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Török T. Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1345. [PMID: 37510249 PMCID: PMC10379071 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last year two publications shed new light on the linguistic and genomic history of ancient Uralic speakers. Here I show that these novel genetic and linguistic data are compatible with each-other and with the archaeological inferences, allowing us to formulate a very plausible hypothesis about the prehistory of Ugric speakers. Both genetic and archaeological data indicate the admixture of the Mezhovskaya population with northern forest hunters in the late Bronze Age, which gave rise to a "proto-Ugric" community. This finding is consistent with the linguistic reconstruction of the proto-Ugric language. Genetic data indicate an admixture of proto-Hungarians with early Sarmatians and early Huns, and I show that the first admixture can be reconciled with the formation of the Gorokhovo culture and its integration into the early Sarmatian Prokhorovka culture, while the second admixture corresponds to the transformation of the Sargat and Sarmatian cultures due to Xiongnu invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1041 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Kaneva K, Schurr TG, Tatarinova TV, Buckley J, Merkurjev D, Triska P, Liu X, Done J, Maglinte DT, Deapen D, Hwang A, Schiffman JD, Triche TJ, Biegel JA, Gai X. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, genetic ancestry, and susceptibility to Ewing sarcoma. Mitochondrion 2022; 67:6-14. [PMID: 36115539 PMCID: PMC9997094 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Based on current studies, the incidence of Ewing sarcoma (ES) varies significantly by race and ethnicity, with the disease being most common in patients of European ancestry. However, race/ethnicity has generally been self-reported rather than formally evaluated at a population level using DNA evidence. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of ES, yet there have been no reported studies of mitochondrial genetics in ES. Thus, we evaluated both the mitochondrial and nuclear ancestries of 420 pediatric ES patients in the United States using whole-genome sequencing. We found that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of only six (1.4 %) patients belonged to African L haplogroups, while those of 90 % of the patients belonged to macrohaplogroup R, which includes haplogroup H, the most common maternal lineage in Europe. Compared to the general US population, European haplogroups were significantly enriched in ES patients (p < 2.2e-16) and the African haplogroups are significantly impoverished (p < 4.6e-16). Using the ancestry informative markers defined in a National Genographic study, the vast majority of patients exhibited significant nuclear ancestry originating from the Mediterranean, Northern Europe, and Southwest Asia, including all six patients with African L mtDNAs. Very few had primarily African nuclear ancestry. This is the first genomic epidemiology study to simultaneously interrogate the mitochondrial and nuclear ancestries of ES patients. While supporting previous findings of enriched European ancestry in ES patients, these results also suggest alternative hypotheses for the significant contribution of mitochondrial ancestry in ES patients, as well as the protective role of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiyana Kaneva
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theodore G Schurr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Buckley
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daria Merkurjev
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Petr Triska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Done
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis T Maglinte
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Deapen
- Cancer Surveillance Program, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amie Hwang
- Cancer Surveillance Program, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; PEEL Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Timothy J Triche
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Szeifert B, Gerber D, Csáky V, Langó P, Stashenkov DA, Khokhlov AA, Sitdikov AG, Gazimzyanov IR, Volkova EV, Matveeva NP, Zelenkov AS, Poshekhonova OE, Sleptsova AV, Karacharov KG, Ilyushina VV, Konikov BA, Sungatov FA, Kolonskikh AG, Botalov SG, Grudochko IV, Komar O, Egyed B, Mende BG, Türk A, Szécsényi-Nagy A. Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6th-14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3266-3280. [PMID: 35531973 PMCID: PMC9523560 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the early Hungarian tribes originated from the Volga-Kama and South-Ural regions, where they were composed of a mixed population based on historical, philological and archaeological data. We present here the uniparental genetic makeup of the mediaeval era of these regions that served as a melting pot for ethnic groups with different linguistic and historical backgrounds. Representing diverse cultural contexts, the new genetic data originate from ancient proto-Ob-Ugric people from Western Siberia (6th-13th century), the pre-Conquest period and subsisting Hungarians from the Volga-Ural region (6th-14th century) and their neighbours. By examining the eastern archaeology traits of Hungarian prehistory, we also study their genetic composition and origin in an interdisciplinary framework. We analyzed 110 deep-sequenced mitogenomes and 42 Y-chromosome haplotypes from 18 archaeological sites in Russia. The results support the studied groups' genetic relationships regardless of geographical distances, suggesting large-scale mobility. We detected long-lasting genetic connections between the sites representing the Kushnarenkovo and Chiyalik cultures and the Carpathian Basin Hungarians and confirmed the Uralic transmission of several East Eurasian uniparental lineages in their gene pool. Based on phylogenetics, we demonstrate and model the connections and splits of the studied Volga-Ural and conqueror groups. Early Hungarians and their alliances conquered the Carpathian Basin around 890 AD. Re-analysis of the Hungarian conquerors' maternal gene pool reveals numerous surviving maternal relationships in both sexes; therefore, we conclude that men and women came to the Carpathian Basin together, and although they were subsequently genetically fused into the local population, certain eastern lineages survived for centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Szeifert
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest 1097, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Dániel Gerber
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest 1097, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Veronika Csáky
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Péter Langó
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest 1097, Hungary.,Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - Dmitrii A Stashenkov
- Samara Regional Museum of History and Local Lore named after P. V. Alabina, Samara 443041, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Khokhlov
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Teaching Methods, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga E Poshekhonova
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625026, Russia
| | - Anastasiia V Sleptsova
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625026, Russia
| | | | - Viktoria V Ilyushina
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625026, Russia
| | - Boris A Konikov
- Omsk Popov Production Association Russia, Omsk 644009, Russia
| | - Flarit A Sungatov
- Institute of History, Language and Literature of Scientific Center in Ufa of Russian Academy of Science, Ufa 450054, Russia
| | - Alexander G Kolonskikh
- Institute of Ethnological Studies of R.G. Kuzeev, Ufa Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450077, Russia
| | - Sergei G Botalov
- South Ural Branch of the Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia.,South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Ivan V Grudochko
- South Ural Branch of the Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia.,South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Oleksii Komar
- Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04210, Ukraine
| | - Balázs Egyed
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs G Mende
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Attila Türk
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1088, Hungary.,Early Hungarians Research Team, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest 1097, Hungary
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4
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Maternal Lineages of Gepids from Transylvania. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040563. [PMID: 35456371 PMCID: PMC9032604 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the written historical sources, the Gepids were a Germanic tribe that settled in the Carpathian Basin during the Migration Period. They were allies of the Huns, and an independent Gepid Kingdom arose after the collapse of the Hun Empire. In this period, the Carpathian Basin was characterized by so-called row-grave cemeteries. Due to the scarcity of historical and archaeological data, we have a poor knowledge of the origin and composition of these barbarian populations, and this is still a subject of debate. To better understand the genetic legacy of migration period societies, we obtained 46 full mitogenome sequences from three Gepid cemeteries located in Transylvania, Romania. The studied samples represent the Classical Gepidic period and illustrate the genetic make-up of this group from the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD, which is characterized by cultural markers associated with the Gepid culture in Transylvania. The genetic structure of the Gepid people is explored for the first time, providing new insights into the genetic makeup of this archaic group. The retrieved genetic data showed mainly the presence of Northwestern European mitochondrial ancient lineages in the Gepid group and all population genetic analyses reiterated the same genetic structure, showing that early ancient mitogenomes from Europe were the major contributors to the Gepid maternal genetic pool.
