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De Marco F, Andrejewski J, Urban T, Willer K, Gromann L, Koehler T, Maack HI, Herzen J, Pfeiffer F. X-Ray Dark-Field Signal Reduction Due to Hardening of the Visibility Spectrum. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 43:1422-1433. [PMID: 38032773 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2023.3337994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
X-ray dark-field imaging enables a spatially-resolved visualization of ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. Using phantom measurements, we demonstrate that a material's effective dark-field signal may be reduced by modification of the visibility spectrum by other dark-field-active objects in the beam. This is the dark-field equivalent of conventional beam-hardening, and is distinct from related, known effects, where the dark-field signal is modified by attenuation or phase shifts. We present a theoretical model for this group of effects and verify it by comparison to the measurements. These findings have significant implications for the interpretation of dark-field signal strength in polychromatic measurements.
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2
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Tang R, Organista C, Romano L, Van Hoorebeke L, Stampanoni M, Aelterman J, Boone MN. Pixel-wise beam-hardening correction for dark-field signal in X-ray dual-phase grating interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40450-40468. [PMID: 38041345 DOI: 10.1364/oe.499397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The dark-field signal provided by X-ray grating interferometry is an invaluable tool for providing structural information beyond the direct spatial resolution and their variations on a macroscopic scale. However, when using a polychromatic source, the beam-hardening effect in the dark-field signal makes the quantitative sub-resolution structural information inaccessible. Especially, the beam-hardening effect in dual-phase grating interferometry varies with spatial location, inter-grating distance, and diffraction order. In this work, we propose a beam-hardening correction algorithm, taking into account all these factors. The accuracy and robustness of the algorithm are then validated by experimental results. This work contributes a necessary step toward accessing small-angle scattering structural information in dual-phase grating interferometry.
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3
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How YY, Paganin DM, Morgan KS. On the quantification of sample microstructure using single-exposure x-ray dark-field imaging via a single-grid setup. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11001. [PMID: 37419926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of the smallest detectable sample feature in an x-ray imaging system is usually restricted by the spatial resolution of the system. This limitation can now be overcome using the diffusive dark-field signal, which is generated by unresolved phase effects or the ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering from unresolved sample microstructures. A quantitative measure of this dark-field signal can be useful in revealing the microstructure size or material for medical diagnosis, security screening and materials science. Recently, we derived a new method to quantify the diffusive dark-field signal in terms of a scattering angle using a single-exposure grid-based approach. In this manuscript, we look at the problem of quantifying the sample microstructure size from this single-exposure dark-field signal. We do this by quantifying the diffusive dark-field signal produced by 5 different sizes of polystyrene microspheres, ranging from 1.0 to 10.8 µm, to investigate how the strength of the extracted dark-field signal changes with the sample microstructure size, [Formula: see text]. We also explore the feasibility of performing single-exposure dark-field imaging with a simple equation for the optimal propagation distance, given microstructure with a specific size and thickness, and show consistency between this model and experimental data. Our theoretical model predicts that the dark-field scattering angle is inversely proportional to [Formula: see text], which is also consistent with our experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying How
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - David M Paganin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kaye S Morgan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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4
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Spindler S, Etter D, Rawlik M, Polikarpov M, Romano L, Shi Z, Jefimovs K, Wang Z, Stampanoni M. The choice of an autocorrelation length in dark-field lung imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2731. [PMID: 36792717 PMCID: PMC9932147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are one of the most common causes of death, and their early detection is crucial for prompt treatment. X-ray dark-field radiography (XDFR) is a promising tool to image objects with unresolved micro-structures such as lungs. Using Talbot-Lau XDFR, we imaged inflated porcine lungs together with Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) microspheres (in air) of diameter sizes between 20 and 500 [Formula: see text] over an autocorrelation range of 0.8-5.2 [Formula: see text]. The results indicate that the dark-field extinction coefficient of porcine lungs is similar to that of densely-packed PMMA spheres with diameter of [Formula: see text], which is approximately the mean alveolar structure size. We evaluated that, in our case, the autocorrelation length would have to be limited to [Formula: see text] in order to image [Formula: see text]-thick lung tissue without critical visibility reduction (signal saturation). We identify the autocorrelation length to be the critical parameter of an interferometer that allows to avoid signal saturation in clinical lung dark-field imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Spindler
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik Etter
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland ,grid.482286.2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michał Rawlik
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland ,grid.482286.2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Polikarpov
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland ,grid.482286.2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Romano
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland ,grid.482286.2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhitian Shi
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland ,grid.482286.2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantins Jefimovs
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Zhentian Wang
- grid.482286.2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, 100080 Beijing, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, (Tsinghua University) Ministry of Education, Haidian District, 100080 Beijing, China
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland ,grid.482286.2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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How YY, Morgan KS. Quantifying the x-ray dark-field signal in single-grid imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10899-10918. [PMID: 35473045 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
X-ray dark-field imaging reveals the sample microstructure that is unresolved when using conventional methods of x-ray imaging. In this paper, we derive a new method to extract and quantify the x-ray dark-field signal collected using a single-grid imaging set-up, and relate the signal strength to the number of sample microstructures, N. This was achieved by modelling sample-induced changes to the shadow of the upstream grid, and fitting experimental data to this model. Our results suggested that the dark-field scattering angle from our spherical microstructures deviates slightly from the theoretical model of N, which was consistent with results from other experimental methods. We believe the approach outlined here can equip quantitative dark-field imaging of small samples, particularly in cases where only one sample exposure is possible, either due to sample movement or radiation dose limitations. Future directions include an extension into directional dark-field imaging.
