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Barrantes FJ. Modulation of a rapid neurotransmitter receptor-ion channel by membrane lipids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1328875. [PMID: 38274273 PMCID: PMC10808158 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1328875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipids modulate the proteins embedded in the bilayer matrix by two non-exclusive mechanisms: direct or indirect. The latter comprise those effects mediated by the physicochemical state of the membrane bilayer, whereas direct modulation entails the more specific regulatory effects transduced via recognition sites on the target membrane protein. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), the paradigm member of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) superfamily of rapid neurotransmitter receptors, is modulated by both mechanisms. Reciprocally, the nAChR protein exerts influence on its surrounding interstitial lipids. Folding, conformational equilibria, ligand binding, ion permeation, topography, and diffusion of the nAChR are modulated by membrane lipids. The knowledge gained from biophysical studies of this prototypic membrane protein can be applied to other neurotransmitter receptors and most other integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barrantes
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)–National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Maldonado-Hernández R, Quesada O, González-Feliciano JA, Baerga-Ortiz A, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. Identification of the native Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor's glycan composition after a multi-step sequential purification method using MALDI-ToF MS. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300151. [PMID: 37904306 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The Cys-loop pentameric ligand-gated ion channels comprise a dynamic group of proteins that have been extensively studied for decades, yielding a wealth of findings at both the structural and functional levels. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is no exception, as it is part of this large protein family involved in proper organismal function. Our efforts have successfully produced a highly pure nAChR in detergent complex (nAChR-DC), enabling more robust studies to be conducted on it, including beginning to experiment with high-throughput crystallization. Our homogeneous product has been identified and extensively characterized with 100% identity using Nano Lc MS/MS and MALDI ToF/ToF for each nAChR subunit. Additionally, the N-linked glycans in the Torpedo californica-nAChR (Tc-nAChR) subunits have been identified. To study this, the Tc-nAChR subunits were digested with PNGase F and the released glycans were analyzed by MALDI-ToF. The MS results showed the presence of high-mannose N-glycan in all native Tc-nAChR subunits. Specifically, the oligommanose population Man8-9GlcNac2 with peaks at m/z 1742 and 1904 ([M + Na]+ ions) were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Maldonado-Hernández
- Department of Biology, Ponce Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico, USA
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Orestes Quesada
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
- Department of Physical Sciences, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - José A Lasalde-Dominicci
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
- Department of Biology, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Science Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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3
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Quesada O, González-Nieves JE, Colón J, Maldonado-Hernández R, González-Freire C, Acevedo-Cintrón J, Rosado-Millán ID, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. Assessment of Purity, Functionality, Stability, and Lipid Composition of Cyclofos-nAChR-Detergent Complexes from Torpedo californica Using Lipid Matrix and Macroscopic Electrophysiology. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:271-285. [PMID: 37140614 PMCID: PMC10157581 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-023-00285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to find detergents that can maintain the functionality and stability of the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Tc-nAChR). We examined the functionality, stability, and purity analysis of affinity-purified Tc-nAChR solubilized in detergents from the Cyclofos (CF) family [cyclofoscholine 4 (CF-4), cyclofoscholine 6 (CF-6), and cyclofloscholine 7 (CF-7)]. The functionality of the CF-Tc-nAChR-detergent complex (DC) was evaluated using the Two Electrode Voltage Clamp (TEVC) method. To assess stability, we used the florescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in Lipidic Cubic Phase (LCP) methodology. We also performed a lipidomic analysis using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) to evaluate the lipid composition of the CF-Tc-nAChR-DCs. The CF-4-Tc-nAChR-DC displayed a robust macroscopic current (- 200 ± 60 nA); however, the CF-6-Tc-nAChR-DC and CF-7-Tc-nAChR-DC displayed significant reductions in the macroscopic currents. The CF-6-Tc-nAChR and CF-4-Tc-nAChR displayed higher fractional florescence recovery. Addition of cholesterol produced a mild enhancement of the mobile fraction on the CF-6-Tc-nAChR. The lipidomic analysis revealed that the CF-7-Tc-nAChR-DC displayed substantial delipidation, consistent with the lack of stability and functional response of this complex. Although the CF-6-nAChR-DC complex retained the largest amount of lipids, it showed a loss of six lipid species [SM(d16:1/18:0); PC(18:2/14:1); PC(14:0/18:1); PC(16:0/18:1); PC(20:5/20:4), and PC(20:4/20:5)] that are present in the CF-4-nAChR-DC. Overall, the CF-4-nAChR displayed robust functionality, significant stability, and the best purity among the three CF detergents; therefore, CF-4 is a suitable candidate to prepare Tc-nAChR crystals for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestes Quesada
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.