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5
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Wang CC, Posth C, Furtwängler A, Sümegi K, Bánfai Z, Kásler M, Krause J, Melegh B. Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19210. [PMID: 34584164 PMCID: PMC8478946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancient Hungarians, "Madzsars", established their control of the Carpathian Basin in the late ninth century and founded the Hungarian Kingdom around 1000AD. The origin of the Magyars as a tribal federation has been much debated in the past. From the time of the conquest to the early fourteenth century they were ruled by descendants of the Arpad family. In order to learn more about the genetic origin of this family, we here analyzed the genome of Bela III one of the most prominent members of the early Hungarian dynasty that ruled the Hungarian Kingdom from 1172 to 1196. The Y-Chromosome of Bela III belongs to haplogroup R1a-Z2123 that is today found in highest frequency in Central Asia, supporting a Central Asian origin for the ruling lineage of the Hungarian kingdom. The autosomal DNA profile of Bela III, however, falls within the genetic variation of present-day east European populations. This is further supported through his mtDNA genome that belongs to haplogroup H, the most common European maternal lineage, but also found in Central Asia. However, we didn't find an exact haplotype match for Bela III. The typical autosomal and maternal Central Eastern European ancestry among Bela III autosomes might be best explained by consecutive intermarriage with local European ruling families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chao Wang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, School of Sociology and Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Furtwängler
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katalin Sümegi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 24, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bánfai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 24, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Miklós Kásler
- National Institute of Oncology, Rácz Gy. u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Béla Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary. .,Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 24, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
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6
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Maár K, Varga GIB, Kovács B, Schütz O, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Nyerki E, Nagy I, Latinovics D, Tihanyi B, Marcsik A, Pálfi G, Bernert Z, Gallina Z, Varga S, Költő L, Raskó I, Török T, Neparáczki E. Maternal Lineages from 10-11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:460. [PMID: 33807111 PMCID: PMC8005002 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nomadic groups of conquering Hungarians played a predominant role in Hungarian prehistory, but genetic data are available only from the immigrant elite strata. Most of the 10-11th century remains in the Carpathian Basin belong to common people, whose origin and relation to the immigrant elite have been widely debated. Mitogenome sequences were obtained from 202 individuals with next generation sequencing combined with hybridization capture. Median joining networks were used for phylogenetic analysis. The commoner population was compared to 87 ancient Eurasian populations with sequence-based (Fst) and haplogroup-based population genetic methods. The haplogroup composition of the commoner population markedly differs from that of the elite, and, in contrast to the elite, commoners cluster with European populations. Alongside this, detectable sub-haplogroup sharing indicates admixture between the elite and the commoners. The majority of the 10-11th century commoners most likely represent local populations of the Carpathian Basin, which admixed with the eastern immigrant groups (which included conquering Hungarians).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Maár
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (K.M.); (O.S.); (E.N.)
| | - Gergely I. B. Varga
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary; (G.I.B.V.); (B.K.); (Z.M.); (E.N.); (B.T.)
| | - Bence Kovács
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary; (G.I.B.V.); (B.K.); (Z.M.); (E.N.); (B.T.)
| | - Oszkár Schütz
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (K.M.); (O.S.); (E.N.)
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary; (G.I.B.V.); (B.K.); (Z.M.); (E.N.); (B.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Emil Nyerki
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary; (G.I.B.V.); (B.K.); (Z.M.); (E.N.); (B.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - István Nagy
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd., H-6782 Mórahalom, Hungary; (I.N.); (D.L.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Latinovics
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd., H-6782 Mórahalom, Hungary; (I.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Balázs Tihanyi
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary; (G.I.B.V.); (B.K.); (Z.M.); (E.N.); (B.T.)
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.M.); (G.P.)
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Zsolt Bernert
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Gallina
- Ásatárs Ltd., H-6000 Kecskemét, Hungary;
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - László Költő
- Rippl-Rónai Municipal Museum with Country Scope, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - István Raskó
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (K.M.); (O.S.); (E.N.)
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary; (G.I.B.V.); (B.K.); (Z.M.); (E.N.); (B.T.)
| | - Endre Neparáczki
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (K.M.); (O.S.); (E.N.)
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary; (G.I.B.V.); (B.K.); (Z.M.); (E.N.); (B.T.)
