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Zhang D, Xu D, Li Y, Luo Y, Hu J, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhou B, Wang P, Li X, Bai B, Ren H, Wang L, Zhang A, Jarrahi M, Huang Y, Ozcan A, Duan X. Broadband nonlinear modulation of incoherent light using a transparent optoelectronic neuron array. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2433. [PMID: 38499545 PMCID: PMC10948843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processing of ambient natural light is highly desired for computational imaging and sensing. Strong optical nonlinear response under weak broadband incoherent light is essential for this purpose. By merging 2D transparent phototransistors (TPTs) with liquid crystal (LC) modulators, we create an optoelectronic neuron array that allows self-amplitude modulation of spatially incoherent light, achieving a large nonlinear contrast over a broad spectrum at orders-of-magnitude lower intensity than achievable in most optical nonlinear materials. We fabricated a 10,000-pixel array of optoelectronic neurons, and experimentally demonstrated an intelligent imaging system that instantly attenuates intense glares while retaining the weaker-intensity objects captured by a cellphone camera. This intelligent glare-reduction is important for various imaging applications, including autonomous driving, machine vision, and security cameras. The rapid nonlinear processing of incoherent broadband light might also find applications in optical computing, where nonlinear activation functions for ambient light conditions are highly sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jingtian Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jingxuan Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Boxuan Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peiqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xurong Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bijie Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huaying Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laiyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Makowski M, Bomba J, Frej A, Kolodziejczyk M, Sypek M, Shimobaba T, Ito T, Kirilyuk A, Stupakiewicz A. Dynamic complex opto-magnetic holography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7286. [PMID: 36435872 PMCID: PMC9701213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent significant progress in real-time, large-area computer-generated holography, its memory requirements and computational loads will be hard to tackle for several decades to come with the current paradigm based on a priori calculations and bit-plane writing to a spatial light modulator. Here we experimentally demonstrate a holistic approach to serial computation and repeatable writing of computer-generated dynamic holograms without Fourier transform, using minimal amounts of computer memory. We use the ultrafast opto-magnetic recording of holographic patterns in a ferrimagnetic film with femtosecond laser pulses, driven by the on-the-fly hardware computation of a single holographic point. The intensity-threshold nature of the magnetic medium allows sub-diffraction-limited, point-by-point toggling of arbitrarily localized magnetic spots on the sample, according to the proposed circular detour-phase encoding, providing complex modulation and symmetrical suppression of upper diffractive orders and conjugated terms in holographically reconstructed 3-D images.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Bomba
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bialystok, 1L Ciolkowskiego, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - A Frej
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bialystok, 1L Ciolkowskiego, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - M Kolodziejczyk
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bialystok, 1L Ciolkowskiego, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - M Sypek
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Shimobaba
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - T Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - A Kirilyuk
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 7 Toernooiveld, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Stupakiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bialystok, 1L Ciolkowskiego, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
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Blanche PA, Ka JW, Peyghambarian N. Review of Organic Photorefractive Materials and Their Use for Updateable 3D Display. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195799. [PMID: 34640196 PMCID: PMC8510486 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photorefractive materials are capable of reversibly changing their index of refraction upon illumination. That property allows them to dynamically record holograms, which is a key function for developing an updateable holographic 3D display. The transition from inorganic photorefractive crystals to organic polymers meant that large display screens could be made. However, one essential figure of merit that needed to be worked out first was the sensitivity of the material that enables to record bright images in a short amount of time. In this review article, we describe how polymer engineering was able to overcome the problem of the material sensitivity. We highlight the importance of understanding the energy levels of the different species in order to optimize the efficiency and recording speed. We then discuss different photorefractive compounds and the reason for their particular figures of merit. Finally, we consider the technical choices taken to obtain an updateable 3D display using photorefractive polymer. By leveraging the unique properties of this holographic recording material, full color holograms were demonstrated, as well as refreshing rate of 100 hogels/second.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Won Ka
- Advanced Functional Polymers Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
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Choi J, Kim MI, Kim FS, Kim N, Oh JW, Moon JS. Enhancement of the response time in organic photorefractive composites using alkoxy-substituted PDCST as a nonlinear optical chromophore. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6767-6770. [PMID: 33325892 DOI: 10.1364/ol.409743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ease of the molecular orientation of a chromophore has an important effect on the electro-optical (EO) properties of polymeric photorefractive (PR) composites. A derivative of 4-piperidinobenzylidene-malononitrile (PDCST) with an alkoxy group added as a side branch was synthesized to improve the molecular orientation characteristics. Electrophoresis was performed on the polymeric PR composite to which the improved PDCST had been added. The optical properties and response times were examined to evaluate the effects of the substitution of the alkoxy group. PDCST substituted with the alkoxy group showed enhanced EO properties and a PR grating formation rate.
