In-vivo absorption of pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside in rats and its in-vitro biotransformation

Metabolite identification and excretion of pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside in rats by UHPLC/MS

Pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (PCBG) isolated from Penthorum chinense Pursh was proven to display a wide range of pharmacological effects including hepatoprotection, anti-hepatoma and antifungal activities, etc. The research aims to qualitatively analyze the metabolites of PCBG in rat plasma, urine, bile and feces, and further perform the excretion study of PCBG and its major metabolite pinocembrin (PCB). Fifteen rats were divided into three groups (n=5 for each group) for blood, bile, urine and feces collection, respectively. After PCBG suspension was intragastrically administered to rats at 50 mg/kg, biological samples were collected and processed. The metabolites in each matrix were detected by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS. A total of 111 metabolites were observed in plasma, urine, bile and feces, which include hydroxylated, sulfated and glucuronized metabolites, etc. In addition, an UHPLC-MS/MS method was established and applied for the excretion quantification of PCBG and PCB in rat urine, bile, and feces samples. Studies on excretion have shown that PCBG is mainly excreted through feces. The cumulative excretion rates of PCBG and PCB in rat urine, bile and feces were (4.5±2.4)%, (0.2±0.1)% and (18.4±10.5)%, respectively. After hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase/sulfatase, the excretion rates of PCB in urine and bile were (5.7±2.8)% and (8.9±4.2)%. This study contributes to preclinical research on PCBG and explains its pharmacological effects.

Insights into the Superrosids phylogeny and flavonoid synthesis from the telomere-to-telomere gap-free genome assembly of Penthorum chinense Pursh

The completion of the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assembly of Penthorum chinense Pursh (PC), a prominent medicinal plant in China, represents a significant achievement. This assembly spans a length of 257.5 Mb and consists of nine chromosomes. PC's notably smaller genome size in Saxifragales, compared to that of Paeonia ostii, can be attributed to the low abundance of transposable elements. By utilizing single-copy genes from 30 species, including 28 other Superrosids species, we successfully resolved a previously debated Superrosids phylogeny. Our findings unveiled Saxifragales as the sister group to the core rosids, with both being the sister group to Vitales. Utilizing previously characterized cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes, we predicted the compound classes that most CYP genes of PC are involved in synthesizing, providing insight into PC's potential metabolic diversity. Metabolomic and transcriptomic data revealed that the richest sources of the three most noteworthy medicinal components in PC are young leaves and flowers. We also observed higher activity of upstream genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway in these plant parts. Additionally, through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified gene regulatory networks associated with the three medicinal components. Overall, these findings deepen our understanding of PC, opening new avenues for further research and exploration.

Penthorum chinense Pursh compound flavonoids supplementation alleviates Aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury via modulation of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota in broiler

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a commonly occurring toxicant in animal and human diets, leading to hazardous effects on health. AFB1 is known to be a hepato-toxicant, and the intestinal barrier may play a crucial role in reversing AFB1-induced liver injury. This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of Penthorum chinense Pursh Compound Flavonoids (PCPCF) by the response surface method with a Box-Behnken design and investigate the effects of PCPCF on AFB1-induced liver injury in broilers. A total of 164 one-day-old broilers were divided into seven groups, including Control, PCPCF (400 mg PCPCF/kg feed), AFB1 (3 mg AFB1/kg feed), and YCHT (Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang extract, 3 mg AFB1 +10 mL YCHT/kg feed) and low, medium, and high dose groups (PCPCF at 3 mg AFB1 +200, 400, 600 mg respectively). Samples of serum, liver, duodenum, and cecum contents were collected at 14th and 28th days for further analysis. The results showed that the maximum extraction rate of PCPCF was 8.15 %. PCPCF was rich in rutin, quercetin, liquiritin and kaempferol, and significantly inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus. The addition of PCPCF improved the growth performance of AFB1-injury broilers, modulated liver function, and increased serum immunoglobulin levels. PCPCF also alleviated liver pathological and oxidative stress damages caused by AFB1 and decreased AFB1-DNA and AFB1-lysine content in the liver. Furthermore, PCPCF supplementation ameliorated intestinal pathological damage, improved intestinal permeability of duodenum in the AFB1-induced broilers, and repaired the intestinal mucosal and mechanical barrier associated with the Notch signaling pathway. Meanwhile, PCPCF improved the intestinal flora structure of AFB1-damaged broilers and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, PCPCF ameliorated the adverse effects of AFB1 on growth performance and alleviated liver damage by repairing the intestinal barrier and improving intestinal health of broiler chicken.