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7
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Mitochondrial DNA Profiles of Individuals from a 12th Century Necropolis in Feldioara (Transylvania). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030436. [PMID: 33808521 PMCID: PMC8003334 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic signature of modern Europeans is the cumulated result of millennia of discrete small-scale exchanges between multiple distinct population groups that performed a repeated cycle of movement, settlement, and interactions with each other. In this study we aimed to highlight one such minute genetic cycle in a sea of genetic interactions by reconstructing part of the genetic story of the migration, settlement, interaction, and legacy of what is today the Transylvanian Saxon. The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 13 medieval individuals from Feldioara necropolis (Transylvania region, Romania) reveals a genetically heterogeneous group where all identified haplotypes are different. Most of the perceived maternal lineages are of Western Eurasian origin, except for the Central Asiatic haplogroup C seen in only one sample. Comparisons with historical and modern populations describe the contribution of the investigated Saxon settlers to the genetic history of this part of Europe.
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8
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Csáky V, Gerber D, Szeifert B, Egyed B, Stégmár B, Botalov SG, Grudochko IV, Matveeva NP, Zelenkov AS, Sleptsova AV, Goldina RD, Danich AV, Mende BG, Türk A, Szécsényi-Nagy A. Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19137. [PMID: 33154399 PMCID: PMC7645724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ancient Hungarians originated from the Ural region of Russia, and migrated through the Middle-Volga region and the Eastern European steppe into the Carpathian Basin during the ninth century AD. Their Homeland was probably in the southern Trans-Ural region, where the Kushnarenkovo culture was disseminated. In the Cis-Ural region Lomovatovo and Nevolino cultures are archaeologically related to ancient Hungarians. In this study we describe maternal and paternal lineages of 36 individuals from these regions and nine Hungarian Conquest period individuals from today's Hungary, as well as shallow shotgun genome data from the Trans-Uralic Uyelgi cemetery. We point out the genetic continuity between the three chronological horizons of Uyelgi cemetery, which was a burial place of a rather endogamous population. Using phylogenetic and population genetic analyses we demonstrate the genetic connection between Trans-, Cis-Ural and the Carpathian Basin on various levels. The analyses of this new Uralic dataset fill a gap of population genetic research of Eurasia, and reshape the conclusions previously drawn from tenth to eleventh century ancient mitogenomes and Y-chromosomes from Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Csáky
- Laboratory of Archaeogenetics in the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Gerber
- Laboratory of Archaeogenetics in the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bea Szeifert
- Laboratory of Archaeogenetics in the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Egyed
- Department of Genetics, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Stégmár
- Department of Genetics, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rimma Dmitrievna Goldina
- Department of History, Archaeology and Ethnology of Udmurtia of the Institute of History and Sociology, Udmurt State University, Izhevsk, Russia
| | | | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Laboratory of Archaeogenetics in the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Türk
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Laboratory of Archaeogenetics in the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Nagy PL, Olasz J, Neparáczki E, Rouse N, Kapuria K, Cano S, Chen H, Di Cristofaro J, Runfeldt G, Ekomasova N, Maróti Z, Jeney J, Litvinov S, Dzhaubermezov M, Gabidullina L, Szentirmay Z, Szabados G, Zgonjanin D, Chiaroni J, Behar DM, Khusnutdinova E, Underhill PA, Kásler M. Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:164-172. [PMID: 32636469 PMCID: PMC7809292 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to identify the origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on genome sequencing of DNA derived from the skeletal remains of Hungarian King Béla III (1172–1196) and eight additional individuals (six males, two females) originally interred at the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár. Y-chromosome analysis established that two individuals, Béla III and HU52 assign to haplogroups R-Z2125 whose distribution centres near South Central Asia with subsidiary expansions in the regions of modern Iran, the Volga Ural region and the Caucasus. Out of a cohort of 4340 individuals from these geographic areas, we acquired whole-genome data from 208 individuals derived for the R-Z2123 haplogroup. From these data we have established that the closest living kin of the Árpád Dynasty are R-SUR51 derived modern day Bashkirs predominantly from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of Bashkortostan in the Russian Federation. Our analysis also reveals the existence of SNPs defining a novel Árpád Dynasty specific haplogroup R-ARP. Framed within the context of a high resolution R-Z2123 phylogeny, the ancestry of the first Hungarian royal dynasty traces to the region centering near Northern Afghanistan about 4500 years ago and identifies the Bashkirs as their closest kin, with a separation date between the two populations at the beginning of the first millennium CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter L Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Personalized Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Praxis Genomics LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Judit Olasz
