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Bouamar H, Broome LE, Lathrop KI, Jatoi I, Brenner AJ, Nazarullah A, Gorena KM, Garcia M, Chen Y, Kaklamani V, Sun LZ. mTOR inhibition abrogates human mammary stem cells and early breast cancer progression markers. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:131. [PMID: 37904250 PMCID: PMC10614399 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary physiology is distinguished in containing adult stem/progenitor cells that are actively amending the breast tissue throughout the reproductive lifespan of women. Despite their importance in both mammary gland development, physiological maintenance, and reproduction, the exact role of mammary stem/progenitor cells in mammary tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated in humans or animal models. The implications of modulating adult stem/progenitor cells in women could lead to a better understanding of not only their function, but also toward possible breast cancer prevention led us to evaluate the efficacy of rapamycin in reducing mammary stem/progenitor cell activity and malignant progression markers. METHODS We analyzed a large number of human breast tissues for their basal and luminal cell composition with flow cytometry and their stem and progenitor cell function with sphere formation assay with respect to age and menopausal status in connection with a clinical study (NCT02642094) involving a low-dose (2 mg/day) and short-term (5-7 days) treatment of the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. The expression of biomarkers in biopsies and surgical breast samples were measured with quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sirolimus treatment significantly abrogated mammary stem cell activity, particularly in postmenopausal patients. It did not affect the frequency of luminal progenitors but decreased their self-renewal capacity. While sirolimus had no effect on basal cell population, it decreased luminal cell population, particularly in postmenopausal patients. It also significantly diminished prognostic biomarkers associated with breast cancer progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer including p16INK4A, COX-2, and Ki67, as well as markers of the senescence-associated secretary phenotype, thereby possibly functioning in preventing early breast cancer progression. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings indicate a link from mTOR signaling to mammary stem and progenitor cell activity and cancer progression. Trial registration This study involves a clinical trial registered under the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02642094 registered December 30, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Bouamar
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Larry Esteban Broome
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kate Ida Lathrop
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ismail Jatoi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Jacob Brenner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alia Nazarullah
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Karla Moncada Gorena
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Garcia
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Greheey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Virginia Kaklamani
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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2
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Liang D, Gao Q, Meng Z, Li W, Song J, Xue K. Glycosylation in breast cancer progression and mammary development: Molecular connections and malignant transformations. Life Sci 2023; 326:121781. [PMID: 37207809 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cellular behavior in normal mammary gland development and the progression of breast cancer is like the relationship between an object and its mirror image: they may appear similar, but their essence is completely different. Breast cancer can be considered as temporal and spatial aberrations of normal development in mammary gland. Glycans have been shown to regulate key pathophysiological steps during mammary development and breast cancer progression, and the glycoproteins that play a key role in both processes can affect the normal differentiation and development of mammary cells, and even cause malignant transformation or accelerate tumorigenesis due to differences in their type and level of glycosylation. KEY FINDINGS In this review, we summarize the roles of glycan alterations in essential cellular behaviors during breast cancer progression and mammary development, and also highlight the importance of key glycan-binding proteins such as epidermal growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor β receptors and other proteins, which are pivotal in the modulation of cellular signaling in mammary gland. Our review takes an overall view of the molecular interplay, signal transduction and cellular behaviors in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression from a glycobiological perspective. SIGNIFICANCE This review will give a better understanding of the similarities and differences in glycosylation between mammary gland development and breast cancer progression, laying the foundation for elucidating the key molecular mechanisms of glycobiology underlying the malignant transformation of mammary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Zixuan Meng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiazhe Song
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China.
| | - Kai Xue
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Miller JL, Kanke M, Rauner G, Bakhle KM, Sethupathy P, Van de Walle GR. Comparative Analysis of microRNAs that Stratify in vitro Mammary stem and Progenitor Activity Reveals Functionality of Human miR-92b-3p. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:253-269. [PMID: 36190643 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary stem/progenitor cells are fundamental for mammary gland development and function. However, much remains to be elucidated regarding their function in mammals beyond the traditionally studied rodents, human, and to a lesser extent, ruminants. Due to the growing appreciation for microRNAs (miRNAs) as regulators of stem cells and their progenitors, we compared miRNA expression in mammary stem/progenitor cells from mammals with varying mammary stem/progenitor activity in vitro, in order to identify miRNA candidates that regulate stem/progenitor self-renewal and function. Mammosphere-derived epithelial cells (MDECs), which are primary cell lines enriched in mammary stem and progenitor cells, were generated from six mammalian species (i.e., cow, human, pig, horse, dog, and rat) and small RNA sequencing was performed. We identified 9 miRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed in MDEC cultures with a low versus high mammary stem/progenitor activity. miR-92b-3p was selected for functional follow-up studies, as this miRNA is understudied in primary mammary cells but has well-described gene targets that are known to regulate mammary stem/progenitor activity. Altering the expression of miR-92b-3p in MDECs from species with low stem/progenitor activity (human and cow) and those with high stem/progenitor activity (dog and rat) via inhibition and overexpression, respectively, resulted in significantly decreased mammosphere formation of human MDECs, but showed no significant effects in cow, dog, or rat MDECs. This study is the first to perform small RNA sequencing in MDECs from various mammals and highlights that conserved miRNAs can have different functions in mammary stem/progenitor cells across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Ithaca , United States
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gat Rauner
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Ithaca , United States
| | | | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Ithaca , United States.