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6
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Ton N, Goncin U, Panahifar A, Webb MA, Chapman D, Wiebe S, Machtaler S. Developing a Microbubble-Based Contrast Agent for Synchrotron Multiple-Image Radiography. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:590-599. [PMID: 35137326 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple-image radiography (MIR) is an analyzer-based synchrotron X-ray imaging approach capable of dissociating absorption, refraction, and scattering components of X-ray interaction with the material. It generates additional image contrast mechanisms (besides absorption), especially in the case of soft tissues, while minimizing absorbed radiation dose. Our goal is to develop a contrast agent for MIR using ultrasound microbubbles by carrying out a systematic assessment of size, shell material, and concentration. PROCEDURES Microbubbles were synthesized with two different shell materials: phospholipid and polyvinyl-alcohol. Polydisperse perfluorobutane-filled lipid microbubbles were divided into five size groups using centrifugation. Two distributions of air-filled polymer microbubbles were generated: 2-3 µm and 3-4 µm. A subset of polymer microbubbles 3-4 µm had iron oxide nanoparticles incorporated into their shell or coated on their surface. Microbubbles were immobilized in agar with different concentrations: 5 × 107, 5 × 106, and 5 × 105 MBs/ml. MIR was conducted on the BioMedical Imaging and Therapy beamline at the Canadian Light Source. Three images were generated: Gaussian amplitude, refraction, and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS). The contrast signal was quantified by measuring mean pixel values and comparing them with agar. RESULTS No difference was detected in absorption or refraction images of all tested microbubbles. Using USAXS, a significant signal increase was observed with lipid microbubbles 6-10 µm at the highest concentration (p = 0.02), but no signal was observed at lower concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that lipid microbubbles 6-10 µm are candidates as contrast agents for MIR, specifically for USAXS. A minimum concentration of 5 × 107 microbubbles (lipid-shell 6-10 µm) per milliliter was needed to generate a detectable signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Ton
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Una Goncin
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Arash Panahifar
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M Adam Webb
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dean Chapman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sheldon Wiebe
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Steven Machtaler
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
- University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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7
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Meyer S, Shi SZ, Shapira N, Maidment ADA, Noël PB. Quantitative analysis of speckle-based X-ray dark-field imaging using numerical wave-optics simulations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16113. [PMID: 34373478 PMCID: PMC8352882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dark-field signal measures the small-angle scattering strength and provides complementary diagnostic information. This is of particular interest for lung imaging due to the pronounced small-angle scatter from the alveolar microstructure. However, most dark-field imaging techniques are relatively complex, dose-inefficient, and require sophisticated optics and highly coherent X-ray sources. Speckle-based imaging promises to overcome these limitations due to its simple and versatile setup, only requiring the addition of a random phase modulator to conventional X-ray equipment. We investigated quantitatively the influence of sample structure, setup geometry, and source energy on the dark-field signal in speckle-based X-ray imaging with wave-optics simulations for ensembles of micro-spheres. We show that the dark-field signal is accurately predicted via a model originally derived for grating interferometry when using the mean frequency of the speckle pattern power spectral density as the characteristic speckle size. The size directly reflects the correlation length of the diffuser surface and did not change with energy or propagation distance within the near-field. The dark-field signal had a distinct dependence on sample structure and setup geometry but was also affected by beam hardening-induced modifications of the visibility spectrum. This study quantitatively demonstrates the behavior of the dark-field signal in speckle-based X-ray imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
| | - Serena Z Shi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Nadav Shapira
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Andrew D A Maidment
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Peter B Noël
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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8
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Lee S, Oh O, Kim Y, Kim D, Won J, Lee SW. Study on dark-field imaging with a laboratory x-ray source: Random stress variation analysis based on x-ray grating interferometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:015103. [PMID: 33514223 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dark-field image (DFI) in a grating interferometer involves the small-angle scattering properties of a material. The microstructure of the material can be characterized by an analysis of the auto-correlation length and the DFI. The feasibility of a DFI in a laboratory x-ray source with grating interferometry has been reported, but a follow-up study is needed. In this study, the random stress distribution was measured in the laboratory environment as an applied study. SiO2 mono-spheres as a cohesive powder with a 0.5 µm particle size were used as the sample. The microstructural changes according to the stresses on the particles were observed by acquiring a DFI along the auto-correlation length. In x-rays, a random two-phase media model was first used to analyze the characteristics of cohesive powder. This study showed that the microstructure of materials and x-ray images could be analyzed in a laboratory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Ohsung Oh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Youngju Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Daeseung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Junhyeok Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Seung Wook Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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9