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Endre Neparáczki
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nicholas Rouse
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Personalized Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,MNG Laboratories LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Samantha Cano
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Personalized Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huijie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Personalized Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,MNG Laboratories LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie Di Cristofaro
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins", Marseille, France
| | | | - Natalia Ekomasova
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Jeney
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey Litvinov
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Murat Dzhaubermezov
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Lilya Gabidullina
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
| | | | - György Szabados
- King St. Stephen Museum, Székesfehérvár, Hungary.,Gyula Siklósi Research Centre for Urban History Székesfehérvár, Székesfehérvár, Hungary.,Gyula László Department and Archive, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dragana Zgonjanin
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jacques Chiaroni
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins", Marseille, France
| | - Doron M Behar
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
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10
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Mallory J, Dybo A, Balanovsky O. The Impact of Genetics Research on Archaeology and Linguistics in Eurasia. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419120081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:948. [PMID: 31969576 PMCID: PMC6976699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
After 568 AD the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded the Avar Qaganate that was an important power in Central Europe until the 9th century. Part of the Avar society was probably of Asian origin; however, the localisation of their homeland is hampered by the scarcity of historical and archaeological data. Here, we study mitogenome and Y chromosomal variability of twenty-six individuals, a number of them representing a well-characterised elite group buried at the centre of the Carpathian Basin more than a century after the Avar conquest. The studied group has maternal and paternal genetic affinities to several ancient and modern East-Central Asian populations. The majority of the mitochondrial DNA variability represents Asian haplogroups (C, D, F, M, R, Y and Z). The Y-STR variability of the analysed elite males belongs only to five lineages, three N-Tat with mostly Asian parallels and two Q haplotypes. The homogeneity of the Y chromosomes reveals paternal kinship as a cohesive force in the organisation of the Avar elite strata on both social and territorial level. Our results indicate that the Avar elite arrived in the Carpathian Basin as a group of families, and remained mostly endogamous for several generations after the conquest.
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12
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Neparáczki E, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Maár K, Nagy I, Latinovics D, Kustár Á, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Marcsik A, Balogh C, Lőrinczy G, Gál SS, Tomka P, Kovacsóczy B, Kovács L, Raskó I, Török T. Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16569. [PMID: 31719606 PMCID: PMC6851379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian nomadic groups arrived to the Carpathian Basin from the Eurasian Steppes and significantly influenced its political and ethnical landscape, however their origin remains largely unknown. In order to shed light on the genetic affinity of above groups we have determined Y chromosomal haplogroups and autosomal loci, suitable to predict biogeographic ancestry, from 49 individuals, supposed to represent the power/military elit. Haplogroups from the Hun-age are consistent with Xiongnu ancestry of European Huns. Most of the Avar-age individuals carry east Eurasian Y haplogroups typical for modern north-eastern Siberian and Buryat populations and their autosomal loci indicate mostly un-admixed Asian characteristics. In contrast the conquering Hungarians seem to be a recently assembled population incorporating un-admixed European, Asian as well as admixed components. Their heterogeneous paternal and maternal lineages indicate similar supposed phylogeographic origin of males and females, derived from Central-Inner Asian and European Pontic Steppe sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Neparáczki
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Kitti Maár
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd., Mórahalom, H-6782, Hungary.,Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hun. Acad. Sci, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | | | - Ágnes Kustár
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Csilla Balogh
- Department of Art History, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, 34700, Turkey
| | | | | | - Péter Tomka
- Department of Archaeology, Flóris Rómer Museum of Art and History, H-9024, Győr, Hungary
| | | | - László Kovács
- Institute of Archaeology of the Center for Humanities of the Hun. Acad. Sci, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Raskó
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hun. Acad. Sci, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.