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14850, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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4
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Gray GK, Li CMC, Rosenbluth JM, Selfors LM, Girnius N, Lin JR, Schackmann RCJ, Goh WL, Moore K, Shapiro HK, Mei S, D'Andrea K, Nathanson KL, Sorger PK, Santagata S, Regev A, Garber JE, Dillon DA, Brugge JS. A human breast atlas integrating single-cell proteomics and transcriptomics. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1400-1420.e7. [PMID: 35617956 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast is a dynamic organ whose response to physiological and pathophysiological conditions alters its disease susceptibility, yet the specific effects of these clinical variables on cell state remain poorly annotated. We present a unified, high-resolution breast atlas by integrating single-cell RNA-seq, mass cytometry, and cyclic immunofluorescence, encompassing a myriad of states. We define cell subtypes within the alveolar, hormone-sensing, and basal epithelial lineages, delineating associations of several subtypes with cancer risk factors, including age, parity, and BRCA2 germline mutation. Of particular interest is a subset of alveolar cells termed basal-luminal (BL) cells, which exhibit poor transcriptional lineage fidelity, accumulate with age, and carry a gene signature associated with basal-like breast cancer. We further utilize a medium-depletion approach to identify molecular factors regulating cell-subtype proportion in organoids. Together, these data are a rich resource to elucidate diverse mammary cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carman Man-Chung Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer M Rosenbluth
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nomeda Girnius
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology (LSP), HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jia-Ren Lin
- The Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology (LSP), HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ron C J Schackmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Walter L Goh
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaitlin Moore
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hana K Shapiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaolin Mei
- The Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology (LSP), HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kurt D'Andrea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translation Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translation Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- The Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology (LSP), HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- The Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology (LSP), HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deborah A Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Bartlett AP, Harman RM, Weiss JR, Van de Walle GR. Establishment and characterization of equine mammary organoids using a method translatable to other non-traditional model species. Development 2022; 149:274742. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mammary organoid (MaO) models are only available for a few traditional model organisms, limiting our ability to investigate mammary gland development and cancer across mammals. This study established equine mammary organoids (EqMaOs) from cryopreserved mammary tissue, in which mammary tissue fragments were isolated and embedded into a 3D matrix to produce EqMaOs. We evaluated viability, proliferation and budding capacity of EqMaOs at different time points during culture, showing that although the number of proliferative cells decreased over time, viability was maintained and budding increased. We further characterized EqMaOs based on expression of stem cell, myoepithelial and luminal markers, and found that EqMaOs expressed these markers throughout culture and that a bilayered structure as seen in vivo was recapitulated. We used the milk-stimulating hormone prolactin to induce milk production, which was verified by the upregulation of milk proteins, most notably β-casein. Additionally, we showed that our method is also applicable to additional non-traditional mammalian species, particularly domesticated animals such as cats, pigs and rabbits. Collectively, MaO models across species will be a useful tool for comparative developmental and cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna P. Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Weiss
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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6
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Mondal P, Bailey KL, Cartwright SB, Band V, Carlson MA. Large Animal Models of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788038. [PMID: 35186735 PMCID: PMC8855936 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini review the status, advantages, and disadvantages of large animal modeling of breast cancer (BC) will be discussed. While most older studies of large animal BC models utilized canine and feline subjects, more recently there has been interest in development of porcine BC models, with some early promising results for modeling human disease. Widely used rodent models of BC were briefly reviewed to give context to the work on the large animal BC models. Availability of large animal BC models could provide additional tools for BC research, including availability of human-sized subjects and BC models with greater biologic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Mondal
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Surgery, VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katie L. Bailey
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sara B. Cartwright
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Surgery, VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Center for Advanced Surgical Technology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,*Correspondence: Mark A. Carlson,
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7
