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Sullam KE, Musa T. Ecological Dynamics and Microbial Treatments against Oomycete Plant Pathogens. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122697. [PMID: 34961168 PMCID: PMC8707103 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we explore how ecological concepts may help assist with applying microbial biocontrol agents to oomycete pathogens. Oomycetes cause a variety of agricultural diseases, including potato late blight, apple replant diseases, and downy mildew of grapevine, which also can lead to significant economic damage in their respective crops. The use of microbial biocontrol agents is increasingly gaining interest due to pressure from governments and society to reduce chemical plant protection products. The success of a biocontrol agent is dependent on many ecological processes, including the establishment on the host, persistence in the environment, and expression of traits that may be dependent on the microbiome. This review examines recent literature and trends in research that incorporate ecological aspects, especially microbiome, host, and environmental interactions, into biological control development and applications. We explore ecological factors that may influence microbial biocontrol agents’ efficacy and discuss key research avenues forward.
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Hashemi M, Tabet D, Sandroni M, Benavent-Celma C, Seematti J, Andersen CB, Grenville-Briggs LJ. The hunt for sustainable biocontrol of oomycete plant pathogens, a case study of Phytophthora infestans. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bell NL, Jeffers SN, Hitchcock DR, White SA. Potential Susceptibility of Six Aquatic Plant Species to Infection by Five Species of Phytophthora. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:4074-4083. [PMID: 34114888 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2190-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the susceptibility of aquatic plants to species of Phytophthora are limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the potential susceptibility of six aquatic plant species, frequently used in constructed wetlands or vegetated channels, to infection by five species of Phytophthora commonly found at nurseries in the southeastern United States. In a greenhouse experiment, roots of each plant species (Agrostis alba, Carex stricta, Iris ensata 'Rising Sun', Panicum virgatum, Pontederia cordata, and Typha latifolia) growing in aqueous solutions were exposed to zoospores of each of the species of Phytophthora (Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora nicotianae, and Phytophthora palmivora). Zoospore presence and activity in solution were monitored with a standard baiting bioassay with rhododendron leaf discs as baits. Experiments were initiated in 2016 and repeated in 2017 and 2018. During the 2016 trials, Phytophthora spp. were not isolated from the roots of any of the plants, but some roots of C. stricta, P. virgatum, and T. latifolia were infected with multiple species of Phytophthora during trials in 2017 and 2018. Presence of plant roots reduced the percentage of rhododendron leaf discs infected by zoospores of four of the species of Phytophthora but not those infected by P. cinnamomi, which suggested that roots of these plants negatively affected the presence or activity of zoospores of these four species of Phytophthora in the aqueous growing solution. Results from this study demonstrated that certain aquatic plant species may be sources of inoculum at ornamental plant nurseries if these plants are present naturally in waterways or used in constructed wetlands treating water flowing off production areas, which could be of concern to plant producers who recycle irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Bell
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Steven N Jeffers
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Daniel R Hitchcock
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC 29442
| | - Sarah A White
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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Li M, Li T, Zhou M, Li M, Zhao Y, Xu J, Hu F, Li H. Caenorhabditis elegans Extracts Stimulate IAA Biosynthesis in Arthrobacter pascens ZZ21 via the Indole-3-pyruvic Acid Pathway. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050970. [PMID: 33946196 PMCID: PMC8146544 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-organismal metabolites play important roles in regulating organism behavior and the communication between organisms. Nematodes, the most abundant animals on earth, are crucial participants in soil ecosystems through their interactions with microbes. For example, bacterial-feeding nematodes increase the activity of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing bacteria and the IAA content in soil. However, the way in which these nematodes interact with bacteria and affect IAA biosynthesis is not well understood. Here, using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant-beneficial bacterium Arthrobacter pascens ZZ21, we examined the effects of nematode excretions or extracts on bacterial IAA biosynthesis. To explore the underlying regulatory mechanism in more detail, we performed transcriptome sequencing and metabolomic analysis. Our findings suggest that C. elegans extracts promote IAA biosynthesis in A. pascens ZZ21 by increasing the expression of genes and the abundance of intermediates involved in the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway. C. elegans extracts also significantly influenced biosynthetic and metabolic activity in A. pascens ZZ21. Treatment with C. elegans extracts promoted pyruvate metabolism, the citrate cycle (TCA) cycle and the production of some TCA-cycle-related amino acids and inhibited oxidative phosphorylation, which induced the accumulation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). We propose that the extracts altered the metabolism of A. pascens ZZ21 to help the bacteria resist stress caused by their predator. Our findings indicate that bacterial-feeding nematodes mediate the interaction between nematodes and bacteria via their extracts, providing insights into the ecological function of C. elegans in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsha Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315300, China