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13
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Zavala EI, Rajagopal S, Perry GH, Kruzic I, Bašić Ž, Parsons TJ, Holland MM. Impact of DNA degradation on massively parallel sequencing-based autosomal STR, iiSNP, and mitochondrial DNA typing systems. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1369-1380. [PMID: 31267160 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biological samples, including skeletal remains exposed to environmental insults for extended periods of time, exhibit increasing levels of DNA damage and fragmentation. Human forensic identification methods typically use a combination of mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequencing and short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, which target segments of DNA ranging from 80 to 500 base pairs (bps). Larger templates are often unavailable as skeletal samples age and the associated DNA degrades. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci target shorter templates and may serve as a solution to the problem. Recently developed assays for STR and SNP analysis using a massively parallel sequencing approach, such as the ForenSeq kit (Verogen, San Diego, CA), offer a means for generating results from degraded samples as they target templates down to 60 to 170 bps. We performed a modeling study that demonstrates that SNPs can increase the significance of an identification when analyzing DNA down to an average size of 100 bps for input amounts between 0.375 and 1 ng of nuclear DNA. Observations from this study were then compared with human skeletal material results (n = 14, ninth to eighteenth centuries), which further demonstrated the utility of the ForenSeq kit for degraded samples. The robustness of the Promega PowerSeq™ Mito System was also tested with human skeletal remains (n = 70, ninth to eighteenth centuries), resulting in successful coverage of 99.29% of the mtDNA control region at 50× coverage or more. This was accompanied by modifications to a mainstream DNA extraction technique for skeletal remains that improved recovery of shorter templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Zavala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Program, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Swetha Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Program, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.,Department of Forensic Science, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
| | - George H Perry
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ivana Kruzic
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Željana Bašić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Thomas J Parsons
- International Commission on Missing Persons, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Mitchell M Holland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Program, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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14
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Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7786. [PMID: 31127140 PMCID: PMC6534673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hungarians who live in Central Europe today are one of the westernmost Uralic speakers. Despite of the proposed Volga-Ural/West Siberian roots of the Hungarian language, the present-day Hungarian gene pool is highly similar to that of the surrounding Indo-European speaking populations. However, a limited portion of specific Y-chromosomal lineages from haplogroup N, sometimes associated with the spread of Uralic languages, link modern Hungarians with populations living close to the Ural Mountain range on the border of Europe and Asia. Here we investigate the paternal genetic connection between these spatially separated populations. We reconstruct the phylogeny of N3a4-Z1936 clade by using 33 high-coverage Y-chromosomal sequences and estimate the coalescent times of its sub-clades. We genotype close to 5000 samples from 46 Eurasian populations to show the presence of N3a4-B539 lineages among Hungarians and in the populations from Ural Mountain region, including Ob-Ugric-speakers from West Siberia who are geographically distant but linguistically closest to Hungarians. This sub-clade splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000-5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages.