An Updated Review on Efficiency of Penthorum chinense Pursh in Traditional Uses, Toxicology, and Clinical Trials

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) play an important role in the control and treatment of several animal diseases. Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) is a famous plant for its use in traditional medication practice and therapeutic effects in numerous pathological conditions. In China, PCP is utilized for both food and medication due to numerous bioactivities. PCP is widely administered in prevention and treatment of traumatic injury, edema, and liver diseases with functions of reducing swelling, support diuresis, blood stasis, and mitigation symptoms of excessive alcohol intake. Recently, PCP highlighted for research trials in various fields including pharmacology, pharmacognosy, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals due to medicinal significance with less toxicity and an effective ethnomedicine in veterinary practice. PCP contains diverse important ingredients such as flavonoids, organic acids, coumarins, lignans, polyphenols, and sterols that are important bioactive constituents of PCP exerting the therapeutic benefits and organ-protecting effects. In veterinary, PCP extract, compound, and phytochemicals/biomolecules significantly reversed the liver and kidney injuries, via antioxidation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial signaling pathways, and related genes. PCP water extract and compounds also proved in animal and humans' clinical trial for their hepatoprotective, antiaging, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiapoptotic, immune regulation, and antioxidative stress pathways. This updated review spotlighted the current information on efficiency and application of PCP by compiling and reviewing recent publications on animal research. In addition, this review discussed the toxicology, traditional use, comparative, and clinical application of PCP in veterinary practices to authenticate and find out new perspectives on the research and development of this herbal medicine.

Chemical characterization of the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory active fraction of Malus transitoria leaves

Chinese Tibetan tea made from the tender leaves of Malus transitoria is a widely consumed health drink, but there are few reports on its chemical composition and biological activity. In this study, we found that a 50% ethanol extract of M. transitoria had good antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro. Guided by in vitro bioassays, chromatographic separation and purification were conducted, and the most active fraction in M. transitoria was determined. UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS was used to further quickly and comprehensively characterize the chemical composition. Library searches, MS/MS fragmentation patterns of two isolated reference compounds, and bibliography were used to annotate 81 compounds, of which 2 were new compounds, and 79 were identified from M. transitoria for the first time. This study provides a scientific basis for the development of antioxidant and anti-diabetic functional foods from M. transitoria.

Penthorum chinense Pursh. extract attenuates non-alcholic fatty liver disease by regulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Penthorum chinense Pursh. (PCP) is commonly used as a Miao ethnomedicine and health food for liver protection in China. Gansukeli (WS3-B-2526-97) is made from the extract of PCP (PCPE) for the treatment of viral hepatitis. In recent years, PCPE has been reported in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), however its potential mechanism is not fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the ameliorating effect of PCPE on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice and demonstrate whether its protective effect is gut microbiota dependent and associated with bile acid (BA) metabolism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The alleviating effect of PCPE on NAFLD was conducted on male C57BL/6J mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks, and this effect associated with gut microbiota dependent was demonstrated by pseudo-germfree mice treated with antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The composition of the gut microbiota in the cecum contents was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the levels of BAs in liver and fecal samples were determined by UPLC/MS-MS.

RESULTS

The results showed that administration of PCPE for 8 weeks could potently ameliorate HFD-induced NAFLD and alleviate dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Moreover, PCPE treatment alleviated gut dysbiosis, especially reducing the relative abundance of bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-producing bacteria. Furthermore, PCPE significantly increased the levels of taurine-conjugated BAs in feces, such as tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-βMCA), tauroursodesoxycholic acid (TUDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), and increased hepatic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). The protein and mRNA expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) were decreased in intestine, increased taurine-conjugated BAs inhibited the intestinal signaling pathway, which was associated with increased genes expression of enzymes in the alternative BA synthesis pathway that reduced the levels of cholesterol. The increased CDCA produced via the alternative BA synthesis pathway promoted hepatic FXR activation and BA excretion.