| | - Teng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
| | - Ming Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
| | - Mengdi Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
| | - Yexin Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
| | - Jingjing Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
| | - Feng Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huixin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (F.H.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-84395374
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Avila-Mendez K, Rodrigo Á, Araque L, Romero HM. Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of oil palm clones and Phytophthora palmivora reveals oil palm defense strategies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222774. [PMID: 31553759 PMCID: PMC6760804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora is an oomycete that causes oil palm bud rot disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease, palm clones with contrasting responses (Ortet 34, resistant and Ortet 57, susceptible) were inoculated with P. palmivora, and RNAseq gene expression analysis was performed. The transcriptome was obtained by sequencing using Illumina HiSeq2500 technology during the asymptomatic phase (24, 72 and 120 hours postinfection, hpi). A simultaneous analysis of differentially expressed gene (DEG) profiles in palm and P. palmivora was carried out. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and gene network analysis revealed differences in the transcriptional profile of the two ortets, where a high specificity of the pathogen to colonize the susceptible ortet was found. The transcriptional analysis provided an overview of the genes involved in the recognition and signaling of this pathosystem, where different transcription factors, phytohormones, proteins associated with cell wall hardening and nitrogen metabolism contribute to the resistance of oil palm to P. palmivora. This research provides a description of the molecular response of oil palm to P. palmivora, thus becoming an important source of molecular markers for the study of genotypes resistant to bud rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Avila-Mendez
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ávila Rodrigo
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Araque
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Mauricio Romero
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Leesutthiphonchai W, Judelson HS. Phytophthora infestans Sporangia Produced in Artificial Media and Plant Lesions Have Subtly Divergent Transcription Profiles but Equivalent Infection Potential and Aggressiveness. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1077-1087. [PMID: 30908943 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0349-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sporangia of the potato late blight agent Phytophthora infestans are often used in studies of pathogen biology and plant responses to infection. Investigations of spore biology can be challenging in oomycetes because their sporangia are physiologically active and change in response to environmental factors and aging. Whether sporangia from artificial media and plant lesions are functionally equivalent has been a topic of debate. To address these issues, we compared the transcriptomes and infection ability of sporangia from rye-sucrose media, potato and tomato leaflets, and potato tubers. Small differences were observed between the mRNA profiles of sporangia from all sources, including variation in genes encoding metabolic enzymes, cell-wall-degrading enzymes, and ABC transporters. Small differences in sporangia age also resulted in variation in the transcriptome. Taking care to use sporangia of similar maturity, we observed that those sourced from media or plant lesions had similar rates of zoospore release and cyst germination. There were also no differences in infection rates or aggressiveness on leaflets, based on single-spore inoculation assays. Such results are discordant with those of a recent publication in this journal. Nevertheless, we conclude that sporangia from plant and media cultures are functionally similar and emphasize the importance of using "best practices" in experiments with sporangia to obtain reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Judelson HS, Ah-Fong AMV. Exchanges at the Plant-Oomycete Interface That Influence Disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1198-1211. [PMID: 30538168 PMCID: PMC6446794 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecular exchanges between plants and biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic oomycetes affect disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Audrey M V Ah-Fong
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Jiang H, Hwang HW, Ge T, Cole B, Perkins B, Hao J. Leucine Regulates Zoosporic Germination and Infection by Phytophthora erythroseptica. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:131. [PMID: 30804912 PMCID: PMC6370700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink rot (Phytophthora erythroseptica) of potato is a major concern in many potato production regions. The pathogen produces zoospores that serve as a primary inoculum for infection. To understand how the pink rot incidence is related to pathogen population, qualitative, and quantitative chemical analyses were conducted. It was demonstrated that P. erythroseptica zoospores required a minimal population of 103 zoospores/ml (threshold) for initiating germination and the subsequent infection; the percentage of zoosporic germination was positively correlated with the density of zoospores above the threshold. To elucidate the density-dependent behavior, zoospore exudate (ZE) was extracted from high-density (105/ml) zoospore suspension. Zoosporic inocula of P. erythroseptica at different concentrations were inoculated on potato tubers. Necrotic lesions were caused by inoculum with 100 zoospores per inoculation site; 5 zoospores per site did not cause lesions on the tuber. However, five zoospores did cause lesions when they were placed in ZE, suggesting ZE contained chemical compounds that regulate germination of zoospores. ZE was collected and analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Results showed that the amino acid leucine was associated with zoosporic germination. Therefore, zoosporic germination and infection of P. erythroseptica were mediated by signaling molecules secreted from zoospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Hye Weon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Tongling Ge