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15
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Neparáczki E, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Kocsy K, Maár K, Bihari P, Nagy I, Fóthi E, Pap I, Kustár Á, Pálfi G, Raskó I, Zink A, Török T. Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205920. [PMID: 30335830 PMCID: PMC6193700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that the Finno-Ugric Hungarian language, originated from proto Uralic people, was brought into the Carpathian Basin by the conquering Hungarians. From the middle of the 19th century this view prevailed against the deep-rooted Hungarian Hun tradition, maintained in folk memory as well as in Hungarian and foreign written medieval sources, which claimed that Hungarians were kinsfolk of the Huns. In order to shed light on the genetic origin of the Conquerors we sequenced 102 mitogenomes from early Conqueror cemeteries and compared them to sequences of all available databases. We applied novel population genetic algorithms, named Shared Haplogroup Distance and MITOMIX, to reveal past admixture of maternal lineages. Our results show that the Conquerors assembled from various nomadic groups of the Eurasian steppe. Population genetic results indicate that they had closest connection to the Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of Volga Tatars. Phylogenetic results reveal that more than one third of the Conqueror maternal lineages were derived from Central-Inner Asia and their most probable ultimate sources were the Asian Scythians and Asian Huns, giving support to the Hungarian Hun tradition. The rest of the lineages most likely originated from the Bronze Age Potapovka-Poltavka-Srubnaya cultures of the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Available data imply that the Conquerors did not have a major contribution to the gene pool of the Carpathian Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Kocsy
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kitti Maár
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - István Nagy
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd., Mórahalom, Hungary
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fóthi
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kustár
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Raskó
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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16
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Serventi P, Panicucci C, Bodega R, De Fanti S, Sarno S, Fondevila Alvarez M, Brisighelli F, Trombetta B, Anagnostou P, Ferri G, Vazzana A, Delpino C, Gruppioni G, Luiselli D, Cilli E. Iron Age Italic population genetics: the Piceni from Novilara (8th-7th century BC). Ann Hum Biol 2018; 45:34-43. [PMID: 29216758 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1414876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Archaeological data provide evidence that Italy, during the Iron Age, witnessed the appearance of the first communities with well defined cultural identities. To date, only a few studies report genetic data about these populations and, in particular, the Piceni have never been analysed. AIMS To provide new data about mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variability of an Iron Age Italic population, to understand the contribution of the Piceni in shaping the modern Italian gene pool and to ascertain the kinship between some individuals buried in the same grave within the Novilara necropolis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In a first set of 10 individuals from Novilara, we performed deep sequencing of the HVS-I region of the mtDNA, combined with the genotyping of 22 SNPs in the coding region and the analysis of several autosomal markers. RESULTS The results show a low nucleotide diversity for the inhabitants of Novilara and highlight a genetic affinity of this ancient population with the current inhabitants of central Italy. No family relationship was observed between the individuals analysed here. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a preliminary characterisation of the mtDNA variability of the Piceni of Novilara, as well as a kinship assessment of two peculiar burials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Serventi
- a Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.,b Department of Cultural Heritage , University of Bologna , Ravenna , Italy
| | - Chiara Panicucci
- b Department of Cultural Heritage , University of Bologna , Ravenna , Italy
| | - Roberta Bodega
- a Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Sara De Fanti
- a Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- a Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Manuel Fondevila Alvarez
- c Instituto de Ciencias Forenses 'Luis Concheiro' , University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela , Galicia , Spain
| | - Francesca Brisighelli
- d Sezione di Medicina Legale-Istituto di Sanità Pubblica , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma , Italy
| | - Beniamino Trombetta
- e Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin' , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Anagnostou
- f Department of Environmental Biology , University of Rome 'La Sapienza' , Rome , Italy.,g ISItA, Istituto Italiano di Antropologia , Rome , Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ferri
- h Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and Public Health , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Antonino Vazzana
- b Department of Cultural Heritage , University of Bologna , Ravenna , Italy
| | - Chiara Delpino
- i Superintendence of Archaeological Heritage of Marche Region , Ancona , Italy
| | - Giorgio Gruppioni
- b Department of Cultural Heritage , University of Bologna , Ravenna , Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- a Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cilli
- b Department of Cultural Heritage , University of Bologna , Ravenna , Italy
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17
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Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Denisova G, Litvinov A, Rogalla U, Skonieczna K, Grzybowski T, Pentelényi K, Guba Z, Zeke T, Molnár MJ. Whole mitochondrial genome diversity in two Hungarian populations. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1255-1263. [PMID: 29948329 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Complete mitochondrial genomics is an effective tool for studying the demographic history of human populations, but there is still a deficit of mitogenomic data in European populations. In this paper, we present results of study of variability of 80 complete mitochondrial genomes in two Hungarian populations from eastern part of Hungary (Szeged and Debrecen areas). The genetic diversity of Hungarian mitogenomes is remarkably high, reaching 99.9% in a combined sample. According to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), European populations showed a low, but statistically significant level of between-population differentiation (Fst = 0.61%, p = 0), and two Hungarian populations demonstrate lack of between-population differences. Phylogeographic analysis allowed us to identify 71 different mtDNA sub-clades in Hungarians, sixteen of which are novel. Analysis of ancestry-informative mtDNA sub-clades revealed a complex genetic structure associated with the genetic impact of populations from different parts of Eurasia, though the contribution from European populations is the most pronounced. At least 8% of ancestry-informative haplotypes found in Hungarians demonstrate similarity with East and West Slavic populations (sub-clades H1c23a, H2a1c1, J2b1a6, T2b25a1, U4a2e, K1c1j, and I1a1c), while the influence of Siberian populations is not so noticeable (sub-clades A12a, C4a1a, and probably U4b1a4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Malyarchuk
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia.
