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Wang Y, Xing J, Liang Y, Liang H, Liang N, Li J, Yin G, Li X, Zhang K. The structure and function of multifunctional protein ErbB3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1) and its role in diseases. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:1069-1079. [PMID: 38884348 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
ErbB3-binding protein 1(Ebp1) has two isoforms, p42 Ebp1 and p48 Ebp1, both of which can regulate cell growth and differentiation. But these isoforms often have opposite effects, including contradictory roles in regulation of cell growth in different tissues and cells. P48 Ebp1 belongs to the full-length sequence, while conformational changes in the crystal structure of p42 Ebp1 reveals a lack of an α helix at the amino terminus. Due to the differences in the structures of these two isoforms, they have different binding partners and protein modifications. Ebp1 can function as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor factor. However, the underlying mechanisms by which these two isoforms exert opposite functions are still not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the genes and the structures of protein of these two isoforms, protein modifications, binding partners and the association of different isoforms with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianxiao Xing
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanyang Liang
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Nannan Liang
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junqin Li
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guohua Yin
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- ShanXi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, State Key Breeding Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Kumar S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. Chaperone-assisted E3 ligase CHIP: A double agent in cancer. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1521-1555. [PMID: 36157498 PMCID: PMC9485218 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The carboxy-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) is a ubiquitin ligase and co-chaperone belonging to Ubox family that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by switching the equilibrium of the folding-refolding mechanism towards the proteasomal or lysosomal degradation pathway. It links molecular chaperones viz. HSC70, HSP70 and HSP90 with ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), acting as a quality control system. CHIP contains charged domain in between N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) and C-terminal Ubox domain. TPR domain interacts with the aberrant client proteins via chaperones while Ubox domain facilitates the ubiquitin transfer to the client proteins for ubiquitination. Thus, CHIP is a classic molecule that executes ubiquitination for degradation of client proteins. Further, CHIP has been found to be indulged in cellular differentiation, proliferation, metastasis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, CHIP can play its dual role as a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogene in numerous malignancies, thus acting as a double agent. Here, in this review, we have reported almost all substrates of CHIP established till date and classified them according to the hallmarks of cancer. In addition, we discussed about its architectural alignment, tissue specific expression, sub-cellular localization, folding-refolding mechanisms of client proteins, E4 ligase activity, normal physiological roles, as well as involvement in various diseases and tumor biology. Further, we aim to discuss its importance in HSP90 inhibitors mediated cancer therapy. Thus, this report concludes that CHIP may be a promising and worthy drug target towards pharmaceutical industry for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector–V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Paraganas, West Bengal 743372, India
| | - Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector–V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Bao Y, Cui J, Yue Y, Cao S, Li X, Liu L. ERBB3 binding protein 1 promotes the progression of malignant melanoma through activation of the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:44. [PMID: 35093077 PMCID: PMC8800265 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant melanoma (MM) is highly metastatic and has the highest mortality rate in patients with skin cancer. The ERBB3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1) has been linked to the onset and progression of a number of malignancies. However, the role of Ebp1 in MM has not yet been reported. Methods Multiple databases were analyzed for comparing the expression of Ebp1 in normal skin and MM. Ebp1 expression was knocked down in A375 and B16 cells, and the impact of Ebp1 on the cell growth was tested by CCK-8, plate clone colony, and cell cycle assays. Scratch, transwell, and in vivo caudal vein lung metastasis tests were also used to confirm the effects of Ebp1 on melanoma cells migration, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, the possible molecular mechanism of Ebp1 was predicted by set enrichment analysis and verified by western blotting. Results Ebp1 expression was substantially higher in MM than it was in normal skin, and Ebp1 was linked to the clinical stage and lymph node metastases of patients with MM. Knockdown of Ebp1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In vivo experiments further verified that the knockdown of Ebp1 had an obvious inhibitory effect on lung metastasis in nude mice. Knockdown of Ebp1 reduced vimentin, N-cadherin, slug, and snail expression while increasing E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, knockdown of Ebp1 reduced the expression of β-catenin, as well as its downstream targets CyclinD1 and p-GSK3β; however, a Wnt/β-catenin agonist could reverse this effect. Conclusion Ebp1 may promote the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma cells through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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The roles of multifunctional protein ErbB3 binding protein 1 (EBP1) isoforms from development to disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1039-1047. [PMID: 32719408 PMCID: PMC8080562 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of the two isoforms of ErbB3-binding protein 1 (Ebp1) in cellular function and its