- Molecular Science Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
| | | | - José Colón
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
- Molecular Science Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Rafael Maldonado-Hernández
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Ponce Campus, Ponce, PR, USA
- Molecular Science Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Carol González-Freire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Jesús Acevedo-Cintrón
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Irvin D Rosado-Millán
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - José A Lasalde-Dominicci
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
- Molecular Science Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Science Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.
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Barrantes FJ. Structure and function meet at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-lipid interface. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106729. [PMID: 36931540 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a transmembrane protein that mediates fast intercellular communication in response to the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is the best characterized and archetypal molecule in the superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). As a typical transmembrane macromolecule, it interacts extensively with its vicinal lipid microenvironment. Experimental evidence provides a wealth of information on receptor-lipid crosstalk: the nAChR exerts influence on its immediate membrane environment and conversely, the lipid moiety modulates ligand binding, affinity state transitions and gating of ion translocation functions of the receptor protein. Recent cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies have unveiled the occurrence of sites for phospholipids and cholesterol on the lipid-exposed regions of neuronal and electroplax nAChRs, confirming early spectroscopic and affinity labeling studies demonstrating the close contact of lipid molecules with the receptor transmembrane segments. This new data provides structural support to the postulated "lipid sensor" ability displayed by the outer ring of M4 transmembrane domains and their modulatory role on nAChR function, as we postulated a decade ago. Borrowing from the best characterized nAChR, the electroplax (muscle-type) receptor, and exploiting new structural information on the neuronal nAChR, it is now possible to achieve an improved depiction of these sites. In combination with site-directed mutagenesis, single-channel electrophysiology, and molecular dynamics studies, the new structural information delivers a more comprehensive portrayal of these lipid-sensitive loci, providing mechanistic explanations for their ability to modulate nAChR properties and raising the possibility of targetting them in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) - Argentine Scientific & Technol. Research Council (CONICET), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AAZ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Pazol J, Weiss TM, Martínez CD, Quesada O, Nicolau E. The influence of calcium ions (Ca 2+) on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide aggregates to liberate free fatty acids (FFA) in aqueous solution. JCIS OPEN 2022; 7:100058. [PMID: 37593195 PMCID: PMC10433262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jciso.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The chemical environment in aqueous solutions greatly influences the ability of amphiphilic molecules such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to aggregate into different structural phases in aqueous solutions. Understanding the substrate's morphology and conditions of aqueous solution that favor both enzymatic activity and the disruption of LPS aggregates are crucial in developing agents that can counteract the new trend of multidrug resistance by gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we developed two LPS morphologies using LPS from Escherichia coli as a model to study the in vitro hydrolytic response when using a lipase treatment. The hydrolysis was performed using lipase b from Candida antarctica to understand the catalytic effect in removing fatty acids from its lipid A moiety on different LPS aggregates. Physical and chemical characterizations of the products included dynamic light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography. Our results suggest a trend of prominent hydrolytic response (72% enhancement) upon the addition of calcium ions to induce LPS aggregates into bilayer formations. Moreover, our results revealed the detection of myristic acid (C14:0) as the product of the hydrolysis when using RaLPS in its aggregate forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Pazol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, PR, USA, 00925-2537