| | - Miroslava Derenko
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Galina Denisova
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Andrey Litvinov
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Urszula Rogalla
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skonieczna
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grzybowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Klára Pentelényi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Guba
- Hungarian Molecular Anthropological Research Group, Debrecen, 4030, Hungary
| | - Tamás Zeke
- Hungarian Molecular Anthropological Research Group, Debrecen, 4030, Hungary
| | - Mária Judit Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
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18
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Šebest L, Baldovič M, Frtús A, Bognár C, Kyselicová K, Kádasi Ľ, Beňuš R. Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eigth-ninth century AD. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:536-553. [PMID: 29345305 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the sixth century AD, Avars came to Central Europe from middle Eurasian steppes and founded a strong Empire called the Avar Khagante (568-799/803 AD) in the Pannonian basin. During the existence of this empire, they undertook many military and pugnacious campaigns. In the seventh century, they conquered the northern territory inhabited by Slavs, who were further recruited in Avar military and were commissioned with obtaining food supplies. During almost 200 years of Avar domination, a significant influence by the Avar culture (especially on the burial rite) and assimilation with indigenous population (occurrence of "East Asian"cranial features) could be noticed in this mixed area, which is supported by achaeological and anthropologcal research. Therefore we expected higher incidence of east Eurasian haplogroups (introduced by Avars) than the frequencies detected in present-day central European populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mitochondrial DNA from 62 human skeletal remains excavated from the Avar-Slavic burial site Cífer-Pác (Slovakia) dated to the eighth and ninth century was analyzed by the sequencing of hypervariable region I and selected parts of coding region. Obtained haplotypes were compared with other present-day and historical populations and genetic distances were calculated using standard statistical method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In total, the detection of mitochondrial haplogroups was possible in 46 individuals. Our results prooved a higher frequency of east Eurasian haplogroups in our analyzed population (6.52%) than in present-day central European populations. However, it is almost three times lower than the frequency of east Eurasian haplogroups detected in other medieval Avar populations. The statistical analysis showed a greater similarity and the lowest genetic distances between the Avar-Slavic burial site Cifer-Pac and medieval European populations than the South Siberian, East and Central Asian populations. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the transfer of Avar genetic variation through their mtDNA was rather weak in the analyzed mixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Šebest
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Baldovič
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Csaba Bognár
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Klaudia Kyselicová
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava 813 72, Slovak Republic.,Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľudevít Kádasi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Radoslav Beňuš
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
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Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174886. [PMID: 28422985 PMCID: PMC5396865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the effort to create a high resolution representative sequence database of the medieval Hungarian conquerors we have resequenced the entire mtDNA genome of 24 published ancient samples with Next Generation Sequencing, whose haplotypes had been previously determined with traditional PCR based methods. We show that PCR based methods are prone to erroneous haplotype or haplogroup determination due to ambiguous sequence reads, and many of the resequenced samples had been classified inaccurately. The SNaPshot method applied with published ancient DNA authenticity criteria is the most straightforward and cheapest PCR based approach for testing a large number of coding region SNP-s, which greatly facilitates correct haplogroup determination.
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