regulation in disease and development is a stimulating area in current fields of biology, such as neuroscience, cancer biology, and structural biology. Over the last two decades, a growing body of studies suggests have suggested different functions for the EBP1 isoforms in various cancers, along with their specific binding partners in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Owing to the specific cellular context or spatial/temporal expression of the EBP1 isoforms, either transcriptional repression or the activation function of EBP1 has been proposed, and epigenetic regulation by p48 EBP1 has also been observed during in the embryo development, including in brain development and neurologic disorders, such as schizophrenia, in using an Ebp1 knockout mouse model. Here, we review recent findings that have shaped our current understanding of the emerging function of EBP1 isoforms in cellular events and gene expression, from development to disease. A pair of proteins that originate from a common gene exert strikingly different effects on embryonic development as well as tumor growth and progression. RNA transcripts generated from the PA2G4 gene can undergo enzymatic processing to yield two different protein products, p42 EB1 and p48 EB1. These proteins differ by the presence or absence of 54 amino acids at one end, and Jee-Yin Ahn at the Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea, and colleagues have reviewed current insights into the functional consequences of this difference. The two proteins bind to distinct sets of molecular partners. The p48 form appears to regulate a host of genes involved in brain development, but also appears to drive cancerous growth in various tumors. In contrast, p42 is scarcer during development, and appears to inhibit tumor formation.
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Dysregulation of Epigenetic Control Contributes to Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Ebp1 +/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072609. [PMID: 32283721 PMCID: PMC7178112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of epigenetic machinery can cause a variety of neurological disorders associated with cognitive abnormalities. In the hippocampus of postmortem Schizophrenia (SZ) patients, the most notable finding is the deregulation of GAD67 along with differential regulation of epigenetic factors associated with glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression. As we previously reported, ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) is a potent epigenetic regulator. EBP1 can induce repression of Dnmt1, a well-studied transcriptional repressor of GAD67. In this study, we investigated whether EBP1 contributes to the regulation of GAD67 expression in the hippocampus, controlling epigenetic machinery. In accordance with SZ-like behaviors in Ebp1(+/−) mice, heterozygous deletion of EBP1 led to a dramatic reduction of GAD67 expression, reflecting an abnormally high level of Dnmt1. Moreover, we found that EBP1 binds to the promoter region of HDAC1, which leads to histone deacetylation of GAD67, and suppresses histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression, inversely mirroring an unusually high level of HDAC1 in Ebp1(+/−) mice. However, EBP1 mutant (p.Glu 183 Ter) found in SZ patients did not elevate the expression of GAD67, failing to suppress Dnmt1 and/or HDAC1 expression. Therefore, this data supports the hypothesis that a reduced amount of EBP1 may contribute to an etiology of SZ due to a loss of transcriptional inhibition of epigenetic repressors, leading to a decreased expression of GAD67.
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Pisapia L, Terreri S, Barba P, Mastroianni M, Donnini M, Mercadante V, Palmieri A, Verze P, Mirone V, Altieri V, Califano G, Liguori GL, Strazzullo M, Cimmino A, Del Pozzo G. Role of PA2G4P4 pseudogene in bladder cancer tumorigenesis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E66. [PMID: 32244410 PMCID: PMC7235711 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pseudogenes possess biological activities and play important roles in the pathogenesis of various types of cancer including bladder cancer (BlCa), which still lacks suitable molecular biomarkers. Recently, pseudogenes were found to be significantly enriched in a pan-cancer classification based on the Cancer Genome Atlas gene expression data. Among them, the top-ranking pseudogene was the proliferation-associated 2G4 pseudogene 4 (PA2G4P4). METHODS Genomic and transcript features of PA2G4P4 were determined by GeneBank database analysis followed by 5' RACE experiments. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective molecular study on a cohort of 45 patients of BlCa. PA2G4P4 expression was measured by RT-qPCR, whereas PA2G4P4 transcript distribution was analyzed by in situ hybridization on both normal and cancerous histological sections and compared to the immunolocalization of its parental PA2G4/EBP1 protein. Finally, we tested the effects of PA2G4P4 depletion on proliferation, migration, and death of BlCa cells. RESULTS We showed for the first time PA2G4P4 overexpression in BlCa tissues and in cell lines. PA2G4P4 distribution strictly overlaps PA2G4/EBP1 protein localization. Moreover, we showed that PA2G4P4 knockdown affects both proliferation and migration of BlCa cells, highlighting its potential oncogenic role. CONCLUSIONS PA2G4P4 may play a functional role as an oncogene in BlCa development, suggesting it as a good candidate for future investigation and new clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pisapia
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Sara Terreri
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Barba
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Marianna Mastroianni
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Donnini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Mercadante
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (V.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Paolo Verze
- Department of Medicine and Surgery “Scuola medica Salernitana” University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (P.V.); (V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Mirone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (V.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Altieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery “Scuola medica Salernitana” University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (P.V.); (V.A.)