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Carvalho TPD, Oliveira ARD, Santos DOD, Cassali GD, Garcia APV, Pereira FMAM, Soares-Neto LL, Silva MF, Paixão TA, Santos RL. Histopathologic and immunophenotypic profile of a spontaneous mammary carcinoma in a male Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons). J Med Primatol 2021; 51:49-52. [PMID: 34773265 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A 20-year-old male captive Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons) that died accidentally had a small non-ulcerative mammary nodule diagnosed as a mammary carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that neoplastic cells were positive for pan-cytokeratin and cytokeratin-7. Approximately 20% of neoplastic cells were positive for Ki-67. Neoplastic cells expressed estrogen and progesterone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Dos Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vargas Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Monique Ferreira Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves Paixão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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8
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Gao H, Liu Y, Zheng M, Zhao F, Wang H, Yu J, Jiang H, Wang D, Dong Q. Characterization of murine mammary stem/progenitor cells in a D-galactose-induced aging model. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11762-11773. [PMID: 33878032 PMCID: PMC8109064 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging plays an important role in many diseases, including breast cancer. Aged mammary stem/progenitor cells are perceived to be the cells of origin in breast tumorigenesis; however, the extensive use of mice who have aged naturally for research is hampered by cost, time, disease complications, and high mortality. In this study, we characterized murine mammary stem/progenitor cells in a D-galactose-induced accelerated aging model and compared them with findings from our earlier study on mice from natural aging. Our results showed that mammary glands in the D-galactose-induced aging model mimic natural aging in terms of pathological changes, epithelial cell composition, and mammary stem/progenitor cell function. These changes are accompanied by elevated inflammatory responses both systemically in the blood and locally in the mammary glands, which is similar in mice who age naturally. Our study for the first time evaluated the mammary glands and mammary stem/progenitor function in a D-galactose-induced aging model in rodents, and our findings suggest that D-galactose treatment can be used as a surrogate to study the role aged stem/progenitor cells play in breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.,Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Min Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Hongzhu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Jiajian Yu
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Danhan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.,Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
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9
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Dewi FN, Cline JM. Nonhuman primate model in mammary gland biology and neoplasia research. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:3. [PMID: 33397518 PMCID: PMC7784333 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on breast cancer pathogenesis, prevention and drug development remains an important field as this disease is still one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Nonhuman primates, particularly macaque species, may serve as a highly translational animal model in breast cancer studies due to their similarity with humans in genetics, anatomy, reproductive and endocrine physiology including mammary gland development profile. The use of nonhuman primates in biomedical research, however, requires high ethical standards and an increasing expectation to improve strategies to replace, reduce and refine their use. Here, we discuss some key features of nonhuman primate mammary gland biology relevant to their strengths and limitations as models in studies of breast development and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitriya N Dewi
- Primate Research Center at IPB University, Jl. Lodaya II No.5, Bogor, West Java, 16151, Indonesia.
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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10
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Bao Z, Ji W, Yang Y, Chen Z, Li Z, Wang K, Lu T, Yu Y, Xia W, Lu S. PAK5 promotes the cell stemness ability by phosphorylating SOX2 in lung squamous cell carcinomas. Exp Cell Res 2020; 395:112187. [PMID: 32721391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that the overexpression of p21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5) plays an important role in various tumor progression. However, the role of PAK5 and its downstream target gene(s) in lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC) are waiting to be elucidated. TCGA data were utilized to evaluate the expression levels of PAK5 in LUSC. We then explored the role of PAK5 in maintaining the stem-like phenotype of lung squamous cancer cells through RT-PCR, flow cytometry, oncosphere-forming assay. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation, western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were used to determine SOX2 as a novel effector of PAK5. Xenograft models in nude mice were established to explore the roles of PAK5 in lung cancer growth. In this study, we have shown that PAK5 is overexpressed in LUSC tissues. The absence of PAK5 abolishes self-renewal ability of LUSC cells by decreasing the expression and phosphorylation of SOX2 in vitro and in vivo. In xenograft models, knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of PAK5 suppressed the tumor growth and metastasis of lung squamous cancer cells in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that the PAK5-mediated SOX2 phosphorylation promoted the cancer stem cell-like phenotype of LUSC cells. PAK5 inhibition may be a promising target in the treatment of SOX2 positive lung squamous cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Bao
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huashan Road 1954, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Ji
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huashan Road 1954, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziming Li
