med Phys 2021; 48:1983-1995. [PMID: 33587754 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the physical benefits of protons over conventional photon radiation in cancer treatment, range uncertainties impede the ability to harness the full potential of proton therapy. While monitoring the proton range in vivo could reduce the currently adopted safety margins, a routinely applicable range verification technique is still lacking. Recently, phase-change nanodroplets were proposed for proton range verification, demonstrating a reproducible relationship between the proton range and generated ultrasound contrast after radiation-induced vaporization at 25°C. In this study, previous findings are extended with proton irradiations at different temperatures, including the physiological temperature of 37°C, for a novel nanodroplet formulation. Moreover, the potential to modulate the linear energy transfer (LET) threshold for vaporization by varying the degree of superheat is investigated, where the aim is to demonstrate vaporization of nanodroplets directly by primary protons. METHODS Perfluorobutane nanodroplets with a shell made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-PFB) or 10,12-pentacosadyinoic acid (PCDA-PFB) were dispersed in polyacrylamide hydrogels and irradiated with 62 MeV passively scattered protons at temperatures of 37°C and 50°C. Nanodroplet transition into echogenic microbubbles was assessed using ultrasound imaging (gray value and attenuation analysis) and optical images. The proton range was measured independently and compared to the generated contrast. RESULTS Nanodroplet design proved crucial to ensure thermal stability, as PVA-shelled nanodroplets dramatically outperformed their PCDA-shelled counterpart. At body temperature, a uniform radiation response proximal to the Bragg peak is attributed to nuclear reaction products interacting with PVA-PFB nanodroplets, with the 50% drop in ultrasound contrast being 0.17 mm ± 0.20 mm (mean ± standard deviation) in front of the proton range. Also at 50°C, highly reproducible ultrasound contrast profiles were obtained with shifts of -0.74 mm ± 0.09 mm (gray value analysis), -0.86 mm ± 0.04 mm (attenuation analysis) and -0.64 mm ± 0.29 mm (optical analysis). Moreover, a strong contrast enhancement was observed near the Bragg peak, suggesting that nanodroplets were sensitive to primary protons. CONCLUSIONS By varying the degree of superheat of the nanodroplets' core, one can modulate the intensity of the generated ultrasound contrast. Moreover, a submillimeter reproducible relationship between the ultrasound contrast and the proton range was obtained, either indirectly via the visualization of secondary reaction products or directly through the detection of primary protons, depending on the degree of superheat. The potential of PVA-PFB nanodroplets for in vivo proton range verification was confirmed by observing a reproducible radiation response at physiological temperature, and further studies aim to assess the nanodroplets' performance in a physiological environment. Ultimately, cost-effective online or offline ultrasound imaging of radiation-induced nanodroplet vaporization could facilitate the reduction of safety margins in treatment planning and enable adaptive proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie V Heymans
- Department of Physics, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Carlier
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yosra Toumia
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sjoerd Nooijens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Ingram
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Gaio Paradossi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan D'hooge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Freijo C, Herraiz JL, Sanchez-Parcerisa D, Udias JM. Dictionary-based protoacoustic dose map imaging for proton range verification. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100240. [PMID: 33520652 PMCID: PMC7820918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton radiotherapy has the potential to provide state-of-the-art dose conformality in the tumor area, reducing possible adverse effects on surrounding organs at risk. However, uncertainties in the exact location of the proton Bragg peak inside the patient prevent this technique from achieving full clinical potential. In this context, in vivo verification of the range of protons in patients is key to reduce uncertainty margins. Protoacoustic range verification employs acoustic pressure waves generated by protons due to the radio-induced thermoacoustic effect to reconstruct the dose deposited in a patient during proton therapy. In this paper, we propose to use the a priori knowledge of the shape of the proton dose distribution to create a dictionary with the expected ultrasonic signals at predetermined detector locations. Using this dictionary, the reconstruction of deposited dose is performed by matching pre-calculated dictionary acoustic signals with data acquired online during