| | - Gianluigi Califano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (V.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanna Lucia Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Strazzullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Amelia Cimmino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanna Del Pozzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (S.T.); (P.B.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (V.M.); (A.C.)
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Yu M, Wang H, Liu Z, Lu Y, Yu D, Li D, Du W. Ebp1 regulates myogenic differentiation of myoblast cells via SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:540-551. [PMID: 28707296 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of skeletal muscle development requires many of the regulatory networks that are fundamental to developmental myogenesis. ErbB3 binding protein-1 (Ebp1) is involved in the control of myoblasts development in chicken. However, the expression and biological functions of Ebp1 in the progress of myogenesis are unclear. This study focused on determining the effect of Ebp1 on myogenic proliferation and differentiation using a primary myoblasts culture model. Ebp1 was found to upregulate in proliferating myoblasts and decrease at the early stage of myogenic differentiation. The level of endogenous Ebp1 increased from E9 to E20 chicken leg muscles. Knockdown of Ebp1 had no effect on myoblasts proliferation. However, myogenic differentiation into multinucleated myotubes was significantly reduced. The mRNA and protein expression of MRFs was decreased when Ebp1 was knocked down. Downregulation of Ebp1, accompanied by elevated levels of pSMAD2/3, suggests that Ebp1 is involved in regulating myogenic differentiation via SMAD2/3 inhibition. The phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 was activated and the expression of MYOD and MYOG was reduced in Ebp1 knockdown myoblasts, but addition of LY2109761 (an inhibitor specified to SMAD2/3) blocked these effects. Collectively, these results indicate that Ebp1 promotes myoblast differentiation by inhibition of SMAD2/3 signaling pathway during chicken myogenesis. These data provide new insights into the biological role of Ebp1 in embryonic chicken skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Yu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yinglin Lu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Debing Yu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenxing Du
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
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Ko HR, Hwang I, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS, Ahn JY. Neuron-specific expression of p48 Ebp1 during murine brain development and its contribution to CNS axon regeneration. BMB Rep 2017; 50:126-131. [PMID: 27916024 PMCID: PMC5422024 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P48 Ebp1 is expressed in rapidly proliferating cells such as cancer cells and accelerates cell growth and survival. However, its expression pattern and role in central nervous system development have not been studied. Here, we demonstrated the spatiotemporal expression pattern of p48 Ebp1 during embryonic development and the postnatal period. During embryonic development, p48 Ebp1 was highly expressed in the brain. Expression gradually decreased after birth but was still more abundant than p42 expression after birth. Strikingly, we found that p48 Ebp1 was expressed in a cell type specific manner in neurons but not astrocytes. Moreover, p48 Ebp1 physically interacted with beta tubulin but not alpha tubulin. This fits with its accumulation in distal microtubule growth cone regions. Furthermore, in injured hippocampal slices, p48 Ebp1 introduction promoted axon regeneration. Thus, we speculate that p48 Ebp1 might contribute to microtubule dynamics acting as an MAP and promotes CNS axon regeneration. [BMB Reports 2017; 50(3): 126-131].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Rim Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Inwoo Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - So Yoon Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yun Sil Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Won Soon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
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