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Starobrat J, Frej A, Bolek J, Jan Trybus R, Stupakiewicz A, Makowski M. Photo-magnetic recording of randomized holographic diffraction patterns in a transparent medium. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5177-5180. [PMID: 32932482 DOI: 10.1364/ol.400857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructions from computer-generated holograms exhibit spurious duplicate images corresponding to higher diffractive orders, originating from the periodic pixels of a spatial light modulator. We explore the possibility of reducing their visibility by randomization of pixel positions at the stage of displaying of the holograms. Experimental validation is shown on a liquid crystal modulator and also in a promising photo-magnetic transparent cobalt-doped yttrium iron garnet, which exhibits spontaneous randomization of written patterns. Micromirror-driven raster scanning of femtosecond pulses is used for point-by-point rewriting of magnetic domains. Recorded holographic patterns diffract visible light beams in accordance with theory and numerical simulations.
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Masumura K, Nakanishi I, Van Thi Khuat K, Kinashi K, Sakai W, Tsutsumi N. Optimal composition of the poly(triarylamine)-based polymer composite to maximize photorefractive performance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:739. [PMID: 30679606 PMCID: PMC6345868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A holographic display system requires the external diffraction efficiency to be greater than 10% and four orders of magnitude of sensitivity for practical usage. To achieve such requirements, the photorefractive (PR) performance of PR composite based on poly[bis(2,4,6-trimethylpheneyl)amine] (PTAA) has been investigated. In the present report, the change of the content of PTAA as a photoconductive polymer, (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)diphenylamine (TAA) as a photoconductive plasticizer, and second trap agent bathophenanthroline (BPhen) reasonably optimized the PR response time and external diffraction efficiency. High sensitivity of 1851 cm2 J-1 with response time of 494 μs and external diffraction efficiency of 23.9% were achieved at 532 nm and 60 V μm-1 by reducing the content of PTAA and increasing the contents of TAA and BPhen. Decreasing the amount of PTAA and increasing the contents of TAA and BPhen lowered the absorption coefficient, resulting in the high external diffraction efficiency. The narrower distribution of the electronic density of states (DOS) for PTAA/TAA (43.5/20 and 33.5/30) also contributed to the shorter PR response time of hundreds of microseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Masumura
- Doctor's Program of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ikumi Nakanishi
- Master's Program of Innovative Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Khanh Van Thi Khuat
- Master's Program of Innovative Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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Choi J, Moon JS, Kim FS, Oh JW. Fast photorefractive response in polymeric composites enabled by the control of chromophore free volume. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3289-3292. [PMID: 30004488 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular orientation of a chromophore importantly affects the electro-optic characteristics of polymeric photorefractive composites. We designed methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl derivatives of 4-piperidinobenzylidene-malononitrile (PDCST) with the aim of enhancing molecular orientation properties, and investigated the effects of alkyl substitution on the electro-optic properties and response times of polymeric photorefractive composites. The three alkyl-substituted PDCSTs showed enhanced electro-optic responses and photorefractive grating buildup rates.
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