treatment. The dictionary method was evaluated on a single-field proton plan for a prostate cancer patient. Dose calculation was performed with the open-source treatment planning system matRad, while acoustic wave propagation was carried out with k-Wave. We studied the ability of the proposed dictionary method to detect range variations caused by anatomical changes in tissue density, and alterations of lateral and longitudinal beam position. Our results show that the dictionary-based protoacoustic method was able to identify the changes in range originated by all the alterations introduced, with an average accuracy of 1.4 mm. This procedure could be used for in vivo verification, comparing the measured signals with the precalculated dictionary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Freijo
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Joaquin L. Herraiz
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Parcerisa
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Sedecal, Molecular Imaging, 28119, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Udias
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Lascaud J, Dash P, Würl M, Wieser HP, Wollant B, Kalunga R, Assmann W, Clevert DA, Ferrari A, Sala P, Savoia AS, Parodi K. Enhancement of the ionoacoustic effect through ultrasound and photoacoustic contrast agents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2725. [PMID: 33526802 PMCID: PMC7851171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic depth dose deposition of ion beams, with a maximum at the end of their range (Bragg peak) allows for local treatment delivery, resulting in better sparing of the adjacent healthy tissues compared to other forms of external beam radiotherapy treatments. However, the optimal clinical exploitation of the favorable ion beam ballistic is hampered by uncertainties in the in vivo Bragg peak position. Ionoacoustics is based on the detection of thermoacoustic pressure waves induced by a properly pulsed ion beam (e.g., produced by modern compact accelerators) to image the irradiated volume. Co-registration between ionoacoustics and ultrasound imaging offers a promising opportunity to monitor the ion beam and patient anatomy during the treatment. Nevertheless, the detection of the ionoacoustic waves is challenging due to very low pressure amplitudes and frequencies (mPa/kHz) observed in clinical applications. We investigate contrast agents to enhance the acoustic emission. Ultrasound microbubbles are used to increase the ionoacoustic frequency around the microbubble resonance frequency. Moreover, India ink is investigated as a possible mean to enhance the signal amplitude by taking advantage of additional optical photon absorption along the ion beam and subsequent photoacoustic effect. We report amplitude increase of up to 200% of the ionoacoustic signal emission in the MHz frequency range by combining microbubbles and India ink contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lascaud
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Pratik Dash
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Matthias Würl
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Wieser
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wollant
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Ronaldo Kalunga
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Walter Assmann
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Dirk-André Clevert
- Interdisciplinary Ultrasound-Center, Department of Radiology, University of Munich-Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ferrari
- Universitätsklinikum, Heidelberg, Germany
- Gangneu-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Paola Sala
- Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Katia Parodi
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany.
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17
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Ozoemelam I, van der Graaf E, van Goethem MJ, Kapusta M, Zhang N, Brandenburg S, Dendooven P. Feasibility of quasi-prompt PET-based range verification in proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:245013. [PMID: 32650323 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aba504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compared to photon therapy, proton therapy allows a better conformation of the dose to the tumor volume with reduced radiation dose to co-irradiated tissues. In vivo verification techniques including positron emission tomography (PET) have been proposed as quality assurance tools to mitigate proton range uncertainties. Detection of differences between planned and actual dose delivery on a short timescale provides a fast trigger for corrective actions. Conventional PET-based imaging of 15O (T1/2 = 2 min) and 11C (T1/2 = 20 min) distributions precludes such immediate feedback. We here present a demonstration of near real-time range verification by means of PET imaging of 12N (T1/2 = 11 ms). PMMA and graphite targets were irradiated with a 150 MeV proton pencil beam consisting of a series of pulses of 10 ms beam-on and 90 ms beam-off. Two modules of a modified Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner (21 × 21 cm2 each), installed 25 cm apart, were used to image the beam-induced PET activity during the beam-off periods. The modifications enable the detectors to be switched off during the beam-on periods. 