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Ave, Suite 2, San Juan, PR, USA, 00931-3346
| | - Thomas M. Weiss
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 94025
| | - Cristian D. Martínez
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Ave, Suite 2, San Juan, PR, USA, 00931-3346
| | - Orestes Quesada
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Ave, Suite 2, San Juan, PR, USA, 00931-3346
- Departments of Physical Sciences and Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, PR, USA, 00925-2537
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, PR, USA, 00925-2537
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Ave, Suite 2, San Juan, PR, USA, 00931-3346
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Korona D, Dirnberger B, Giachello CNG, Queiroz RML, Popovic R, Müller KH, Minde DP, Deery MJ, Johnson G, Firth LC, Earley FG, Russell S, Lilley KS. Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits and their native interactions with insecticidal peptide toxins. eLife 2022; 11:74322. [PMID: 35575460 PMCID: PMC9110030 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that represent a target for insecticides. Peptide neurotoxins are known to block nAChRs by binding to their target subunits, however, a better understanding of this mechanism is needed for effective insecticide design. To facilitate the analysis of nAChRs we used a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy to generate null alleles for all ten nAChR subunit genes in a common genetic background. We studied interactions of nAChR subunits with peptide neurotoxins by larval injections and styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) pull-down assays. For the null alleles, we determined the effects of α-Bungarotoxin (α-Btx) and ω-Hexatoxin-Hv1a (Hv1a) administration, identifying potential receptor subunits implicated in the binding of these toxins. We employed pull-down assays to confirm α-Btx interactions with the Drosophila α5 (Dα5), Dα6, Dα7 subunits. Finally, we report the localisation of fluorescent tagged endogenous Dα6 during Drosophila CNS development. Taken together, this study elucidates native Drosophila nAChR subunit interactions with insecticidal peptide toxins and provides a resource for the in vivo analysis of insect nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Korona
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict Dirnberger
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo N G Giachello
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Rayner M L Queiroz
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebeka Popovic
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience/Anatomy Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David-Paul Minde
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Glynnis Johnson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C Firth
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus G Earley
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Russell
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Pursuing High-Resolution Structures of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Lessons Learned from Five Decades. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195753. [PMID: 34641297 PMCID: PMC8510392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been extensively studied to understand their function, as well as the consequence of alterations leading to disease states. Importantly, these receptors represent pharmacological targets to treat a number of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Nevertheless, their therapeutic value has been limited by the absence of high-resolution structures that allow for the design of more specific and effective drugs. This article offers a comprehensive review of five decades of research pursuing high-resolution structures of nAChRs. We provide a historical perspective, from initial structural studies to the most recent X-ray and cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) nAChR structures. We also discuss the most relevant structural features that emerged from these studies, as well as perspectives in the field.