CONCLUSION

Our study is the first time to demonstrate that PCPE could ameliorate NAFLD in HFD-induced mice by regulating the gut microbiota and BA metabolism, and from a novel perspective, to clarify the mechanism of PCPE in NAFLD.

Prevention of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity: The Good and Bad of Current and Alternative Therapies

Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) remains a serious health burden, especially in developing countries. Unfortunately, the high cost of current preventative strategies has marginalized numerous cancer patients because of socio-economic factors. In addition, the efficacy of these strategies, without reducing the chemotherapeutic properties of Dox, is frequently questioned. These limitations have widened the gap and necessity for alternative medicines, like flavonoids, to be investigated. However, new therapeutics may also present their own shortcomings, ruling out the idea of “natural is safe”. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stipulated that the concept of drug-safety be considered in all pre-clinical and clinical studies, to explore the pharmacokinetics and potential interactions of the drugs being investigated. As such our studies on flavonoids, as cardio-protectants against DIC, have been centered around cardiac and cancer models, to ensure that the efficacy of Dox is preserved. Our findings thus far suggest that flavonoids of Galenia africana could be suitable candidates for the prevention of DIC. However, this still requires further investigation, which would focus on drug-interactions as well as in vivo experimental models to determine the extent of cardioprotection.

Dihydroflavonoids as Bioactive Components of Penthorum chinense, a Miao Ethnomedicine, against NAFLD through Bile Acid Metabolism Pathway

Penthorum chinense Pursh. is a traditional herbal medicine of Miao, and its extracts (PCPE) have been used for treatment of liver diseases in the clinic including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the active components and pharmacological mechanisms of PCPE for treating NAFLD remain unclear. This study aimed to explore potential mechanisms of action through network pharmacology, molecular docking combined with experimental in vitro. A total of five dihydroflavonoids (1-5) with the same parent nucleus of pinocembrin (PCB) from PCPE, were selected as bioactive ingredients and 109 potential targets related to NAFLD were obtained from public databases and literature mining. The core targets related to the bile secretion signaling were selected based on PPI network and KEGG enrichment analysis for exploring the mechanism of PCPE against NAFLD. Molecular docking results showed good interaction between the core targets in bile secretion signaling pathway and the five compounds predicted to be bioactive. With the strong binding activity to retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRA) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) protein, pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (PCBG, the highest content in PCPE) and its metabolite PCB, could significantly increase the expression of RXRA, FXR and bile salt export pump (BSEP) in L02 cells, and significantly decrease the expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) at mRNA and protein levels. This study provided favorable evidence for mechanism of the main dihydroflavonoids of PCPE against NAFLD, and presented a paradigm for the study of ethnomedicine.

Hepatoprotective Effect of the Penthorum Chinense Pursh Extract against the CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury via NF-κB and p38-MAPK PATHWAYS in Dogs

Acute liver injury (ALI), manifested by acute hepatocellular damages and necrosis, is a life-threatening clinical syndrome and Penthorum Chinense Pursh (PCP) is a well-known folk medicine practiced for liver-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of PCP extract (PCPE) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced ALI in dogs via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Healthy dogs were induced by CCl4 and treated with different dosage regimes of PCPE for 7 days. CCl4 produced acute liver injury and induced both oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in dogs. The PCPE significantly ameliorated and improved vacuolar inflammatory lesions in liver tissues during ALI, enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase, and restored glutathione peroxidase, further significantly reducing the indices of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in serum. Inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were declined and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) were increased by the application of PCPE. PCPE treatment, down-regulated the MEKK4, MKK3, p38MAPK, MSK1, and NF-κB, and upregulated the IkB mRNA levels (p < 0.01) in ALI affected dogs. In conclusion, PCPE repaired acute liver injury by improving antioxidant enzymes and by reducing oxidation products. Furthermore, the PCPE inhibited the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, which resulted in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on ALI-induced dogs. In the future, PCPE could be a useful ethnomedicine in veterinary clinical practices for the treatment of liver injuries or failures.