12N images were reconstructed using planar tomography. Using a 1D projection of the 2D reconstructed 12N image, the activity range was obtained from a fit of the activity profile with a sigmoid function. Range shifts due to modified target configurations were assessed for multiples of the clinically relevant 108 protons per pulse (approximately equal to the highest intensity spots in the pencil beam scanning delivery of a dose of 1 Gy over a cubic 1 l volume). The standard deviation of the activity range, determined from 30 datasets obtained from three irradiations on PMMA and graphite targets, was found to be 2.5 and 2.6 mm (1σ) with 108 protons per pulse and 0.9 and 0.8 mm (1σ) with 109 protons per pulse. Analytical extrapolation of the results from this study shows that using a scanner with a solid angle coverage of 57%, with optimized detector switching and spot delivery times much smaller than the 12N half-life, an activity range measurement precision of 2.0 mm (1σ) and 1.3 mm (1σ) within 50 ms into an irradiation with 4 × 107 and 108 protons per pencil beam spot can be potentially realized. Aggregated imaging of neighboring spots or, if possible, increasing the number of protons for a few probe beam spots will enable the realization of higher precision range measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechi Ozoemelam
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Ozoemelam I, van der Graaf E, Brandenburg S, Dendooven P. The production of positron emitters with millisecond half-life during helium beam radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:235012. [PMID: 31658450 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab51c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapy with helium ions is currently receiving significantly increasing interest because helium ions have a sharper penumbra than protons and undergo less fragmentation than carbon ions and thus require less complicated dose calculations. For any ion of interest in hadron therapy, the accuracy of dose delivery is limited by range uncertainties. This has led to efforts by several groups to develop in vivo verification techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET), for monitoring of the dose delivery. Beam-on PET monitoring during proton therapy through the detection of short-lived positron emitters such as 12N (T 1/2 = 11 ms), an emerging PET technique, provides an attractive option given the achievable range accuracy, minimal susceptibility to biological washout and provision of near prompt feedback. Extension of this approach to helium ions requires information on the production yield of relevant short-lived positron emitters. This study presents the first measurements of the production of short-lived positron emitters in water, graphite, calcium and phosphorus targets irradiated with 59 MeV/u 3He and 50 MeV/u 4He beams. For these targets, the most produced short-lived nuclides are 13O/12N (T 1/2 = 8.6/11 ms) on water, 13O/12N on graphite, 43Ti/41Sc/42Sc (T 1/2 = 509-680 ms) on calcium, 28P (T 1/2 = 268 ms) on phosphorus. A translation of the results from elemental targets to PMMA and representative tissues such as adipose tissue, muscle, compact and cortical bone, shows the dominance of 13O/12N in at least the first 20 s of an irradiation with 4He and somewhat longer with 3He. As the production of 13O/12N in a 3He irradiation is 3-4 times higher than in a 4He irradiation, from a statistical point of view, range verification using 13O/12N PET imaging will be about 2 times more precise for a 3He irradiation compared to a 4He irradiation.
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19
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Hazan Y, Rosenthal A. Simultaneous multi-channel ultrasound detection via phase modulated pulse interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:28844-28854. [PMID: 31684629 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.028844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In optical detection of ultrasound, resonators with high Q-factors are often used to maximize sensitivity. However, in order to perform parallel interrogation, conventional interferometric techniques require an overlap between the spectra of all the resonators, which is difficult to achieve with high Q-factor resonators. In this paper, a new method is developed for parallel interrogation of optical resonators with non-overlapping spectra. The method is based on a phase-modulation scheme for pulse interferometry (PM-PI) and requires only a single photodetector and sampling channel per ultrasound detector. Using PM-PI, parallel ultrasound detection is demonstrated with four high Q-factor resonators.