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Sharp L, Brannigan G. Spontaneous lipid binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in a native membrane. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:185102. [PMID: 34241006 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and other pentameric ligand-gated ion channels are native to neuronal membranes with an unusual lipid composition. While it is well-established that these receptors can be significantly modulated by lipids, the underlying mechanisms have been primarily studied in model membranes with few lipid species. Here, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation to probe specific binding of lipids in a complex quasi-neuronal membrane. We ran a total of 50 μs of simulations of a single nAChR in a membrane composed of 36 species of lipids. Competition between multiple lipid species produces a complex distribution. We find that overall, cholesterol selects for concave inter-subunit sites and polyunsaturated fatty acids select for convex M4 sites, while monounsaturated and saturated lipids are unenriched in the nAChR boundary. We propose the "density-threshold affinity" as a metric calculated from continuous density distributions, which reduces to a standard affinity in two-state binding. We find that the density-threshold affinity for M4 weakens with chain rigidity, which suggests that flexible chains may help relax packing defects caused by the conical protein shape. For any site, PE headgroups have the strongest affinity of all phospholipid headgroups, but anionic lipids still yield moderately high affinities for the M4 sites as expected. We observe cooperative effects between anionic headgroups and saturated chains at the M4 site in the inner leaflet. We also analyze affinities for individual anionic headgroups. When combined, these insights may reconcile several apparently contradictory experiments on the role of anionic phospholipids in modulating nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Sharp
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, New Jersey 08102, USA
| | - Grace Brannigan
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, New Jersey 08102, USA
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Maldonado-Hernández R, Quesada O, Colón-Sáez JO, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. Sequential purification and characterization of Torpedo californica nAChR-DC supplemented with CHS for high-resolution crystallization studies. Anal Biochem 2020; 610:113887. [PMID: 32763308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years we have been developing a multi-attribute analytical platform that allows for the preparation of milligram amounts of functional, high-pure, and stable Torpedo (muscle-type) nAChR detergent complexes for crystallization purpose. In the present work, we have been able to significantly improve and optimize the purity and yield of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in detergent complexes (nAChR-DC) without compromising stability and functionality. We implemented new methods in the process, such as analysis and rapid production of samples for future crystallization preparations. Native nAChR was extracted from the electric organ of Torpedo californica using the lipid-like detergent LysoFos Choline 16 (LFC-16), followed by three consecutive steps of chromatography purification. We evaluated the effect of cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) supplementation during the affinity purification steps of nAChR-LFC-16 in terms of receptor secondary structure, stability and functionality. CHS produced significant changes in the degree of β-secondary structure, these changes compromise the diffusion of the nAChR-LFC-16 in lipid cubic phase. The behavior was reversed by Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin treatment. Also, CHS decreased acetylcholine evoked currents of Xenopus leavis oocyte injected with nAChR-LFC-16 in a concentration-dependent manner. Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin treatment do not reverse functionality, however column delipidation produced a functional protein similar to nAChR-LFC-16 without CHS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Maldonado-Hernández
- Department of the Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Orestes Quesada
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - José O Colón-Sáez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Medical Science Campus, Puerto Rico
| | - José A Lasalde-Dominicci
- Department of the Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Science Campus, Puerto Rico.
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Cryo-EM structures of a lipid-sensitive pentameric ligand-gated ion channel embedded in a phosphatidylcholine-only bilayer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1788-1798. [PMID: 31911476 PMCID: PMC6983364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906823117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid dependence of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the Torpedo electric organ has long been recognized, and one of the most consistent experimental observations is that, when reconstituted in membranes formed by zwitterionic phospholipids alone, exposure to agonist fails to elicit ion-flux activity. More recently, it has been suggested that the bacterial homolog ELIC (Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel) has a similar lipid sensitivity. As a first step toward the elucidation of the structural basis of this phenomenon, we solved the structures of ELIC embedded in palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine- (POPC-) only nanodiscs in both the unliganded (4.1-Å resolution) and agonist-bound (3.3 Å) states using single-particle cryoelectron microscopy. Comparison of the two structural models revealed that the largest differences occur at the level of loop C-at the agonist-binding sites-and the loops at the interface between the extracellular and transmembrane domains (ECD and TMD, respectively). On the other hand, the transmembrane pore is occluded in a remarkably similar manner in both structures. A straightforward interpretation of these findings is that POPC-only membranes frustrate the ECD-TMD coupling in such a way that the "conformational wave" of liganded-receptor gating takes place in the ECD and the interfacial M2-M3 linker but fails to penetrate the membrane and propagate into the TMD. Furthermore, analysis of the structural models and molecular simulations suggested that the higher affinity for agonists characteristic of the open- and desensitized-channel conformations results, at least in part, from the tighter confinement of the ligand to its binding site; this limits the ligand's fluctuations, and thus delays its escape into bulk solvent.
