1
|
Wang W, Yan J, Sun M, Li X, Li Y, An L, Qian C, Zhang X, Shao X, Duan Y, Li G. Recent Progress in the Conversion of Methylfuran into Value-Added Chemicals and Fuels. Molecules 2024; 29:2976. [PMID: 38998927 PMCID: PMC11243621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
2-methylfuran is a significant organic chemical raw material which can be produced by hydrolysis, dehydration, and selective hydrogenation of biomass hemicellulose. 2-methylfuran can be converted into value-added chemicals and liquid fuels. This article reviews the latest progress in the synthesis of liquid fuel precursors through hydroxyalkylation/alkylation reactions of 2-methylfuran and biomass-derived carbonyl compounds in recent years. 2-methylfuran reacts with olefins through Diels-Alder reactions to produce chemicals, and 2-methylfuran reacts with anhydrides (or carboxylic acids) to produce acylated products. In the future application of 2-methylfuran, developing high value-added chemicals and high-density liquid fuels are two good research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Jiamin Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Mengze Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Hanzhong Institute of Agricultural Science, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Ling An
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Chi Qian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xianzhao Shao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Yanping Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Guangyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li G, Wang R, Pang J, Wang A, Li N, Zhang T. Production of Renewable Hydrocarbon Biofuels with Lignocellulose and Its Derivatives over Heterogeneous Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2889-2954. [PMID: 38483065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the issues of global warming and CO2 emission reduction have garnered increasing global attention. In the 21st Conference of the Parties (convened in Paris in 2015), 179 nations and the European Union signed a pivotal agreement to limit the global temperature increase of this century to well below 2 K above preindustrial levels. To fulfill this objective, extensive research has been conducted to use renewable energy sources as potential replacements for traditional fossil fuels. Among them, the production of hydrocarbon transportation fuels from CO2-neutral and renewable biomass has proven to be a particularly promising solution due to its compatibility with existing infrastructure. This review systematically summarizes research progress in the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbon biofuels from lignocellulose during the past two decades. Based on the chemical structure (including n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, aromatics, and cycloalkanes) of hydrocarbon transportation fuels, the synthesis pathways of these biofuels are discussed in four separate sections. Furthermore, this review proposes three guiding principles for the design of practical hydrocarbon biofuels, providing insights into future directions for the development of viable biomass-derived liquid fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ran Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry Yanshan Branch, Beijing 102500, China
| | - Jifeng Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang YB, Yan XY, Huang ZH, Shan TX, Geng JY, Cao ZH, Lu Q. Rapid Synthesis of Diesel Precursors from Biomass-Derived Furanics Over Aluminum-Doped Mesoporous Silica Sphere Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201677. [PMID: 36519750 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The condensation of biomass-derived molecules has been increasingly utilized as a sustainable strategy for the preparation of high-carbon precursors for high-density fuels, thus stimulating the demand for more efficient catalysts. This study concerns the synthesis of an aluminum-doped mesoporous silica sphere (Al-MSS) catalyst for the conversion of biobased furfural and 2-methylfuran into a C15 diesel precursor through a hydroxyalkylation/alkylation (HAA) reaction. A series of Al-MSS catalysts with different Si/Al ratios and calcination temperatures is prepared and extensively characterized, among which Al-MSS20-450 (Si/Al=20 : 1, calcined at 450 °C) exhibits unprecedentedly high reaction efficiency in catalyzing HAA reaction, offering a 94 % product yield at 140 °C in 20 min. The catalyst also gives high product yields across a broad temperature range from 80 °C to 140 °C with varied reaction time. Reaction kinetics reveal that both competitive substrate adsorption and temperature-dependent system viscosity affect the reaction efficiencies. Correlations between the catalytic activity and surface acid sites disclose that moderate and strong acid sites are primarily responsible for catalysis. Brønsted and Lewis acid sites are found by poisoning assays to work synergistically to catalyze the reaction, with the former being the primary sites. Finally, the catalyst displays good recycling performance, which further highlights its potential for industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Bing Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Xia-Yun Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Tian-Xi Shan
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Jing-Yu Geng