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20
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I-BEAT: Ultrasonic method for online measurement of the energy distribution of a single ion bunch. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6714. [PMID: 31040311 PMCID: PMC6491586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of a wave carries all information about the spatial and temporal structure of its source, given that the medium and its properties are known. Most modern imaging methods seek to utilize this nature of waves originating from Huygens' principle. We discuss the retrieval of the complete kinetic energy distribution from the acoustic trace that is recorded when a short ion bunch deposits its energy in water. This novel method, which we refer to as Ion-Bunch Energy Acoustic Tracing (I-BEAT), is a refinement of the ionoacoustic approach. With its capability of completely monitoring a single, focused proton bunch with prompt readout and high repetition rate, I-BEAT is a promising approach to meet future requirements of experiments and applications in the field of laser-based ion acceleration. We demonstrate its functionality at two laser-driven ion sources for quantitative online determination of the kinetic energy distribution in the focus of single proton bunches.
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21
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A novel range-verification method using ionoacoustic wave generated from spherical gold markers for particle-beam therapy: a simulation study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4011. [PMID: 30850625 PMCID: PMC6408528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38889-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a novel alternative range-verification method for proton beam with acoustic waves generated from spherical metal markers. When proton beam is incident on metal markers, most of the resulting pressure waves are confined in the markers because of the large difference in acoustic impedance between the metal and tissue. However, acoustic waves with frequency equal to marker’s resonant frequency escape this confinement; the marker briefly acts as an acoustic transmitter. Herein, this phenomenon is exploited to measure the range of the proton beam. We test the proposed strategy in 3-D simulations, combining the dose calculations with modelling of acoustic-wave propagation. A spherical gold marker of 2.0 mm diameter was placed in water with a 60 MeV proton beam incident on it. We investigated the dependence of pressure waves on the width of beam pulse and marker position. At short beam pulse, specific high-frequency acoustic waves of 1.62 MHz originating from the marker were observed in wave simulations, whose amplitude correlated with the distance between the marker and Bragg peak. Results indicate that the Bragg peak position can be estimated by measuring the acoustic wave amplitudes from the marker, using a single detector properly designed for the resonance frequency.
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22
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Landry G, Hua CH. Current state and future applications of radiological image guidance for particle therapy. Med Phys 2018; 45:e1086-e1095. [PMID: 30421805 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, we first give a short overview of radiological image guidance in photon radiotherapy, placing emphasis on the fact that linac based radiotherapy has outpaced particle therapy in the adoption of volumetric image guidance. While cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been an established technique in linac treatment rooms for almost two decades, the widespread adoption of volumetric image guidance in particle therapy, whether by means of CBCT or in-room CT imaging, is recent. This lag may be attributable to the bespoke nature and lower number of particle therapy installations, as well as the differences in geometry between those installations and linac treatment rooms. In addition, for particle therapy the so called shift invariance of the dose distribution rarely applies. An overview of the different volumetric image guidance solutions found at modern particle therapy facilities is provided, covering gantry, nozzle, C-arm, and couch-mounted CBCT as well different in-room CT configurations. A summary of the use of in-room volumetric imaging data beyond anatomy-based positioning is also presented as well as the necessary corrections to CBCT images for accurate water equivalent thickness calculation. Finally, the use of non-ionizing imaging modalities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Landry
- Faculty of Physics, Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Chia-Ho Hua
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Parodi K, Polf JC. In vivo range verification in particle therapy. Med Phys 2018; 45:e1036-e1050. [PMID: 30421803 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploitation of the full potential offered by ion beams in clinical practice is still hampered by several sources of treatment uncertainties, particularly related to the limitations of our ability to locate the position of the Bragg peak in the tumor. To this end, several efforts are ongoing to improve the characterization of patient position, anatomy, and tissue stopping power properties prior to treatment as well as to enable in vivo verification of the actual dose delivery, or at least beam range, during or shortly after treatment. This contribution critically reviews methods under development or clinical testing for verification of ion therapy, based on pretreatment range and tissue probing as well as the detection of secondary emissions or physiological changes during and after treatment, trying to disentangle approaches of general applicability from those more specific to certain anatomical locations. Moreover, it discusses future directions, which could benefit from an integration of multiple modalities or address novel exploitation of the measurable signals for biologically adapted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. Munich, 85748, Germany