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11
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Fabiani C, Antollini SS. Alzheimer's Disease as a Membrane Disorder: Spatial Cross-Talk Among Beta-Amyloid Peptides, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Lipid Rafts. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:309. [PMID: 31379503 PMCID: PMC6657435 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes show lateral and transverse asymmetric lipid distribution. Cholesterol (Chol) localizes in both hemilayers, but in the external one it is mostly condensed in lipid-ordered microdomains (raft domains), together with saturated phosphatidyl lipids and sphingolipids (including sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids). Membrane asymmetries induce special membrane biophysical properties and behave as signals for several physiological and/or pathological processes. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with a perturbation in different membrane properties. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein together with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the most characteristic cellular changes observed in this disease. The extracellular presence of Aβ peptides forming senile plaques, together with soluble oligomeric species of Aβ, are considered the major cause of the synaptic dysfunction of AD. The association between Aβ peptide and membrane lipids has been extensively studied. It has been postulated that Chol content and Chol distribution condition Aβ production and posterior accumulation in membranes and, hence, cell dysfunction. Several lines of evidence suggest that Aβ partitions in the cell membrane accumulate mostly in raft domains, the site where the cleavage of the precursor AβPP by β- and γ- secretase is also thought to occur. The main consequence of the pathogenesis of AD is the disruption of the cholinergic pathways in the cerebral cortex and in the basal forebrain. In parallel, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been extensively linked to membrane properties. Since its transmembrane domain exhibits extensive contacts with the surrounding lipids, the acetylcholine receptor function is conditioned by its lipid microenvironment. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is present in high-density clusters in the cell membrane where it localizes mainly in lipid-ordered domains. Perturbations of sphingomyelin or cholesterol composition alter acetylcholine receptor location. Therefore, Aβ processing, Aβ partitioning, and acetylcholine receptor location and function can be manipulated by changes in membrane lipid biophysics. Understanding these mechanisms should provide insights into new therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of AD. Here, we discuss the implications of lipid-protein interactions at the cell membrane level in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fabiani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca CONICET-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvia S Antollini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca CONICET-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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12
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Sharp L, Salari R, Brannigan G. Boundary lipids of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: Spontaneous partitioning via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:887-896. [PMID: 30664881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) exhibit significant gain-of-function upon addition of cholesterol to reconstitution mixtures, and cholesterol affects the organization of nAChRs within domain-forming membranes, but whether nAChR partitions to cholesterol-rich liquid-ordered ("raft" or lo) domains or cholesterol-poor liquid-disordered (ldo) domains is unknown. We use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to observe spontaneous interactions of cholesterol, saturated lipids, and polyunsaturated (PUFA) lipids with nAChRs. In binary Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine:Cholesterol (DPPC:CHOL) mixtures, both CHOL and DPPC acyl chains were observed spontaneously entering deep "non-annular" cavities in the nAChR TMD, particularly at the subunit interface and the β subunit center, facilitated by the low amino acid density in the cryo-EM structure of nAChR in a native membrane. Cholesterol was highly enriched in the annulus around the TMD, but this effect extended over (at most) 5-10 Å. In domain-forming ternary mixtures containing PUFAs, the presence of a single receptor did not significantly affect the likelihood of domain formation. nAChR partitioned to any cholesterol-poor ldo domain that was present, regardless of whether the ldo or lo domain lipids had PC or PE headgroups. Enrichment of PUFAs among boundary lipids was positively correlated with their propensity for demixing from cholesterol-rich phases. Long n-3 chains (tested here with Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA) were highly enriched in annular and non-annular embedded sites, partially displacing cholesterol and completely displacing DPPC, and occupying sites even deeper within the bundle. Shorter n-6 chains were far less effective at displacing cholesterol from non-annular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Sharp
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, United States of America
| | - Reza Salari
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, United States of America
| | - Grace Brannigan
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, United States of America; Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, United States of America.
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Brannigan G. Direct Interactions of Cholesterol With Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: Testable Hypotheses From Computational Predictions. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2017; 80:163-186. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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