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Zi-He Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muldoon JA, Harvey BG. Bio-Based Cycloalkanes: The Missing Link to High-Performance Sustainable Jet Fuels. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5777-5807. [PMID: 32810345 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of sustainable energy solutions that reduce global carbon emissions, while maintaining high living standards, is one of the grand challenges of the current century. Transportation fuels are critical to economic development, globalization, and the advancement of society. Although ground vehicles and small aircraft are beginning a slow transition toward electric propulsion with energy sourced from solar radiation or wind, the extreme power requirements of jet aircraft require a more concentrated source of energy that is conveniently provided by liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This Review describes recent efforts to develop efficient routes for the conversion of crude biomass sources (e. g., lignocellulose) to cycloalkanes. These cycloalkanes impart advantageous properties to jet fuels, including increased density, higher volumetric heat of combustion, and enhanced operability. The combination of bio-based cycloalkanes and synthetic paraffinic kerosenes allows for the preparation of 100 % bio-based fuels that can outperform conventional petroleum-based fuels. In this Review methods are described that convert biomass-derived small molecules, including furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, cyclic ketones, phenolics, acyclic ketones, cyclic alcohols, furans, esters, and alkenes to high-density cycloalkanes. In addition to describing the chemical transformations and catalysts that have been developed to efficiently produce various cycloalkanes, this Review includes summaries of key fuel properties, which highlight the ability to generate fuels with customized performance metrics. This work is intended to inspire other researchers to study the conversion of sustainable feedstocks to full-performance aviation fuels. An acceleration of this research is critical to reducing the carbon footprint of commercial and military aviation on a timescale that will help blunt the impacts of global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Muldoon
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Branch, China Lake, California, 93555, USA
| | - Benjamin G Harvey
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Branch, China Lake, California, 93555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dutta S. Hydro(deoxygenation) Reaction Network of Lignocellulosic Oxygenates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2894-2915. [PMID: 32134557 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a key transformation step to convert lignocellulosic oxygenates into drop-in and functional high-value hydrocarbons through controlled oxygen removal. Nevertheless, the mechanistic insights of HDO chemistry have been scarcely investigated as opposed to a significant extent of hydrodesulfurization chemistry. Current requirements emphasize certain underexplored events of HDO of oxygenates, which include 1) interactions of oxygenates of varied molecular size with active sites of the catalysts, 2) determining the conformation of oxygenates on the active site at the point of interaction, and 3) effects of oxygen contents of oxygenates on the reaction rate of HDO. It is realized that the molecular interactions of oxygenates with the surface of the catalyst dominates the degree and nature of deoxygenation to derive products with desired selectivity by overcoming complex separation processes in a biorefinery. Those oxygenates with high carbon numbers (>C10), multiple furan rings, and branched architectures are even more complex to understand. This article aims to focus on concise mechanistic analysis of biorefinery oxygenates (C10-35 ) for their deoxygenation processes, with a special emphasis on their interactions with active sites in a complex chemical environment. This article also addresses differentiation of the mode of interactions based on the molecular size of oxygenates. Deoxygenation processes coupled with or without ring opening of furan-based oxygenates and site-substrate cooperativity dictate the formation of diverse value-added products. Oxygen removal has been the key step for microbial deoxygenation by the use of oxygen-removing decarbonylase enzymes. However, challenges to obtain branched and long-chain hydrocarbons remain, which require special attention, including the invention of newer techniques to upgrade the process for combined depolymerization-HDO from real biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dutta
- Molecular Catalysis & Energy (MCR) Laboratory, Amity Institute Click Chemistry Research & Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, 201303, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rosenkoetter KE, Kennedy CR, Chirik PJ, Harvey BG. [4+4]-Cycloaddition of Isoprene for the Production of High-Performance Bio-Based Jet Fuel. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2019; 21:5616-5623. [PMID: 33790688 PMCID: PMC8009188 DOI: 10.1039/c9gc02404b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene was efficiently converted to 1,6-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene (DMCOD) by selective [4+4]-cycloaddition with a catalyst formed by in situ reduction of [(MePI)FeCl(μ-Cl)]2 (MePI = [2-(2,6-(CH3)2-C6H3-N=C(CH3))-C4H5N]). DMCOD was isolated in 92% yield, at the preparative scale, with a catalyst loading of 0.025 mol%, and a TON of 3680. Catalytic hydrogenation of DMCOD yielded 1,4-dimethylcyclooctane (DMCO). The cyclic structure and ring strain of DMCO afforded gravimetric and volumetric net heats of combustion 2.4 and 9.2% higher, respectively, than conventional jet fuel. In addition, the presence of methyl branches at two sites resulted in a -20 °C kinematic viscosity of 4.17 mm2 s-1, 48 % lower than the maximum allowed value for conventional jet fuel. The ability to derive isoprene and related alcohols readily from abundant biomass sources, coupled with the highly efficient [Fe]-catalyzed [4+4]-cycloaddition described herein, suggests that this process holds great promise for the economical production of high-performance, bio-based jet fuel blendstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Rosenkoetter