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Graetz J, Balles A, Hanke R, Zabler S. Review and experimental verification of x-ray dark-field signal interpretations with respect to quantitative isotropic and anisotropic dark-field computed tomography. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:235017. [PMID: 32916662 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abb7c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Talbot(-Lau) interferometric x-ray and neutron dark-field imaging has, over the past decade, gained substantial interest for its ability to provide insights into a sample's microstructure below the imaging resolution by means of ultra small angle scattering effects. Quantitative interpretations of such images depend on models of the signal origination process that relate the observable image contrast to underlying physical processes. A review of such models is given here and their relation to the wave optical derivations by Yashiro et al and Lynch et al as well as to small angle scattering is discussed. Fresnel scaling is introduced to explain the characteristic distance dependence observed in cone beam geometries. Moreover, a model describing the anisotropic signals of fibrous objects is derived. The Yashiro-Lynch model is experimentally verified both in radiographic and tomographic imaging in a monochromatic synchrotron setting, considering both the effects of material and positional dependence of the resulting dark-field contrast. The effect of varying sample-detector distance on the dark-field signal is shown to be non-negligible for tomographic imaging, yet can be largely compensated for by symmetric acquisition trajectories. The derived orientation dependence of the dark-field contrast of fibrous materials both with respect to variations in autocorrelation width and scattering cross section is experimentally validated using carbon fiber reinforced rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Graetz
- Lehrstuhl für Röntgenmikroskopie, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Martin-Weg 63, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. Fraunhofer IIS, division EZRT, Flugplatzstraße 75, 90768 Fürth / Josef-Martin-Weg 63, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Pandeshwar A, Kagias M, Wang Z, Stampanoni M. Modeling of beam hardening effects in a dual-phase X-ray grating interferometer for quantitative dark-field imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19187-19204. [PMID: 32672201 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
X-ray grating interferometry (XGI) can provide access to unresolved sub-pixel information by utilizing the so-called dark-field or visibility reduction contrast. A recently developed variant of conventional XGI named dual-phase grating interferometer, based only on phase-shifting structures, has allowed for straightforward micro-structural investigations over multiple length scales with conventional X-ray sources. Nonetheless, the theoretical framework of the image formation for the dark-field signal has not been fully developed yet, thus hindering the quantification of unresolved micro-structures. In this work, we expand the current theoretical formulation of dual-phase grating interferometers taking into account polychromatic sources and beam hardening effects. We propose a model that considers the contribution of beam hardening to the visibility reduction and accounts for it. Finally, the method is applied to previously acquired and new experimental data showing that discrimination between actual micro-structures and beam hardening effects can be achieved.
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11
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Diffractive small angle X-ray scattering imaging for anisotropic structures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5130. [PMID: 31719528 PMCID: PMC6851111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insights into the micro- and nano-architecture of materials is crucial for understanding and predicting their macroscopic behaviour. In particular, for emerging applications such as meta-materials, the micrometer scale becomes highly relevant. The micro-architecture of such materials can be tailored to exhibit specific mechanical, optical or electromagnetic behaviours. Consequently, quality control at micrometer scale must be guaranteed over extended areas. Mesoscale investigations over millimetre sized areas can be performed by scanning small angle X-ray scattering methods (SAXS). However, due to their long measurement times, real time or operando investigations are hindered. Here we present a method based on X-ray diffractive optics that enables the acquisition of SAXS signals in a single shot (few milliseconds) over extended areas. This method is applicable to a wide range of X-ray sources with varying levels of spatial coherence and monochromaticity, as demonstrated from the experimental results. This enables a scalable solution of spatially resolved SAXS. Mesoscale investigations of material microarchitecture using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) methods have been limited by long measurement times. Here, the authors present an X-ray diffractive optics method which enables single shot acquisition of SAXS signals over large areas.