| | - Jerimy C Polf
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology, Maryland Proton Treatment Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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24
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Patch SK, Santiago-Gonzalez D, Mustapha B. Thermoacoustic range verification in the presence of acoustic heterogeneity and soundspeed errors - Robustness relative to ultrasound image of underlying anatomy. Med Phys 2018; 46:318-327. [PMID: 30362132 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate robustness of thermooacoustic range verification to acoustic heterogeneity and discrepancies between assumed and true propagation speed, i.e., soundspeed errors. METHODS A beam sweeper was used to deliver 250 ns pulses that deposited 0.26 Gy of 16 MeV protons and 2.3 Gy of 60 MeV helium ions into water and oil targets, respectively. Thermoacoustic signals were detected by a 96-channel ultrasound array with a 1-4 MHz sensitivity band (-6 dB), bandpass filtered and backprojected to create thermoacoustic images in the plane of the ultrasound array. The same soundspeed and transducer array were used to estimate range and generate the ultrasound images onto which Bragg peak locations were overlaid. An air-gap phantom that displaced the Bragg peak by 6.5 mm demonstrated accuracy. Robustness to soundspeed errors was demonstrated in a waterbath as the assumed propagation speed scanner setting was altered by ± 5 % . Tissue-mimicking gelatin and a bone sample were introduced to demonstrate robustness to acoustic heterogeneity relative to ultrasound images of the underlying morphology. RESULTS Single ion pulse measurements sufficed during the helium run, but signal averaging was required for protons. Range and entry point into the target were estimated from data collected by transducers placed at least 6 cm distal to the Bragg peak. When ultrasound images depicted the air-target interface where the beam enters, estimates of the entry point agreed with ultrasound images and range estimates agreed with Monte Carlo simulations to within 300 μm, even when thermoacoustic emissions traveled through a strongly scattering bone sample. Estimated Bragg peak locations were translated 6.5 mm by the air-gap phantom and correctly identified scenarios when the beam stopped inside the bone. CONCLUSIONS Soundspeed errors dilate and acoustic heterogeneities deform ultrasound images. When thermoacoustic receivers are co-located with the ultrasound imaging array, the same transformations shift thermoacoustic range estimates. Therefore, thermoacoustic range verification is robust relative to ultrasound images of underlying anatomy. When the treatment target is visible in ultrasound, e.g., prostate, online thermoacoustic range estimates could verify that the treatment spot is inside the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Patch
- Department of Physics, UW-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | | | - Brahim Mustapha
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
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25
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Roberts PR, Jani AB, Packianathan S, Albert A, Bhandari R, Vijayakumar S. Upcoming imaging concepts and their impact on treatment planning and treatment response in radiation oncology. Radiat Oncol 2018; 13:146. [PMID: 30103786 PMCID: PMC6088418 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-018-1091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For 2018, the American Cancer Society estimated that there would be approximately 1.7 million new diagnoses of cancer and about 609,640 cancer-related deaths in the United States. By 2030 these numbers are anticipated to exceed a staggering 21 million annual diagnoses and 13 million cancer-related deaths. The three primary therapeutic modalities for cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Individually or in combination, these treatment modalities have provided and continue to provide curative and palliative care to the myriad victims of cancer. Today, CT-based treatment planning is the primary means through which conventional photon radiation therapy is planned. Although CT remains the primary treatment planning modality, the field of radiation oncology is moving beyond the sole use of CT scans to define treatment targets and organs at risk. Complementary tissue scans, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron electron emission (PET) scans, have all improved a physician’s ability to more specifically identify target tissues, and in some cases, international guidelines have even been issued. Moreover, efforts to combine PET and MR to define solid tumors for radiotherapy planning and treatment evaluation are also gaining traction. Keeping these advances in mind, we present brief overviews of other up-and-coming key imaging concepts that appear promising for initial treatment target definition or treatment response from radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Russell Roberts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 Woodrow Wilson Drive Suite 1600, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Ashesh B Jani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Satyaseelan Packianathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 Woodrow Wilson Drive Suite 1600, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Ashley Albert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 Woodrow Wilson Drive Suite 1600, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Rahul Bhandari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 Woodrow Wilson Drive Suite 1600, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Srinivasan Vijayakumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 Woodrow Wilson Drive Suite 1600, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA.