Shenjinhuoxue Mixture Attenuates Inflammation, Pain, and Cartilage Degeneration by Inhibiting TLR-4 and NF-κB Activation in Rats with Osteoarthritis: A Synergistic Combination of Multitarget Active Phytochemicals

Osteoarthritis (OA), a highly prevalent chronic joint disease, involves a complex network of inflammatory mediators that not only triggers pain and cartilage degeneration but also accelerates disease progression. Traditional Chinese medicinal shenjinhuoxue mixture (SHM) shows anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects against OA with remarkable clinical efficacy. This study explored the mechanism underlying anti-OA properties of SHM and evaluated its efficacy and safety via in vivo experiments. Through network pharmacology and published literature, we identified the key active phytochemicals in SHM, including β-sitosterol, oleanolic acid, licochalcone A, quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, morusin, lupeol, and pinocembrin; the pivotal targets of which are TLR-4 and NF-κB, eliciting anti-OA activity. These phytochemicals can enter the active pockets of TLR-4 and NF-κB with docking score ≤ -3.86 kcal/mol, as shown in molecular docking models. By using surface plasmon resonance assay, licochalcone A and oleanolic acid were found to have good TLR-4-binding affinity. In OA rats, oral SHM at mid and high doses (8.72 g/kg and 26.2 g/kg) over 6 weeks significantly alleviated mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia (P < 0.0001). Accordingly, the expression of inflammatory mediators (TLR-4, interleukin (IL-) 1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), NF-κB-p65, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) α, IL-6, and IL-1β), receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in the synovial and cartilage tissue of OA rats was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, pathological observation illustrated amelioration of cartilage degeneration and joint injury. In chronic toxicity experiment of rats, SHM at 60 mg/kg demonstrated the safety. SHM had an anti-inflammatory effect through a synergistic combination of active phytochemicals to attenuate pain and cartilage degeneration by inhibiting TLR-4 and NF-κB activation. This study provided the experimental foundation for the development of SHM into a more effective dosage form or new drugs for OA treatment.

A flavonone pinocembroside inhibits Penicillium italicum growth and blue mold development in 'Newhall' navel oranges by targeting membrane damage mechanism

Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum is an important postharvest disease of citrus fruit. The antifungal activity of a flavonone pinocembroside compound obtained from the fruit of Ficus hirta Vahl., was evaluated against P. italicum. Pinocembroside showed antifungal activity against in vitro mycelial growth of P. italicum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 200 and 800 mg/L, respectively. The blue mold development on 'Newhall' navel oranges was inhibited by pinocembroside in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, pinocembroside might exert its antifungal activity via membrane-targeted mechanism with increasing membrane permeability, reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity and acceleration of lipid peroxidation in the pathogen. This pioneering study suggested that pinocembroside suppressed postharvest blue mold by direct inhibition of P. italicum mycelial growth via membrane-targeting mechanism, thus providing a novel mode of action against traditional fungicides for controlling blue mold of citrus fruit.

Advances in Biosynthesis, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Pinocembrin, a Promising Natural Small-Molecule Drug

Pinocembrin is one of the most abundant flavonoids in propolis, and it may also be widely found in a variety of plants. In addition to natural extraction, pinocembrin can be obtained by biosynthesis. Biosynthesis efficiency can be improved by a metabolic engineering strategy and a two-phase pH fermentation strategy. Pinocembrin poses an interest for its remarkable pharmacological activities, such as neuroprotection, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. Studies have shown that pinocembrin works excellently in treating ischemic stroke. Pinocembrin can reduce nerve damage in the ischemic area and reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and the degree of oxidative stress. Given its significant efficacy in cerebral ischemia, pinocembrin has been approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) as a new treatment drug for ischemic stroke and is currently in progress in phase II clinical trials. Research has shown that pinocembrin can be absorbed rapidly in the body and easily cross the blood-brain barrier. In addition, the absorption/elimination process of pinocembrin occurs rapidly and shows no serious accumulation in the body. Pinocembrin has also been found to play a role in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and specific solid tumors, but its mechanisms of action require in-depth studies. In this review, we summarized the latest 10 years of studies on the biosynthesis, pharmacological activities, and pharmacokinetics of pinocembrin, focusing on its effects on certain diseases, aiming to explore its targets, explaining possible mechanisms of action, and finding potential therapeutic applications.

Pinocembrin-Enriched Fractions of Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser Modulates Apoptotic and MAPK Cellular Signaling in HepG2 Cells

Background:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth leading cause of cáncer mortality. Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser (EP), a hemiparasitic plant (Loranthaceae) has potent anti-cancer properties.