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12
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Lång K, Arboleda C, Forte S, Wang Z, Prevrhal S, Koehler T, Kuhn N, David B, Jefimovs K, Kubik-Huch RA, Stampanoni M. Microbubbles as a contrast agent in grating interferometry mammography: an ex vivo proof-of-mechanism study. Eur Radiol Exp 2019; 3:19. [PMID: 31115796 PMCID: PMC6529489 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-019-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grating interferometry mammography (GIM) is an experimental breast imaging method at the edge of being clinically implemented. Besides attenuation, GIM can measure the refraction and scattering of x-rays resulting in differential phase contrast (DPC) and dark-field (DF) images. In this exploratory study, we assessed the feasibility of using microbubbles as a contrast agent in GIM. Two millilitres of microbubbles and iodine were respectively injected into ex vivo breast phantoms, consisting of fresh chicken breasts. Native and postcontrast images were acquired with a clinically compatible GIM setup, operated at 38 kVp, 14-s acquisition time, and with a dose of 1.3 mGy. The visibility of the contrast agents was analysed in a side-by-side comparison by three radiologists. The contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) was calculated for each contrast agent. We found that both contrast agents were judged to be visible by the readers. The mean CNR was 3.1 ± 1.9 for microbubbles in DF and 24.2 ± 6.5 for iodine in attenuation. In conclusion, this is a first proof-of-mechanism study that microbubbles could be used as a contrast agent in clinically compatible GIM, due to their scattering properties, which implies the potential use of a contrast agent with a high safety profile in x-ray-based breast imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lång
- Swiss Light Source, ETH Zurich, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carolina Arboleda
- Swiss Light Source, ETH Zurich, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serafino Forte
- Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Zhentian Wang
- Swiss Light Source, ETH Zurich, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Prevrhal
- Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, Philips Research Hamburg, Röntgenstrasse 24-26, 22335, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Koehler
- Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, Philips Research Hamburg, Röntgenstrasse 24-26, 22335, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Kuhn
- Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, Philips Research Hamburg, Röntgenstrasse 24-26, 22335, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd David
- Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, Philips Research Hamburg, Röntgenstrasse 24-26, 22335, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstantins Jefimovs
- Swiss Light Source, ETH Zurich, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel A Kubik-Huch
- Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, ETH Zurich, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Ludwig V, Seifert M, Hauke C, Hellbach K, Horn F, Pelzer G, Radicke M, Rieger J, Sutter SM, Michel T, Anton G. Exploration of different x-ray Talbot-Lau setups for dark-field lung imaging examined in a porcine lung. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:065013. [PMID: 30731447 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
X-ray dark-field imaging is a promising technique for lung diagnosis. Due to the alveolar structure of lung tissue, a higher contrast is obtained by the dark-field image compared to the attenuation image. Animal studies indicate an enhancement regarding the detection of lung diseases in early stages. In this publication, we focus on the influence of different Talbot-Lau interferometer specifications while maintaining the x-ray source, sample magnification and detector system. By imaging the same porcine lung with three different grating sets, we analyze the contrast-to-noise ratio of the obtained dark-field images with respect to visibility and correlation length. We demonstrate that relatively large grating periods of the phase and of the analyzer grating are sufficient for high quality lung imaging at reasonable dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ludwig
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Hollow NiCo2Se4 microspheres composed of nanoparticles as multifunctional electrocatalysts for unassisted artificial photosynthesis. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Harti RP, Strobl M, Morgano M, Valsecchi J, Grünzweig C. Statistical uncertainty in the dark-field and transmission signal of grating interferometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:103704. [PMID: 29092497 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a framework to estimate the fundamental statistical uncertainty of grating interferometer experiments based on a Monte-Carlo method. Using the framework, we are able to determine the uncertainty of individual measurements as well as suggesting experimental protocols that minimise the statistical uncertainty for given overall exposure times. The method presented here is valid for both X-rays and neutrons and can be generalised for any modulation measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Harti
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Strobl
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Morgano
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J Valsecchi
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C Grünzweig
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Modregger P, Kagias M, Irvine SC, Brönnimann R, Jefimovs K, Endrizzi M, Olivo A. Interpretation and Utility of the Moments of Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Distributions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:265501. [PMID: 28707948 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.265501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering has been proven to be a valuable method for accessing structural information below the spatial resolution limit implied by direct imaging. Here, we theoretically derive the relation that links the subpixel differential phase signal provided by the sample to the moments of scattering distributions accessible by refraction sensitive x-ray imaging techniques. As an important special case we explain the scatter or dark-field contrast in terms of the sample's phase signal. Further, we establish that, for binary phase objects, the nth moment scales with the difference of the refractive index decrement to the power of n. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the utility of the moments by quantitatively determining the particle sizes of a range of powders with a laboratory-based setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Modregger
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Matias Kagias
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, UZH/ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah C Irvine
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Brönnimann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Reliability Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Konstantins Jefimovs
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, UZH/ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Endrizzi
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
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