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26
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Hickling S, Xiang L, Jones KC, Parodi K, Assmann W, Avery S, Hobson M, El Naqa I. Ionizing radiation‐induced acoustics for radiotherapy and diagnostic radiology applications. Med Phys 2018; 45:e707-e721. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Hickling
- Department of Physics & Medical Physics Unit McGill University 1001 boul Decarie Montreal QC H4A 3J1Canada
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019USA
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology Rush University Medical Center Chicago IL 60612USA
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Garching b. München 85748Germany
| | - Walter Assmann
- Department of Medical Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Garching b. München 85748Germany
| | - Stephen Avery
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA19104USA
| | - Maritza Hobson
- Medical Physics Unit McGill University Health Centre Montreal QC H4A 3J1Canada
- Department of Oncology Department of Physics & Medical Physics Unit McGill University Montreal QC H4A 3J1Canada
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48103‐4943USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Dollinger
- Universität der Bundeswehr, München, and Excellence Cluster “Munich-Centre for Advanced Photonics”
| | - Thomas Faestermann
- Physik Department, Technische Universität, München, and Excellence Cluster “Origin and Structure of the Universe”
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28
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Nie W, Jones KC, Petro S, Kassaee A, Sehgal CM, Avery S. Proton range verification in homogeneous materials through acoustic measurements. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:025036. [PMID: 29160776 PMCID: PMC5845813 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9c1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical proton beam quality assurance (QA) requires a simple and accurate method to measure the proton beam Bragg peak (BP) depth. Protoacoustics, the measurement of the pressure waves emitted by thermal expansion resulting from proton dose deposition, may be used to obtain the depth of the BP in a phantom by measuring the time-of-flight of the pressure wave. Rectangular and cylindrical phantoms of different materials (aluminum, lead, and polyethylene) were used for protoacoustic studies. Four different methods for analyzing the protoacoustic signals are compared. Data analysis shows that, for Methods 1 and 2, plastic phantoms have better accuracy than metallic ones because of the lower speed of sound. Method 3 does not require characterizing the speed of sound in the material, but it results in the largest error. Method 4 exhibits minimal error, less than 3 mm (with an uncertainty ⩽1.5 mm) for all the materials and geometries. Psuedospectral wave-equation simulations (k-Wave MATLAB toolbox) are used to understand the origin of acoustic reflections within the phantom. The presented simulations and experiments show that protoacoustic measurements may provide a low cost and simple QA procedure for proton beam range verification as long as the proper phantoms and calculation methods are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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29
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Jones KC, Nie W, Chu JCH, Turian JV, Kassaee A, Sehgal CM, Avery S. Acoustic-based proton range verification in heterogeneous tissue: simulation studies. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:025018. [PMID: 29176057 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9d16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic-based proton range verification (protoacoustics) is a potential in vivo technique for determining the Bragg peak position. Previous measurements and simulations have been restricted to homogeneous water tanks. Here, a CT-based simulation method is proposed and applied to a liver and prostate case to model the effects of tissue heterogeneity on the protoacoustic amplitude and time-of-flight range verification accuracy. For the liver case, posterior irradiation with a single proton pencil beam was simulated for detectors placed on the skin. In the prostate case, a transrectal probe measured the protoacoustic pressure generated by irradiation with five separate anterior proton beams. After calculating the proton beam dose deposition, each CT voxel's material properties were mapped based on Hounsfield Unit values, and thermoacoustically-generated acoustic wave propagation was simulated with the k-Wave MATLAB toolbox. By comparing the simulation results for the original liver CT to homogenized variants, the effects of heterogeneity were assessed. For the liver case, 1.4 cGy of dose at the Bragg peak generated 50 mPa of pressure (13 cm distal), a 2× lower amplitude than simulated in a homogeneous water tank. Protoacoustic triangulation of the Bragg peak based on multiple detector measurements resulted in 0.4 mm accuracy for a δ-function proton pulse irradiation of the liver. For the prostate case, higher amplitudes are simulated (92-1004 mPa) for closer detectors (<8 cm). For four of the prostate beams, the protoacoustic range triangulation was accurate to ⩽1.6 mm (δ-function proton pulse). Based on the results, application of protoacoustic range verification to heterogeneous tissue will result in decreased signal amplitudes relative to homogeneous water tank measurements, but accurate range verification is still expected to be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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30