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfeng Yu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huashan Road 1954, 200030, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, West Huaihai Road 241, 20030, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Finot L, Chanat E, Dessauge F. Mammary Epithelial Cell Lineage Changes During Cow's Life. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:185-197. [PMID: 30758700 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk production is highly dependent on the optimal development of the mammary epithelium. It is therefore essential to better understand mammary epithelial cell growth and maintenance from the related epithelial lineage during the animal life. Here, we characterized the epithelial lineage at puberty, lactation and dry-off in bovine using the cell surface markers CD49f, CD24, and CD10. The pubertal period was characterized by a high proportion of CD49fpos cells corresponding to various epithelial subpopulations, notably the CD24pos subpopulations. The proportion of CD49fpos cells was weaker during lactation and dry-off, and CD24pos cells were relatively few. Of note, the (sub)population profile at dry-off appeared close to that during lactation. Using a targeted gene approach, we associated specific genes with epithelial subpopulations, their expression level varying, or not, according to physiological stages. Caseins were only expressed in the CD49fmedCD24neg subpopulation. Basal marker genes (keratin(KRT)5, KRT14 and αSMA) were found in the CD49fhighCD24neg subpopulations. Luminal gene markers (KRT7, KRT8 and KRT19, CDH1 and the PRLR) were expressed in the CD49flowCD24neg subpopulation. The CD49flowCD24pos subpopulation, only abundant at puberty, expressed luminal gene markers and KI67 at high level. In contrast to others, the CD49fhighCD24pos cells accounted for a small proportion of total cells, decreasing from puberty to dry-off. They were characterized by expression of luminal and basal gene markers and low KI67 level. Interestingly, this subpopulation showed a remarkable stability of gene expression profile throughout physiological stages and bear the hallmark of quiescence that designate them as the potential bovine mammary stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Finot
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest , 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Eric Chanat
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest , 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
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12
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Mariya S, Dewi FN, Suparto IH, Wilkerson GK, Cline MJ, Iskandriati D, Budiarsa NI, Sajuthi D. Mammosphere Culture of Mammary Cells from Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2019; 69:144-150. [PMID: 30732675 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland contains adult stem cells that are capable of self-renewal. Although these cells hold an important role in the biology and pathology of the breast, the studies of mammary stem cells are few due to the difficulty of acquiring and expanding undifferentiated adult stem cell populations. In this study, we developed mammosphere cultures from frozen mammary cells of nulliparous cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) as a culture system to enrich mammary stem cells. Small samples of mammary tissues were collected by surgical biopsy; cells were cultured in epithelial cell growth medium and cryopreserved. Cryopreserved cells were cultured into mammospheres, and the expression of markers for stemness was evaluated by using quantitative PCR analysis. Cells were further differentiated by using 2D and 3D approaches to evaluate morphology and organoid budding, respectively. The study showed that mammosphere culture resulted in an increase in the expression of mammary stem cell markers with each passage. In contrast, markers for epithelial cells and pluripotency decreased across multiple passages. The 2D differentiation of the cells showed heterogeneous morphology, whereas 3D differentiation allowed for organoid formation. The results indicate that mammospheres can be successfully developed from frozen mammary cells derived from breast tissue collected from nulliparous cynomolgus macaques through surgical biopsy. Because mammosphere cultures allow for the enrichment of a mammary stem cell population, this refined method provides a model for the in vitro or ex vivo study of mammary stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silmi Mariya
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia;,
| | - Fitriya N Dewi
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Irma H Suparto
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia; Faculty of Mathematic and Nature Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Gregory K Wilkerson
- Michale E Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Mark J Cline
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Diah Iskandriati
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nengah I Budiarsa
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dondin Sajuthi
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Song J, Ding F, Li S, Li W, Li N, Xue K. CD24 and CD49f expressions of E14.5 mouse mammary anlagen cells define putative distribution of earlier embryonic mammary stem cell activities. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:539-547. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell biology offers promise for understanding the origins of the mammary gland. However, the distribution of mammary stem cell (MaSC) activities at earlier embryonic stages has not been fully identified. The markers for sorting adult MaSC, CD24, CD29, and CD49f have been applied to analyze fetal MaSCs. Here we explored mammary anlagen MaSCs by investigating the expression of CD24 and CD49f. According to the comparative analysis between adult mammary gland and fetal mammary anlagen, we found that fetal mouse mammary anlagen may possess a high percentage of potential MaSCs. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 2 distinct mammary anlagen populations: Lin–CD24med and Lin–CD24high. Sphere-forming and mammary repopulating assays confirmed that the stem cell activity of E14.5 mouse mammary anlagen was restricted to the Lin–CD24med cell population. Furthermore, CD24med mammary anlagen cells were separated into Lin–CD24medCD49f+ and Lin–CD24medCD49f– populations and identified, respectively. The results proved that the mammary anlagen Lin–CD24medCD49f+ cell population possesses more stem cell activities than the Lin–CD24medCD49f– cell population. However, a limited numbers of stem cells and large numbers of stromal cells were identified in mammary anlagen in the Lin–CD24med cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhe Song
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratories for AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fangrong Ding
- National Animal Genetic Research Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Li
- National Animal Genetic Research Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratories for AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- National Animal Genetic Research Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xue
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
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