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California 93555
| | - C Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Benjamin G Harvey
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California 93555
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gage S, Engelhardt J, Menart MJ, Ngo C, Leong GJ, Ji Y, Trewyn BG, Pylypenko S, Richards RM. Palladium Intercalated into the Walls of Mesoporous Silica as Robust and Regenerable Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenolic Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7681-7691. [PMID: 31458918 PMCID: PMC6644551 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured noble-metal catalysts traditionally suffer from sintering under high operating temperatures, leading to durability issues and process limitations. The encapsulation of nanostructured catalysts to prevent loss of activity through thermal sintering, while maintaining accessibility of active sites, remains a great challenge in the catalysis community. Here, we report a robust and regenerable palladium-based catalyst, wherein palladium particles are intercalated into the three-dimensional framework of SBA-15-type mesoporous silica. The encapsulated Pd active sites remain catalytically active as demonstrated in high-temperature/pressure phenol hydrodeoxygenation reactions. The confinement of Pd particles in the walls of SBA-15 prevents particle sintering at high temperatures. Moreover, a partially deactivated catalyst containing intercalated particles is regenerated almost completely even after several reaction cycles. In contrast, Pd particles, which are not encapsulated within the SBA-15 framework, sinter and do not recover prior activity after a regeneration procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
H. Gage
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jan Engelhardt
- Max-Planck
Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
| | - Martin J. Menart
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chilan Ngo
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - G. Jeremy Leong
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yazhou Ji
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Brian G. Trewyn
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Svitlana Pylypenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ryan M. Richards
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Review on synthesis and properties of high-energy-density liquid fuels: Hydrocarbons, nanofluids and energetic ionic liquids. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
10
|
Li H, Riisager A, Saravanamurugan S, Pandey A, Sangwan RS, Yang S, Luque R. Carbon-Increasing Catalytic Strategies for Upgrading Biomass into Energy-Intensive Fuels and Chemicals. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- State-Local Joint Engineering Lab for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Anders Riisager
- Centre
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shunmugavel Saravanamurugan
- Laboratory
of Bioproduct Chemistry, Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Rajender S. Sangwan
- Laboratory
of Bioproduct Chemistry, Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Song Yang
- State-Local Joint Engineering Lab for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Cordoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Chen F, Li N, Wang W, Sheng X, Wang A, Cong Y, Wang X, Zhang T. Synthesis of Renewable Triketones, Diketones, and Jet-Fuel Range Cycloalkanes with 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Ketones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:711-719. [PMID: 28052535 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of renewable C9 -C12 triketones with repeating [COCH2 CH2 ] units were synthesized in high carbon yields (ca. 90 %) by the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of the aldol-condensation products of 5-hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) and ketones over an Au/TiO2 catalyst. Compared with the reported routes, this new route has many advantages such as being environmentally friendly, having fewer steps, using a cheaper and reusable catalyst, etc. The triketones as obtained can be used as feedstocks in the production of conducting or semi-conducting polymers. Through a solvent-free intramolecular aldol condensation over solid-base catalysts, the triketones were selectively converted to diketones, which can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of useful chemicals or polymers. As another application, the tri- and diketones can also be utilized as precursors for the synthesis of jet-fuel range branched cycloalkanes with low freezing points (224-248 K) and high densities (ca. 0.81 g mL-1 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- iChEM, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xueru Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, P. R. China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- iChEM, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- iChEM, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|