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Barbara Cole
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Brian Perkins
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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Kong P, McDowell JM, Hong C. Zoospore exudates from Phytophthora nicotianae affect immune responses in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180523. [PMID: 28662148 PMCID: PMC5491255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoospore exudates play important roles in promoting zoospore communication, homing and germination during plant infection by Phytophthora. However, it is not clear whether exudates affect plant immunity. Zoospore-free fluid (ZFF) and zoospores of P. nicotianae were investigated comparatively for effects on resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and mutants that affect signaling mediated by salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA): eds16 (enhanced disease susceptibility16), pad4 (phytoalexin deficient4), and npr1 (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1). Col-0 attracted more zoospores and had severe tissue damage when flooded with a zoospore suspension in ZFF. Mutants treated with ZFF alone developed disease symptoms similar to those inoculated with zoospores and requirements of EDS16 and PAD4 for plant responses to zoospores and the exudates was apparent. Zoospore and ZFFs also induced expression of the PR1 and PDF1.2 marker genes for defense regulated by SA and JA, respectively. However, ZFF affected more JA defense signaling, down regulating PR1 when SA signaling or synthesis is deficient, which may be responsible for Arabidopsis mutant plants more susceptible to infection by high concentration of P. nicotianae zoospores. These results suggest that zoospore exudates can function as virulence factors and inducers of plant immune responses during plant infection by Phytophthora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kong
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John M. McDowell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chuanxue Hong
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Larousse M, Rancurel C, Syska C, Palero F, Etienne C, Industri B, Nesme X, Bardin M, Galiana E. Tomato root microbiota and Phytophthora parasitica-associated disease. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:56. [PMID: 28511691 PMCID: PMC5434524 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between pathogenic oomycetes and microbiota residing on the surface of the host plant root are unknown, despite being critical to inoculum constitution. The nature of these interactions was explored for the polyphagous and telluric species Phytophthora parasitica. RESULTS Composition of the rhizospheric microbiota of Solanum lycopersicum was characterized using deep re-sequencing of 16S rRNA gene to analyze tomato roots either free of or partly covered with P. parasitica biofilm. Colonization of the host root surface by the oomycete was associated with a shift in microbial community involving a Bacteroidetes/Proteobacteria transition and Flavobacteriaceae as the most abundant family. Identification of members of the P. parasitica-associated microbiota interfering with biology and oomycete infection was carried out by screening for bacteria able to (i) grow on a P. parasitica extract-based medium (ii), exhibit in vitro probiotic or antibiotic activity towards the oomycete (iii), have an impact on the oomycete infection cycle in a tripartite interaction S. lycopersicum-P. parasitica-bacteria. One Pseudomonas phylotype was found to exacerbate disease symptoms in tomato plants. The lack of significant gene expression response of P. parasitica effectors to Pseudomonas suggested that the increase in plant susceptibility was not associated with an increase in virulence. Our results reveal that Pseudomonas spp. establishes commensal interactions with the oomycete. Bacteria preferentially colonize the surface of the biofilm rather than the roots, so that they can infect plant cells without any apparent infection of P. parasitica. CONCLUSIONS The presence of the pathogenic oomycete P. parasitica in the tomato rhizosphere leads to a shift in the rhizospheric microbiota composition. It contributes to the habitat extension of Pseudomonas species mediated through a physical association between the oomycete and the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Larousse
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Corinne Rancurel
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Camille Syska
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ferran Palero
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Carrer d’Accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | | | - Benoît Industri
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Xavier Nesme
- Université de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, INRA, Ecologie Microbienne (LEM), 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marc Bardin
- Plant Pathology, INRA, 84140 Montfavet, France
| | - Eric Galiana
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Larousse
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Eric Galiana
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
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