Objective:

In the study, we investigated the effect of EP fractions on the expression of apoptosis and mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) markers deregulated in HCC. Bioactivity fractionation was performed to isolate the phytochemical(s) exerting anti-tumor activity in HepG2 cells.

Method:

Anti-proliferative, clonogenic and anti-metastatic effects of EP fractions were examined in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2 by Sulphorhodamine B, colony formation and scratch wound assays respectively in hepatocellular cell line, HepG2. The effects of EP fractions on key markers of apoptosis and MAPK signaling pathways were explored. </P><P> Key findings: EP bioactive fractions showed significant anti-tumor potential, reduced clonogenicity and considerably inhibited cell migration in HepG2 cells in vitro. The fractions augmented annexin V binding and induced apoptosis by causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M and S phase checkpoints. The fractions increased expression levels of p53, bad, cleaved PARP (Poly ADP ribose polymerase) and cleaved Caspase-3. Expression levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase) were downregulated. Pinocembrin-7-O-ß-D-glucoside and chrysin were isolated and characterized for the first time from Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser.

Conclusion:

Our findings reveal that EP fractions induced cell cycle arrest and triggered apoptosis in HepG2 cells by upregulating apoptosis and deactivating MAPK pathway. It signifies that pinocembrin glycoside and chrysin are bioactive phytochemicals contributing to the potent anti-hepatocarcinoma effects on HepG2 cells. Hence, bioactive EP fractions could be used as a therapeutic agent for effective HCC therapy.

Flavonones from Penthorum chinense Ameliorate Hepatic Steatosis by Activating the SIRT1/AMPK Pathway in HepG2 Cells

Pinocembrin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (PCBG), pinocembrin (PCB), and 5-methoxy-pinocembrin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (MPG) are three flavonones isolated from Penthorum chinense Pursh (P. chinense). The effects of the three flavonones on hepatic steatosis and their molecular mechanisms in HepG2 cells were investigated in this study for the first time. A model of hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cells was induced by free fatty acid (FFA), and co-treated with the three flavonones as mentioned. Intracellular lipid droplets were detected by Oil Red O staining. PCB, PCBG, and MPG suppressed oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were ameliorated. Moreover, these flavonones enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and reduced the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) and the downstream targets fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). Molecular docking was used to predict the interaction and combination patterns between the three flavonones and the enzymes above. The results revealed that the SIRT1/AMPK pathway is involved in the functions of the three flavonones, and the most effective flavonone against hepatic steatosis might be PCBG, followed by MPG and PCB. Therefore, the three flavonones from P. chinense were found to exert preventive effects against hepatic steatosis by regulating the SIRT1/AMPK pathway.

Distinct Fragmentation Pathways of Anticancer Drugs Induced by Charge-Carrying Cations in the Gas Phase

With the growth of the pharmaceutical industry, structural elucidation of drugs and derivatives using tandem mass spectrometry (MS²) has become essential for drug development and pharmacokinetics studies because of its high sensitivity and low sample requirement. Thus, research seeking to understand fundamental relationships between fragmentation patterns and precursor ion structures in the gas phase has gained attention. In this study, we investigate the fragmentation of the widely used anticancer drugs, doxorubicin (DOX), vinblastine (VBL), and vinorelbine (VRL), complexed by a singly charged proton or alkali metal ion (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) in the gas phase. The drug-cation complexes exhibit distinct fragmentation patterns in tandem mass spectra as a function of cation size. The trends in fragmentation patterns are explicable in terms of structures derived from ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and theoretical calculations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

In Vivo Selective Capture and Rapid Identification of Luteolin and Its Metabolites in Rat Livers by Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Microextraction

A method based on molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction (MIP-SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) was developed for the detection of luteolin and its metabolites in vivo. The MIP-SPME fibers were first fabricated by dopamine and silane, and then luteolin MIPs-coated fibers were successfully prepared using luteolin, acrylamide (AM), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the template, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. The characterizations of polymers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET). The properties involving adsorption and selective experiments were evaluated, and these results revealed that MIP fibers presented high adsorption capacity and selectivity to luteolin. Furthermore, the developed MIP-SPME coupled with the LC-QTOF-MS/MS method was adopted to capture and identify luteolin and its metabolites in rat livers in vivo, and eventually, apigenin, chrysoeriol, and diosmetin were rapidly identified as metabolites.