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Patch SK, Hoff DE, Webb TB, Sobotka LG, Zhao T. Two-stage ionoacoustic range verification leveraging Monte Carlo and acoustic simulations to stably account for tissue inhomogeneity and accelerator-specific time structure - A simulation study. Med Phys 2017; 45:783-793. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Patch
- Department of Physics; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Daniel E.M. Hoff
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Tyler B. Webb
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Lee G. Sobotka
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
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31
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Giordanengo S, Manganaro L, Vignati A. Review of technologies and procedures of clinical dosimetry for scanned ion beam radiotherapy. Phys Med 2017; 43:79-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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32
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Mohan R, Das IJ, Ling CC. Empowering Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Through Physics and Technology: An Overview. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 99:304-316. [PMID: 28871980 PMCID: PMC5651132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Considering the clinical potential of protons attributable to their physical characteristics, interest in proton therapy has increased greatly in this century, as has the number of proton therapy installations. Until recently, passively scattered proton therapy was used almost entirely. Notably, the overall clinical results to date have not shown a convincing benefit of protons over photons. A rapid transition is now occurring with the implementation of the most advanced form of proton therapy, intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). IMPT is superior to passively scattered proton therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dosimetrically. However, numerous limitations exist in the present IMPT methods. In particular, compared with IMRT, IMPT is highly vulnerable to various uncertainties. In this overview we identify three major areas of current limitations of IMPT: treatment planning, treatment delivery, and motion management, and discuss current and future efforts for improvement. For treatment planning, we need to reduce uncertainties in proton range and in computed dose distributions, improve robust planning and optimization, enhance adaptive treatment planning and delivery, and consider how to exploit the variability in the relative biological effectiveness of protons for clinical benefit. The quality of proton therapy also depends on the characteristics of the IMPT delivery systems and image guidance. Efforts are needed to optimize the beamlet spot size for both improved dose conformality and faster delivery. For the latter, faster energy switching time and increased dose rate are also needed. Real-time in-room volumetric imaging for guiding IMPT is in its early stages with cone beam computed tomography (CT) and CT-on-rails, and continued improvements are anticipated. In addition, imaging of the proton beams themselves, using, for instance, prompt γ emissions, is being developed to determine the proton range and to reduce range uncertainty. With the realization of the advances described above, we posit that IMPT, thus empowered, will lead to substantially improved clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhe Mohan
- Department of Radiation Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Indra J Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Clifton C Ling
- Varian Medical Systems and Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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33
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Lehrack S, Assmann W, Bertrand D, Henrotin S, Herault J, Heymans V, Stappen FV, Thirolf PG, Vidal M, Van de Walle J, Parodi K. Submillimeter ionoacoustic range determination for protons in water at a clinical synchrocyclotron. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:L20-L30. [PMID: 28742053 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa81f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proton ranges in water between 145 MeV to 227 MeV initial energy have been measured at a clinical superconducting synchrocyclotron using the acoustic signal induced by the ion dose deposition (ionoacoustic effect). Detection of ultrasound waves was performed by a very sensitive hydrophone and signals were stored in a digital oscilloscope triggered by secondary prompt gammas. The ionoacoustic range measurements were compared to existing range data from a calibrated range detector setup on-site and agreement of better than 1 mm was found at a Bragg peak dose of about 10 Gy for 220 MeV initial proton energy, compatible with the experimental errors. Ionoacoustics has thus the potential to measure the Bragg peak position with submillimeter accuracy during proton therapy, possibly correlated with ultrasound tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lehrack
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
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